The document summarizes the structure and function of different parts of the brain. It discusses the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal lobes - and describes what functions each lobe is responsible for. It also describes the limbic system and prefrontal cortex, focusing on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate cortex. Damage to different parts of the brain can lead to impairments in functions like vision, memory, language and emotional processing.

2. Biological Basis of Behavior - Neuron
By
Siddhi Upadhyay
(Volunteer)
Applied Forensic Research Sciences

3. Content:-
• Introduction
• BRAIN ANATOMY
(Brain Lobes and their lesions)
(Paleomammalian cortx and their dysfucncion)

4. Structure and Function of Brain
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes:
• Occipital lobe,
• Temporal lobe,
• Parietal lobe,
• Frontal lobe.

5. I. Occipital Lobe
This lobe is responsible for:
• Visual reception,
• Visual–spatial processing and interpretation, and
• Color and motion recognition— that is in directing visual awareness to important features in the
environment.
• Damage to the occipital lobes can lead to visual impairments, including difficulty recognizing or
naming objects, visual hallucinations, or blindness.

6. II. Temporal Lobe
• Situated just above the ears on the lower-middle sides of the cerebral cortex.
• Contain the primary auditory cortex.
This Lobe is responsible for:
• Processing all auditory information.
• The posterior region of the left temporal lobe contains Wernicke’s area, which is responsible for
receptive language.
• This lobes also house the hippocampus, which is responsible for the consolidation of new, long-
term verbal and visual memories.

7. • Damage to the temporal lobes can lead to:
• memory problems, as well as problems with speech perception, hearing, and receptive
language.
• Left temporal lobe damage can result in challenges in:
• audio and visual recall,
• word recognition,
• memory for verbal material.
• Right temporal lobe damage can result in problems recognizing or remembering visual or
audio content.

8. III. Parietal Lobe
This lobe is responsible for
• Receiving and interpreting sensory information from various parts of the body.
• Also responsible for attention, spatial orientation, reading, and voluntary motion, as well as
complex visual processing, such as mentally rotating three-dimensional shapes.
• Damage to the left parietal lobe can result in:
• Aphasia (language disorder),
• Agnosia (abnormal object perception), or Gertsmann’s syndrome, which is characterized
agraphia or dysgraphia (writing disability),
• Acalculia or dyscalculia (a lack of understanding of the rules for calculation or arithmetic),
• Finger agnosia (an inability to distinguish right from left, and an inability to identify fingers).

9. • Damage to the right parietal lobe can also result in:
• Impaired personal care and impaired drawing ability.
• Bilateral parietal lobe damage can result in:
• Balint’s syndrome, which is characterized by an inability to perceive the visual field as a whole
(simultanagnosia),
• Difficulty in fixating the eyes (oculomotor apraxia),
• Inability to move the hand to a specific object by using vision (optic ataxia).

10. IV. Frontal Lobe
• Responsible for initiation of all voluntary movement, including speech production.
• Include the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher cognitive or executive functions.
• The lower left frontal lobe contains Broca’s area, which is responsible for expressive language.

11. Prefrontal Cortex:
PFC is responsible for:
i. higher cognitive or executive functions—what have been referred to as “top–down
processing”—or
ii. the application of cognition to perception or stimuli to inform response.
• Inhibitory Control
• Complex Motor Programming –
• Feed Forward System Executive Functions
• Intelligence Problem Solving
• Analytical Thinking Reductionistic
• Nonlinear Thinking Strategic
• Cognitive Controls Of Emotions

12. i. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has extensive neural connections to sensory and motor cortices and is
involved in the regulation of action, thought, and an attention.
ii. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex has extensive connections to the limbic system, and is engaged in
the regulation of emotional responses.
PFC includes the orbitofrontal cortex, which is involved in goal selection and the ability to understand
and evaluate future rewards
Parts of PFC –

13. • Orbitofrontal:-
• Personality and social behavior,
• spontenous arousal and attention,
• arousal motivation drive,
• focus attention,
• Goal directed and purposeful behavior,
• initiating behavior, ability to change mental state,
• appropriateness of emotions and behavior.
• Lesions in the Orbitofrontal areas cause impairment of the above functions

14. • Dorsoletral :-
• Executive function and working memory,
• Complex motor Programming,
• Fluency of verbal ( speech and thinking ) & Visual Designs,
• Organizational capacity in learning, constructional stratergy for copying and building complex visual
designs,
• Hypothesis testing and changing mental state.
• Lesions in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex cause impairment of the above functions.

15. • Anterior-cingulate Cortex :-

16. • Anterior-cingualte Cortex :-
• Evaluation of choices ,
• Executive and Cognitive controls ,
• Emotional modulation.
• Effect of Frontal lesions - Personality, behavioral, emotional change.
• Impairment seen in the form of reduction of motivation, purposiveness, Goal direction, planning abilities etc.
• Patients may become :
• Disinhibition related symptoms such as More outspoken, excess thought,
• sexually oriented disinhibition,
• less worried about self, irritability,
• Have elevation in mood, loss of tact, superficiality.

17. • Limbic System –
• The limbic system is called “the emotional brain”.
• Responsible for emotional responsiveness, formation and consolidation of memories,
olfaction, and motivation.
• associated with what has been referred to as “bottom–up processing” or the experience of
information or stimuli based on sensory perception.
• The “emotional brain.”

18. • Generally thought to include the hypothalamus (responsible for controlling
autonomic functions including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep),
• the hippocampus (involved in memory), the amygdala (which plays a key role
in emotional processing and responding),
• the cingulate cortex (which plays an important role in linking sensation,
emotion, and action, including in relation to the formation of long-term memories
for emotionally-significant events).

19. Hypothalamus
• Responsible for certain metabolic functions of the ANS, such as those that control
body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.
• Also plays a role in emotion, particularly in relation to aversion and displeasure.
• It appears to play a critical role in triggering fear responses in relation to external
stimuli.
• has also been implicated in aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors.
• Lesions of the hypothalamus have been associated with changes in sexuality,
combativeness, and hunger.

20. Hippocampus
• Associated with the memory formation.
• Damage to the hippocampus usually results in anterograde amnesia, or difficulty in
forming new memories, and can also result in retrograde amnesia, or difficulty in
accessing memories formed prior to the insult.

21. Amygdala
• Plays a key role in emotional processing and responding, and informs the body’s detection of
threatening stimuli or engagement in a “fight-or-flight” reaction.
• Variations in amygdala functioning have been implicated in many psychological disorders, including
obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder (PD), and
bipolar disorder, as well as in the dysregulation of aggressive behaviors, including hyper
aggressiveness.
• Damage or removal of the amygdala has been associated with Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
• Amygdala in Crime - Abnormalities in brain structure and function could turn people to crime.
• Amygdala shrunken and less active in teenagers with aggressive conduct disorder.

22. Cingulate Cortex
• located above the corpus callosum
• plays an important role in linking sensation, emotion, and action, including in
relation to the formation of long-term memories for emotionally-significant
events and dealing with uncertainty.
• Dysfunction related to the cingulate cortex has been implicated in apathy,
depression, and schizophrenia. Anterior Cingulate - Criminals with low activity
have higher risk of reoffending.

23. THANK YOU!!!