Stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding within the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Symptoms vary depending on the affected region of the brain but may include weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, and loss of coordination. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, CT scans, MRI scans, and other tests. Proper treatment depends on the type and severity of stroke.

1. BIOLOGY I Report Aldwyn Ashley Judelyn

2. stroke and Epilepsy

3. What is stroke? Brief Description: …, previously known medically as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. …, many now prefer alternative concepts, such as brain attack and acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome (modeled after heart attack and acute coronary syndrome respectively. …, can be due to ischemia caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage. …, as result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, which might result to lifetime paralysis. …, there are many risk factors and symptoms that must be considered, subtypes as well.

4. Stroke Epidemiology… …, Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death in the entire world population, ranking after heart disease and before cancer, causing 10% deaths worldwide. …, the incidence of strokes occur 95% on people aging 45+, and ⅔ of this 95% occur on over 65+ of age. …, men are 25% more likely to suffer stroke than women, yet 60% of deaths from stroke occur in women (factors: prenancy, childbirth menopause and the treatment thereof).

5. History… …, Hippocrates first described the phenomenon of sudden paralysis that is often associated with ischemia. …, Apoplexy, from the Greek word meaning “struck down with violence”, first appeared in Hippocratic writings to describe this phenomenon. …, In 1658, in his Apoplexia,Johann Jacob Wepfer (1620-1695) identified the cause of hemorrhagic stroke when he suggested that people who died of apoplexy had bleeding in their brains. …, Rudolf Virchow first described the mechanism of thromboembolism as a major factor

6. Types… Ischemic Stroke; Hemorrhagic Stroke;

7. What is Ischemic Stroke?... …, simply the lack of blood flow …, caused by an obstruction in an artery, generally one of the carotid arteries, the major arteries in the neck that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain …, the path to this stroke begins when arteriosclerosis develops in one of the carotid arteries …thrombosis... the formation of a clot …embolus… traveling clot

8. < CT scan slice of the brain showing a right-hemispheric ischemic stroke. < CT scan slice of the brain showing an intracranial hemorrhagic stroke.

9. What is Hemorrhagic Stroke? …, is the accumulation of blood anywhere within the skull vault. …, result in tissue injury by causing compression of tissue from an expanding hematoma or hematomas, which can distort and injure tissue, for which the pressure may lead to a loss of blood supply to affected tissue.

10. 4 reasons this might happen… Thrombosis (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally) Embolism (obstruction due to an embolus from elsewhere in the body) Systemic hypoperfusion (general decrease in blood supply, e.g., in shock) Venous thrombosis

11. How does it feel?...

13. Ptosis (drooping of eyelid) and weakness of ocular muscles

14. Decreased reflexes

15. Decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face

16. Balance problems and nystagmus

17. Altered breathing and heart rate

18. Inability to turn head on one side

19. Weakness of tongue

20. aphasia (difficulty with verbal expression, auditory comprehension)

21. Memory deficits

22. Disorganized thinking, confusion, hypersexual gestures

23. Trouble walking

24. Altered movement coordination

25. Disequilibrium

27. Diagnosis… A neurological examination CT scans (most often without contrast enhancements) MRI scans Doppler ultrasound Arteriography

28. Imaging… For diagnosing ischemic stroke in the emergency setting: CT scans (without contrast enhancements) sensitivity= 16% specificity= 96% MRI scan sensitivity= 83% specificity= 98%

29. For diagnosing hemorrhagic stroke in the emergency setting: CT scans (without contrast enhancements) sensitivity= 89% specificity= 100% MRI scan sensitivity= 81% specificity= 100% For detecting chronic hemorrhages, MRI scan is more sensitive.

30. Do you know that… Fernando Poe Jr. died in stroke?... The official cause of death was thrombosis with multiple organ failure. Hence, his death is a sort of ischemic stroke. Reynaldo Alfredo R. Hipolito (most well-known screenname Palito)also died in stroke?... Also, Luther Vandross?...

32. Atrial fibrillation

33. High blood cholesterol levels

34. High blood sugar levels (diabetes)

35. Cigarette smoking (active and passive)

36. Heavy alcohol consumption and drug use

37. Lack of physical activities

38. Obesity