Biofilms
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Biofilms are collections of microorganisms surrounded by a matrix they secrete, attached to a surface. They are usually composed of mixed microbial species. Biofilms are made up of 85% matrix and 15% bacterial cells arranged in towers or mushrooms. They protect bacteria from threats and allow nutrient sharing and genetic exchange between cells. Biofilms form through a process of conditioning, adhesion, growth, and detachment of microbial cells on surfaces over time.
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Used in chemical industries (as an antifoam agent).
In pharmaceuticals industries (as Tri-sodium citrate as blood preservative).
In detergent industries (as strong cleaning agent).
As chelating and sequestering agent.
In production of carbonated beverages.
Used as antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables.
Various cosmetic product like lotion, shampoos, creams, and toothpaste.
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Citric acid known as an intermediate of kreb's cycle, and hence present in all living organisms.
Citric acid is produced by three method fermentation, chemical synthesis and extraction from citrus fruits.
In 1782, Carl Wilhelm Scheele first obtained citric acid from lemon juice, but in 1923 Pfizer began operating a fermentation based process in the USA.
Uses: Used as flavoring agent in food industries.
Used in chemical industries (as an antifoam agent).
In pharmaceuticals industries (as Tri-sodium citrate as blood preservative).
In detergent industries (as strong cleaning agent).
As chelating and sequestering agent.
In production of carbonated beverages.
Used as antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables.
Various cosmetic product like lotion, shampoos, creams, and toothpaste.
Biosynthesis: The metabolic pathway involved in citric acid biosynthesis the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle.
In TCA cycle critic acid is a intermediate product, glucose is predominant source of carbon for acid production.
In glycolysis glucose is converted in 2 molecules of pyruvate. Pyruvate form Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate which finally convert in citrate.
Citrate synthase is a regulatory enzyme for production of citric acid because the activity of this enzyme increases at the time of acid production, while activity of other enzymes that degrade the citrate are reduced.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is also a key enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in citrate production.
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Surface fermentation - Characterized by growing microorganisms as a layer or film on a surface in contact nutrient medium, which may be solid or liquid.
Submerged fermentation – In this process microorganisms are throughout the nutrient medium.
Eukaryotic microorganisms salient features
Eukaryotic cells are defined by several key features, including a membrane-bound nucleus that contains DNA packaged into chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. The endoplasmic reticulum packages and transports proteins while the Golgi apparatus processes them, and lysosomes contain enzymes to break down waste. Eukaryotic cells may be single-celled microorganisms or part of multicellular organisms, and their DNA is organized into linear chromosomes within the nucleus.
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Microbial metabolism involves catabolic reactions that break down molecules and anabolic reactions that build them up. Enzymes catalyze these reactions and require energy from ATP hydrolysis. Cells generate ATP through glycolysis of glucose, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration. Fermentation pathways produce ATP without oxygen through alcohol or lactic acid production.
Replication of virus
Viruses rely on host cells to replicate as they cannot do so independently. There are six basic stages of viral replication: 1) attachment to host cell receptors, 2) penetration of the host cell, 3) uncoating of the viral capsid, 4) replication of viral genetic material and proteins, 5) assembly of new viral particles, and 6) release of new virus particles through lysis or budding. The replication process differs between DNA and RNA viruses as well as between viruses with positive-sense and negative-sense genomes, but generally involves the virus taking over host cell machinery to produce more viruses and spread infection.
Lec 01. introduction to microbiology
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BS, MS (Microbiology), MPH (Continue)
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Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, with their DNA and intracellular components located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane. They are smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.1-5.0 μm in diameter. Key distinguishing features include a single circular chromosome not associated with histones, division by binary fission, and cell walls containing peptidoglycan in most cases. Structures include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and sometimes a glycocalyx, flagella, or fimbriae.
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2. Key steps include using alpha-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes to break down starch into glucose, fermenting the glucose with lactic acid bacteria to produce lactic acid, and then purifying the lactic acid through extraction and electrodialysis.
3. The purified lactic acid can then be used to produce polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastic with various applications.
Light microscope
The light microscope uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify small samples. Key developments included the first simple compound microscope in 1590 and Robert Hooke's compound microscope in 1665. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek developed the first simple microscope with 200-300x magnification in 1672.
The main parts of a light microscope are the illuminator, condenser, stage, objective, nosepiece, iris diaphragm, base, focusing knobs, and ocular eyepiece. Light from the illuminator passes through the condenser, specimen, objective lens, and is magnified by the eyepiece for viewing. Resolution and magnification can be improved by using higher powered objectives, oil imm
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Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. They are found in nutrient-rich environments like plant matter and animal fluids. Major yeasts used industrially belong to the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, and Hansenula. Yeasts can be identified based on whether they form spores, their vegetative cell characteristics, and physiological properties like carbon dioxide production during fermentation.
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Dr. Harinatha Reddy of the Department of Biotechnology in Bangalore provides information on formulating power point presentations on medium formulation. To receive a power point, a payment of 20 US dollars or 400 Indian rupees can be sent to the provided bank account and email address. Medium formulation involves changing one variable such as nutrients, pH, or temperature while holding other factors constant. The medium must meet the organism's nutritional needs and allow for maximum biomass and product yield.
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Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Nano Biofilms: An emerging biotechnology application.pptx
Biofilm formation provides benefits to microorganisms like increased access to nutrients, genetic exchange, and protection from threats. Biofilms can be studied using techniques like confocal laser microscopy. They develop in phases from initiation to maturation and contain extracellular substances that provide structure and nutrients. Some biofilms contain bacterial nanocellulose which retains moisture and traps carbon dioxide, and have applications in medicine, bioremediation, and as temporary skin substitutes or blood vessels.
BIOFILM FORMATION
this ppt deals with biofilm formation mechanism y microbes produce it and how it affects humans in a brief manner
Introduction to bacteria
1. The first person to observe living microorganisms using a microscope he invented was Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, when he saw bacteria in dental plaque.
2. Bacteria are the most common and diverse type of prokaryotes, ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm and having a variety of shapes.
3. Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, while archaea cell walls contain other components like glycoproteins or polysaccharides.
BIOFILMS.pptx
The document discusses aerobic biofilm processes and the formation and characteristics of biofilms. It explains that biofilms are assemblages of microbial cells that attach to surfaces and each other, encased in a self-produced matrix. Biofilm formation involves initial attachment of cells, proliferation, and eventual dispersion. Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature and important for processes like bioremediation and wastewater treatment. They create unique microenvironments and cells can communicate within biofilms.
bacteria.ppt
The document discusses bacteria and provides several key details:
- Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using an early microscope.
- Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were pioneers in germ theory and demonstrated that bacteria cause disease.
- Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochaetes.
- Their cells contain a membrane and cell wall but generally lack internal structures like organelles.
Micro final.pptx
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system proposed by Whittaker in 1969. It outlines the key criteria used for classification including cell structure, organism complexity, nutrition mode, and lifestyle. The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Details are provided on the defining characteristics of each kingdom, including whether cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic. Examples of organisms from each kingdom are also listed.
Biofilm
Biofilm is a group of microorganisms that form a slimy layer on surfaces. It begins with bacteria attaching to a surface through weak bonds and then excreting a protective matrix. As more bacteria accumulate, the biofilm develops into a complex structure. Biofilms can form in many environments and have properties that make the bacteria very resistant. They can be found in places like hot springs, rivers, medical implants, and pipelines. Biofilms impact many industries and can promote infections.
5 220224215404
This document provides information on dental plaque, including its definition, composition, formation, and role in periodontal diseases. It defines dental plaque as a biofilm that forms on teeth and consists of bacteria, salivary and tissue components embedded in an extracellular matrix. Plaque forms in stages, beginning with the formation of a dental pellicle that bacteria then adhere to. The plaque develops over time as different bacterial species colonize. Mature plaque has a complex structure and composition. Certain complexes of bacteria in plaque are associated with periodontal health and disease. Methods for analyzing plaque include microscopy, culture, enzymatic assays, immunoassays, and nucleic acid-based techniques.
5.11& 12.11
This document provides information on dental plaque, including its definition, composition, formation, and role in periodontal diseases. It defines dental plaque as a biofilm that forms on teeth and consists of bacteria, salivary and tissue components embedded in an extracellular matrix. Plaque forms in stages, beginning with the formation of a dental pellicle that bacteria then adhere to. The plaque develops over time as different bacterial species colonize. Mature plaque has a complex structure and composition. Certain complexes of bacteria in plaque are associated with periodontal health and disease. Methods for analyzing plaque include microscopy, culture, enzymatic assays, immunoassays, and nucleic acid-based techniques.
MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN Food Microbiology BACTERIA- Cultural Characteristics...
Bacteria are important in food microbiology. They can cause food spoilage and illness, but some species are beneficial. Bacteria have specific nutrient and environmental needs. Their cultural characteristics include morphology, encapsulation, endospores, and cell aggregates. Morphological observation identifies size, shape, and structures. Encapsulation and endospores help bacteria survive harsh conditions. Some bacteria form chains or clumps. Their growth produces chemical changes and discolors or textures food. Understanding bacterial growth factors is key to food preservation and preventing spoilage.
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Biofilms
- 2. CONTENTS: • Definition. • Examples. • Structure of biofilms. • Characteristics. • Formation of biofilms.
- 3. DEFINITION: • “It is a collection of microorganisms surrounded by the slime they secrete, attached to an inert or living surface” • Usually mixed microbial species (e.g. dental plaque > 700 spp. of bacteria and archae) • Biofilms: “cool for bacteria, not cool for humans!” • It plays a critical role in pathogenesis and cause the nation loss of billion dollars due to equipment damage
- 10. STRUCTURE OF THE BIOFILM: • • Composed primarily of microbial cells and glycocalyx like matrix . • heterogeneous arrangement of microbial cells on a solid surface. • 85%: Matrix (polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acid & salts) • 15%: Bacterial cell • fully hydrated biofilm appears as ‘tower’ or ‘mushroom’
- 12. CHARACTERISTICS: • protects the residing bacteria from environmental threats. • permits trapping of nutrients. • Bacterial cells in a biofilm community may communicate and exchange genetic material to acquire new traits
- 13. FORMATION OF BIOFILM: STAGE 1: • Adsorption of inorganic and organic molecules to the solid surface, forming a thin layer termed as conditioning layer.
- 14. STAGE 2: • Adhesion of microbial cells to this layer. Phase 1 - Transport of microbes to surface. Phase 2 - Initial non specific microbial-substrate adherence. Phase 3 - Specific microbial-substrate adherence phase
- 15. STAGE 3: • Bacterial growth and expansion. • Monolayer of microbes attracts secondary colonizers forming micro colony, and the collection of micro colonies gives rise to the final structure of biofilm.
- 16. STAGE 4 : • Due to any kind of threat , it starts to tear the layer in which they are covered leading to release of inside cells. • During detachment, the biofilm transfer particulate constituents from the biofilm to the fluid bathing the biofilm.
- 17. .
Editor's Notes
- the infection affects the gums. In more severe forms of the disease, all of the tissues are involved PERIDONTAL dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria
- between resident cells of the same species and or different species
- irreversiblw
- • The lateral and vertical growth of indwellers gives rise to microcolonies similar to towers