Biomass refers to a group of organic materials that can be used to generate electric and thermal power. Sources of biomass are: herbaceous and woody plants, agriculture and forestry wastes and residues, landfill gases, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other organic material.
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biomass - A Crucial Renewable Energy Source if Generated CorrectlyEES Africa (Pty) Ltd
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from biological material, such as plants, wood and farming by-products. As an energy source, it can be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Biomass energy has a dual effect, depending on where and how it is produced. If generated correctly it can be produced in ways that reduce global warming, as opposed to increasing it. It can help clean up the air, water, soil, and protect wildlife, or it can degrade lands, forests, water, and harm public health.
Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy's manager Preben Maegaard is giving a speech about the decentralized nature of Thisted's energy succes. 100 % Sustainable renewable energy for the entire community.
The use of alternative energy is inevitable as fossil fuels are finite. One of the alternative energy is biomass energy. This energy sure have to potential to support local supply through the treatment of waste. So let's go for the biomass for better and cleaner environment.鹿
biomass boiler to steam turbine to power generationAbhishekBobade4
Biomass boilers represent a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to heating and energy production. They utilize organic materials such as wood pellets, wood chips, agricultural residues, or even dedicated energy crops to generate heat or electricity. These systems have gained traction as a renewable energy solution, particularly in areas where biomass resources are abundant. In this comprehensive overview, we'll delve into the workings, benefits, challenges, and applications of biomass boilers.
### Introduction to Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers function similarly to conventional boilers, but with a focus on utilizing biomass fuels instead of fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas. The combustion of biomass materials within these boilers releases energy in the form of heat, which can be utilized for various heating purposes, including space heating, hot water production, or even industrial processes.
### Working Principles
The operation of a biomass boiler typically involves several key stages:
1. **Fuel Feed:** Biomass fuel, such as wood pellets or chips, is automatically or manually fed into the combustion chamber.
2. **Combustion:** Inside the combustion chamber, the biomass undergoes combustion, releasing heat energy.
3. **Heat Transfer:** Heat from the combustion process is transferred to water, steam, or air via heat exchangers.
4. **Heat Distribution:** The heated medium (water, steam, or air) is circulated through a distribution system to provide heat to the desired application.
5. **Emissions Control:** Advanced biomass boilers often incorporate emission control technologies to minimize pollutants released during combustion, ensuring environmental compliance.
### Types of Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers come in various configurations, including:
1. **Stoker Boilers:** These feature a grate where biomass fuel is fed, allowing for continuous combustion.
2. **Fluidized Bed Boilers:** Utilize a bed of inert material (e.g., sand) to support and burn biomass fuel, offering high combustion efficiency.
3. **Pellet Boilers:** Specifically designed to burn wood pellets efficiently, offering automated feeding and combustion processes.
4. **Gasification Boilers:** Employ a two-stage process involving pyrolysis and gasification of biomass to produce a combustible gas that is then burned in the boiler.
#BiomassBoilers
#RenewableEnergy
#SustainableHeating
#GreenEnergy
#CleanHeat
#BiomassEnergy
#ClimateAction
#EnergyEfficiency
#Bioenergy
#CarbonNeutral
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biomass - A Crucial Renewable Energy Source if Generated CorrectlyEES Africa (Pty) Ltd
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from biological material, such as plants, wood and farming by-products. As an energy source, it can be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Biomass energy has a dual effect, depending on where and how it is produced. If generated correctly it can be produced in ways that reduce global warming, as opposed to increasing it. It can help clean up the air, water, soil, and protect wildlife, or it can degrade lands, forests, water, and harm public health.
Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy's manager Preben Maegaard is giving a speech about the decentralized nature of Thisted's energy succes. 100 % Sustainable renewable energy for the entire community.
The use of alternative energy is inevitable as fossil fuels are finite. One of the alternative energy is biomass energy. This energy sure have to potential to support local supply through the treatment of waste. So let's go for the biomass for better and cleaner environment.鹿
biomass boiler to steam turbine to power generationAbhishekBobade4
Biomass boilers represent a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to heating and energy production. They utilize organic materials such as wood pellets, wood chips, agricultural residues, or even dedicated energy crops to generate heat or electricity. These systems have gained traction as a renewable energy solution, particularly in areas where biomass resources are abundant. In this comprehensive overview, we'll delve into the workings, benefits, challenges, and applications of biomass boilers.
### Introduction to Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers function similarly to conventional boilers, but with a focus on utilizing biomass fuels instead of fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas. The combustion of biomass materials within these boilers releases energy in the form of heat, which can be utilized for various heating purposes, including space heating, hot water production, or even industrial processes.
### Working Principles
The operation of a biomass boiler typically involves several key stages:
1. **Fuel Feed:** Biomass fuel, such as wood pellets or chips, is automatically or manually fed into the combustion chamber.
2. **Combustion:** Inside the combustion chamber, the biomass undergoes combustion, releasing heat energy.
3. **Heat Transfer:** Heat from the combustion process is transferred to water, steam, or air via heat exchangers.
4. **Heat Distribution:** The heated medium (water, steam, or air) is circulated through a distribution system to provide heat to the desired application.
5. **Emissions Control:** Advanced biomass boilers often incorporate emission control technologies to minimize pollutants released during combustion, ensuring environmental compliance.
### Types of Biomass Boilers
Biomass boilers come in various configurations, including:
1. **Stoker Boilers:** These feature a grate where biomass fuel is fed, allowing for continuous combustion.
2. **Fluidized Bed Boilers:** Utilize a bed of inert material (e.g., sand) to support and burn biomass fuel, offering high combustion efficiency.
3. **Pellet Boilers:** Specifically designed to burn wood pellets efficiently, offering automated feeding and combustion processes.
4. **Gasification Boilers:** Employ a two-stage process involving pyrolysis and gasification of biomass to produce a combustible gas that is then burned in the boiler.
#BiomassBoilers
#RenewableEnergy
#SustainableHeating
#GreenEnergy
#CleanHeat
#BiomassEnergy
#ClimateAction
#EnergyEfficiency
#Bioenergy
#CarbonNeutral
Oren Ahronson About Type of Renewable EnergyOren Ahronson
Renewable energy is becoming an increasingly important issue in today's world. Rising cost of fossil fuels and the threat of Climate Change, there has also been positive developments in this field which include improvements in efficiency as well as diminishing prices.
Green energy materials for transportation and smart city applications.pptxResmaVijay
Green energy is any energy type that is generated from natural resources, such as sunlight, wind or water. It often comes from renewable energy sources although there are some differences between renewable and green energy.
The key with these energy resources are that they don’t harm the environment through factors such as releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The presentation had all the type of green energy resources and their use. I hope the presentation should be beneficial to all those, who had their intrest in Green Energy.
Biomass co firing in coal power plantsJossie Xiong
Why choose wood pellets in co-firing plant with coal? Lowest cost renewable power and Relatively easy to implement features makes wood pellets more popular than other biomass for co-firing.
The purpose of "stress" screening such as environmental stress screening (ESS) or highly accelerated stress screening (HASS) is to precipitate failures in weak or defective populations using some load (stress) condition(s) without reducing the required useful life of the product
The TSFA Lab performs standard and custom tests and failure analysis services, including proprietary services that may range from a day to service year.
Software reliability engineering has existed for over 50 years, fundamental prerequisite for virtually all modern systems. Diverse set of stakeholders requires pragmatic guidance and tools to apply software reliability models to assess real software or firmware projects during each stage of the software development lifecycle. Reliability engineers may lack software development experience. Software engineers may be unfamiliar with methods to predict software reliability. Both may have challenges acquiring data needed for the analyses.
Newly revised IEEE 1633 Recommended Practice for Software Reliability provides actionable step by step procedures for employing software reliability models and analyses.
RGT is a planned test-analyze-and-fix (TAAF) process in which End Unit is tested under actual, simulated, or accelerated environments to disclose design deficiencies and defects. It is intended to provide a basis for early incorporation of corrective actions and for verification of their effectiveness, thus promoting reliability growth. RGT is intended to correct failures that reduce operational effectiveness and failures that increase maintenance and logistics support costs.
The statistical Confidence Level (C.L.) is the probability that the corresponding confidence interval covers the true ( but unknown ) value of a population parameter. Such confidence interval is often used as a measure of uncertainty about estimates of population parameters
Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) is performed on most of the Electrical/Electronic products. However Failure Rate/Time distribution analysis is not conducted always to evaluate the effectiveness of the Screening Process
Transients can cause slow degradation, erratic operation, or catastrophic failure in electrical parts, insulation dielectrics, and electrical contacts used in switches and relays. The possible occurrence of transients must be considered in the overall electronic design. Required circuit performance and reliability must be assured both during and after the transient
This document presents methodology to be used to predict mechanical component reliability using the Stress/Strength Interference Method. This method assumes that the material properties are time independent because of their slow change, and the components are not subjected to wear related failure modes
Software Reliability models have been in existence since the early 1970, over 200 have been developed. Some of the older models have been discarded based upon more recent information about the assumptions, and newer ones have replaced them.
Virtual qualification is the first stage of the overall qualification process. It is the application of Physics of Failure (PoF) based reliability assessment to determine if a proposed product can survive its anticipated life cycle
Availability is a performance criterion for repairable systems that accounts for both the reliability and maintainability properties of a component or system. It is defined as the probability that the system is operating properly when it is requested for use
Testability refers to the design parameter which makes it relatively easy to identify and isolate faults in the system. Testability can be considered to be a subset of maintainability, because fault detection and isolation are important drivers in the maintainability of a system
This handbook is written to show how greater control can be gained over total product reliability by the utilization of Accelerated Stress Testing techniques (AST)
This standard defines methods for calculating the early life failure rate of a product, using accelerated
testing, whose failure rate is constant or decreasing over time. For technologies where there is adequate
field failure data, alternative methods may be used to establish the early life failure rate.
The purpose of this standard is to define a procedure for performing measurement and calculation of early
life failure rates. Projections can be used to compare reliability performance with objectives, provide line
feedback, support service cost estimates, and set product test and screen strategies to ensure that the
Early life Failure Rate meets customers' requirements.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
BIOMASS Based Power (Electrical & Thermal)
Electricity has today become a basic necessity for not just the developed world, but also for the
developing and underdeveloped countries. Diminishing supply and environmental concerns have
been brought to light in recent years, exposing fossil fuels, currently the world’s primary source
of energy, as unsustainable and potentially harmful to the environment. Because of this, clean
renewable energy sources are controlling more of the available market and Biomass is one of the
leading options on this front.
Biomass refers to a group of organic materials that can be used to generate electric and thermal
power. Sources of biomass are: herbaceous and woody plants, agriculture and forestry wastes
and residues, landfill gases, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other organic material.
Biomass materials can reliably provide electricity, but due to their naturally high water content,
Biomass materials burn less efficiently than coal because they require more energy input to
produce a given amount of energy. Biomass producers can increase the energy efficiency of
Biomass materials by "densifying" them though so costly
Energy crops compete for land that would otherwise be used for food crops and wood, but
agricultural and forest residues can be a practical use of waste resources. The availability of
residues, however, can be unpredictable. In addition, residues can be expensive to collect.
Biomass can predictably generate electricity, differentiating it from other renewable electricity
sources, but its reliability can be affected by costs of Biomass materials and the ability of power
facilities to effectively use Biomass fuel.
Because of the variety of sources, there are a variety of ways that electricity can be generated
using Biomass.
Direct combustion is a process that involves burning Biomass, such as wood and solid waste
from forestry and agriculture. The burning Biomass creates heat that is used to boil water and
make steam. The steam turns a turbine to generate electricity.
Anaerobic digestion makes use of the microorganisms living in wastes that break down organic
matter and produce biogas. The Biogas that is created is a combustible fuel that can be used in an
electricity generation plant.
Co-firing refers to adding Biomass to coal-fired electricity generation plants. Burning Biomass
and coal together means less coal is used, minimizing the overall consumption of coal and its
environmental impact.
Pyrolysis is a process that converts solid Biomass into a liquid fuel. This is achieved through
heating Biomass in an oxygen-free tank to produce a gas. The gas is quickly cooled to create an
oil-like liquid rich in hydrocarbons. This liquid fuel can be used to generate electricity.
2. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
Gasification is a form of pyrolysis that uses more air during the heating process. It creates a
producer gas, which is burned to heat water and make steam. The steam turns turbines and
generates electricity.
Biomass power makes up only a small fraction of Canada's total electricity generation, but its use
in Ontario is expected to increase with Provincial incentives to make the price of Biomass power
comparable to traditional sources of electricity (fossil fuels and hydro). The use of Biomass will
increase as Ontario works to phase out coal: there are plans to co-fire Biomass and coal, and to
convert some coal-fired plants to Biomass-fired plants.
http://www.electricalindustry.ca/latest-news/778-opg-opens-north-america-s-largest-100-
biomass-fueled-power-plant
Biomass can reliably provide baseload power, unlike other renewable energy sources like wind
and solar, but the main drawback of biomass fuel is its inefficiency. Although Biomass can be
used to produce electricity to meet consumer demand, Biomass contains large amounts of water
per unit of weight, which means it does not contain as much energy potential as fossil fuels.
Additionally, transportation costs for Biomass are higher per unit of energy than fossil fuels
because of its low energy density.
Biomass Power Overview
Biomass power technologies convert renewable biomass fuels to heat and electricity using
processes similar to that used with fossil fuels. Next to hydropower, more electricity is generated
from Biomass than any other renewable energy resource in the United States. A key attribute of
Biomass is its availability upon demand - the energy is stored within the Biomass until it is
needed. Other forms of renewable energy are dependent on variable environmental conditions
such as wind speed or sunlight intensity. Today in parts of the developing world, Biomass is
primarily used to provide heat for cooking and comfort. Technologies have now been developed
which can generate electricity from the energy in Biomass fuels. Biomass technologies are
highly scaleable - small enough to be used on a farm or in remote villages, or large enough to
provide power for a small city.
There are four primary classes of biopower systems: direct-fired, co-fired, gasification, and
modular systems. Most of today's biopower plants are direct-fired systems that are similar to
most fossil-fuel fired power plants. The Biomass fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high-
pressure steam. This steam is introduced into a steam turbine, where it flows over a series of
aerodynamic turbine blades, causing the turbine to rotate. The turbine is connected to an electric
generator, so as the steam flow causes the turbine to rotate, the electric generator turns and
electricity is produced. Biomass power boilers are typically in the 20-50 MW range, compared to
coal-fired plants in the 100-1500 MW range. The small capacity plants tend to be lower in
efficiency because of economic trade-offs; efficiency-enhancing equipment cannot pay for itself
in small plants. Although techniques exist to push Biomass steam generation efficiency over
40%, actual plant efficiencies are often in the low 20% range.
3. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
.
Great to get
Heat &
Electricity from
the Same Plant
for Other Use
* Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that
converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid
hydrocarbons. It was first developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch
at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany, in 1925. The process, a key component of gas to liquids
technology, produces a synthetic lubrication oil and synthetic fuel,
typically from coal, natural gas, or biomass.
4. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
The above figure illustrates the advantages of operating a CHP system. The Sankey diagram
clearly depicts the vastly superior efficiency and subsequent cost savings inherent to operating a
CHP system in place of individual and separate power and boiler plants.
.
Combined heat and power (CHP) is an efficient and clean approach to generating electric power
and useful thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP places power production at or near
the end-user’s site so that the heat released from power production can be used to meet the
user’s thermal requirements while the power generated meets all or a portion of the site
electricity needs. Applications with steady demand for electricity and thermal energy are
potentially good economic targets for CHP deployment. Industrial applications particularly in
industries with continuous processing and high steam requirements are very economic and
represent a large share of existing CHP capacity today. Commercial applications such as
hospitals, nursing homes, laundries, and hotels with large hot water needs are well suited for
CHP. Institutional applications such as colleges and schools, prisons, and residential and
recreational facilities are also excellent prospects for CHP.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the simultaneous generation of two or more forms of
energy from a single fuel source. By recycling valuable heat from the combustion process, CHP
results in far greater efficiencies than centralized power generation. The recovered thermal
energy may be used for industrial processes, space heating, and refrigeration or space cooling
through an absorption chiller. CHP is considered the most viable and economical use of
distributed generation (DG) when implemented at or near the point of use.
This Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies was for Wastewater
Treatment Facilities, and prepared for Columbus Water Works, Georgia, Dec 20, 2010
5. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
CHP offers a number of benefits compared to conventional electricity and thermal energy
production, including:
Efficiency Benefits
CHP requires less fuel to produce a given energy output and avoids transmission and distribution
losses that occur when electricity travels over power lines.
Environmental Benefits
Because less fuel is burned to produce each unit of energy output and because transmission and
distribution losses are avoided, CHP reduces emissions of greenhouse gases and other air
pollutants.
Economic Benefits
CHP can save facilities considerable money on their energy bills due to its high efficiency, and it
can provide a hedge against electricity cost increases.
Reliability Benefits
Unreliable electricity service represents a quantifiable business, safety, and health risk for some
companies and organizations. CHP is an on-site generation resource and can be designed to
support continued operations in the event of a disaster or grid disruption by continuing to provide
reliable electricity.
Catalog of CHP Technologies provides an overview of how combined heat and power systems
work and the key concepts of efficiency and power-to-heat ratios. It also provides information
and performance characteristics of five commercially available CHP prime movers.
https://www.epa.gov/chp/catalog-chp-technologies
6. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
The CHP Plant is designed to receive and process different types of segregated clean and treated
biomass and wood-waste fuels. The plant can operate on a single source feedstock basis or on a
variable and mixed feedstock basis where differently source feedstock is blended together, which
will allow for maximum feedstock flexibility now and in the future.
The thermal energy created by combusting Biomass is turned into electricity via the CHP plant.
This works by using some of the heat created to drive a turbine and the excess thermal energy is
then used to provide either process heat or distinct heating
The design of a Biomass CHP plant should focus on meeting the thermal load requirements, as
any plant will produce roughly 5 times more than electricity. The size of the biomass boiler will
typically be 6 times the electrical output. This means that a 6MW Biomass boiler can produce
roughly 5MW of heat and 1MW of electricity.
The traditional technology used in thermal power plants involves the production of superheated
steam. Pressure is produced at 28 to 36 bar at temperatures between 320 and 260 deg C. This
steam then drives the turbine which transfers the energy to the generator via gears and coupling
With the single-stage turbine used in small power plants, it is possible to obtain an electrical
efficiency of 12-14% of the input energy. The steam turbines are generally suitable for Biomass
CHP plants with an electrical output of greater than 2MW.
7. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
What are the benefits of Biomass? What are its drawbacks and environmental impact?
BENEFITS
Biomass is a carbon-neutral source
The amount of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) released when Biomass is burned to
generate electricity is less than the amount it captured through photosynthesis when it was a
living plant. For this reason, it's considered carbon-neutral.
It makes use of wastes
Biomass power uses organic wastes and residues from the forestry and agriculture
industries, as well as gases produced by landfills, and animal and human wastes to generate
electricity.
It's a renewable source of electricity
Organic materials are replenished by natural plant growth cycles.
DRAWBACKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Meanwhile, the forestry and agriculture industries continue to produce organic wastes and
municipalities generate their own wastes. All can be used for Biomass power.
Biomass power needs a constant supply of organic materials
There are worries that tracts of land will be used to grow Biomass rather than food, and that
natural environments will be converted to monoculture Biomass crops, destroying habitats
and biodiversity in order to meet the supply needs of Biomass electricity generation.
It involves collection and transportation challenges
It is difficult to collect enough Biomass to generate electricity. Large quantities are needed,
and they typically come from a variety of places.
It releases pollutants when burned
Although Biomass is considered carbon-neutral, it still releases Green House Gases and
other air pollutants when burned to generate electricity. Its emissions are far less than those
caused by burning fossil fuels, but they are still harmful.
Ash is created by burning Biomass and can contain the same metals and other harmful
substances present in the original waste.
8. Hilaire Ananda Perera
http://www.linkedin.com/in/hilaireperera
COST REDUCTION POTENTIALS FOR BIOMASS-FIRED ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
Analysing the potential for cost reductions in biomass power generation equipment is
complicated by the range of technologies available, from the mature to those still at the pilot or
R&D stage, and by the often significant variations in local technology solutions. However, some
analysis has examined potential cost reductions in the future.
There is currently little discussion about learning curves for biomass power generation. This is in
part due to the range of technologies available and to their different states of commercialisation
but also due to a lack of authoritative time series cost data.
Combustion technologies are well-established and are generally bankable if the project
economics are solid. Gasification with low gas energy content and internal combustion engines
are an established niche technology in India, but shifting from these simple gasifiers to ones with
greater efficiency, using oxygen as a reactive agent, gas clean-up and gas turbines to scale-up
this technology to larger power plants still requires more demonstration, especially because it
requires expensive gas clean-up, which is currently the main focus of gasification technology
improvements. In anaerobic systems, the main technological development needed is linked to the
digesters (as better control of the process: enzymes, pH, temperature) and the clean-up of the
biogas before combustion.
The main question regarding the viability of biomass power plants lies in the development of a
reliable feedstock supply chain, especially because long-term feedstock agreements are essential
for financing any biomass project. Predicting biomass cost reduction potentials is challenging
because many factors are involved, such as the local supply chain, resource potential, land
availability, competitive industrial uses (e.g. biochemical), risks of deforestation, sustainability
criteria, etc.