The document discusses various sources of biofuels including oilseed crops, non-oilseed crops, and cellulosic materials. It notes that second and third generation feedstocks like switchgrass, camelina, and jatropha offer higher energy yields than first generation sources like corn. Algae also have high potential but costs have hindered commercial use. The document outlines global biofuel production in 2010 and projections for 2030. It emphasizes the need for sustainable practices and local feedstock varieties to develop biofuels. Enzymes play important roles in biodiesel production but their high costs present challenges that enzyme immobilization techniques could help address.

1. Presented by:
Sumana Choudhury
M.Sc.Biochemistry
3rd semester

3. Oil-seed crops
Grains, cereals and starches
Non oilseed crops
Organic waste
Cellulosic materials
THE MAIN SOURCES OF BIOFUELS
ARE

4. Effective usage should be of second and third
Generation Feedstocks
• Switchgrass : The energy efficiency of producing ethanol from
switchgrass is estimated to be much higher than corn with an energy
input to output rate of 1:4 vs. 1:1.3.
• Camelina: Because of its high oil‐yield of 35‐38% (~2x that of
soybeans), it is specifically being studied for use in biodiesel
applications.
• Jatropha: It is estimated that Jatropha nuts are capable of providing
up to 2,270 liters of biodiesel per hectare
• Waste is a unique feedstock and companies that can successfully
convert the biomass to fuels and chemicals will benefit significantly
• Algae offer the highest oil yields of any biofuel feedstock, but
challenges around cost have created challenges for commercial use

6. Examples of Biofuel include
• Liquid: Fuel-Ethanol and Biodiesel;
• Solid: wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic
refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food
energy crops, dried manure;
• Gaseous: —Biogas from anaerobic digestion or
gasification of biomass

9. The 35.9 billion barrels of oil in reserve will be
depleted by 30 – 36 years period.

10.  In 2010, approximately 700 million barrels of
biofuels were produced globally. Over 45% of
this was corn‐based ethanol in the U.S. and
>25% produced was sugarcane‐based ethanol
in Brazil
 Liquid biofuels accounted for a modest 2.7%
of global road-transport fuels in 2010 and
only 0.6% of the global final energy
consumption. However, by 2030, this is
forecast to increase to 9%, equivalent to 6.5
million barrels of oil a day.

12. • Demand for liquid transport fuels is
expected to increase by 2 million barrels per
day over the next two decades and nearly
40% of the growth will be supplied by
biofuels.
• Liquid biofuels provided about 2.7% of
global road transport fuels in 2010
- Accounted for 4% in the U.S. , 3% in the EU and
provided a very large contribution in Brazil,
where ethanol from sugar cane accounted for
41.5% of light duty transport fuel during 2010

15. To ensure sustainability the Biofuel programme
will employ the use of:
– Suitable and more productive crops as feedstock
– Local/Indigenous varieties of selected feedstock
– Suitable feedstock for different ecological zones
– Modern and efficient conversion technology

16. Biochemical aspect
• For biodiesel, the enzymes
lipase and phospholipase plays a
major role.
• Lipase converts the free fatty
acids (FFA) and triacylglycerol
to fatty acid methyl esters—
the main product comprising
biodiesel
• The phospholipase is
responsible for converting
phospholipids to diacylglycerol,
which becomes a substrate for
the lipase

17. Enzymes are known and available but the cost is
often too high. So is there any solution???
One way of extending the life and thus lowering
the cost of the enzymes is to immobilize them
on a solid substrate to enable multiple cycles
of usage.