The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP)
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Potential Impact of BioField Treatment on Atomic and Physical Characteristics...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on atomic and physical properties of magnesium powder. Magnesium powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part received biofield treatment.
Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of Physical and The...albertdivis
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole.
This study examined the dimerization of the mithramycin analogue MTMSK at physiological salt concentrations through fluorescence spectroscopy titrations. Mithramycin and its analogues are natural products that bind DNA and have shown promise in treating various cancers. The purpose was to determine if an MTMSK dimer forms when complexed with Mg2+ ions at physiological concentrations. Titrations of varying MTMSK concentrations with increasing MgCl2 concentrations showed fluorescence quenching, indicating a shift from monomer to dimer formation. Analysis using a cooperative binding model supported the hypothesis that an MTMSK dimer forms at physiological salt levels. This information helps understand how these drugs work and could aid in developing more effective analogues for cancer
Biofield Treatment Impact on 1,2,4-Triazoledeeptimishra10
The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha.
This study measured the ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity of substituted α-arylidine-γ-phenyl-δ,β,γ-butenolides in ethanol at 300K. From these measurements, acoustic parameters like adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, and intermolecular free length were calculated. The results showed that ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity, and acoustic impedance increased with concentration, while adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length decreased. This indicates strong molecular interactions between the synthesized molecules and the solvent.
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Potential Impact of BioField Treatment on Atomic and Physical Characteristics...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on atomic and physical properties of magnesium powder. Magnesium powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part received biofield treatment.
Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of Physical and The...albertdivis
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole.
This study examined the dimerization of the mithramycin analogue MTMSK at physiological salt concentrations through fluorescence spectroscopy titrations. Mithramycin and its analogues are natural products that bind DNA and have shown promise in treating various cancers. The purpose was to determine if an MTMSK dimer forms when complexed with Mg2+ ions at physiological concentrations. Titrations of varying MTMSK concentrations with increasing MgCl2 concentrations showed fluorescence quenching, indicating a shift from monomer to dimer formation. Analysis using a cooperative binding model supported the hypothesis that an MTMSK dimer forms at physiological salt levels. This information helps understand how these drugs work and could aid in developing more effective analogues for cancer
Biofield Treatment Impact on 1,2,4-Triazoledeeptimishra10
The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha.
This study measured the ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity of substituted α-arylidine-γ-phenyl-δ,β,γ-butenolides in ethanol at 300K. From these measurements, acoustic parameters like adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, and intermolecular free length were calculated. The results showed that ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity, and acoustic impedance increased with concentration, while adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length decreased. This indicates strong molecular interactions between the synthesized molecules and the solvent.
This document lists 24 publications by B. Easwaramoorthy and E. Balasubramaniam from 1992-2005 and 23 publications by B. Easwaramoorthy from 2005-present. The publications cover a wide range of topics including neurobehavioral toxicity of insecticides, photoelectrochemical properties of porphyrin systems, electroluminescent materials, and radiotracers for positron emission tomography imaging. Many of the recent publications focus on development and evaluation of novel radiotracers to image nicotinic acetylcholine and other neuroreceptors.
This study investigated the interaction between magnesium (Mg) and buspirone, a serotonin receptor partial agonist, in producing anxiolytic effects in mice. Mg administered alone at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, as well as buspirone alone at 5 mg/kg, increased time spent and entries into open arms of an elevated plus maze, indicating anxiolytic effects. However, when buspirone was coadministered with Mg (50 mg/kg), it reduced the anxiolytic effect of Mg alone. This suggests Mg's anxiolytic effects may be partly mediated by interaction with serotonin receptors, as buspirone's antagonism of these receptors inhibited Mg's effect
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Impact of Biofield Treatment on Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Bari...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, the barium titanate powder was subjected to biofield treatment. Further, the control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Electron spin resonance (ESR).
IRJET- Effect of Intensity - Temperature on Ultrasonic Dextran DegradationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment investigating the effect of ultrasound intensity and temperature on the degradation of dextran solutions. Dextran, a polysaccharide produced by bacteria, was sonicated at various intensities (19.2-34.6 W/cm2) and temperatures (10-25°C) for up to 150 minutes. The specific viscosity of the dextran solutions was measured over time using a capillary viscometer to analyze degradation kinetics. Theoretical models were used to determine degradation constants and limit viscosities. The results showed that degradation constants and limit viscosities decreased with increasing intensity and temperature, as higher intensities and temperatures enhanced degradation through cavitation and vapor pressure effects.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment on Spectroscopic Characterization of Pharmace...albertdivis
The stability of any pharmaceutical compound is most desired quality that determines its shelf life and effectiveness.The stability can be correlated to structural and bonding properties of compound and any variation arise in these properties can be easily determined by spectroscopic analysis. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on these properties of four pharmaceutical compounds such as urea, thiourea, sodium carbonate,and magnesium sulphate, using spectroscopic analysis.
This document describes the development of a fluorescent probe for sensing thiamine (vitamin B1) based on arginine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (Arg-GQDs). Arg-GQDs were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method using citric acid and arginine as carbon and nitrogen precursors. The Arg-GQDs exhibited strong blue fluorescence with a quantum yield of 28.3%. The fluorescence of the Arg-GQDs was selectively quenched by Ag+ ions and recovered upon addition of thiamine, providing the basis for a fluorescence "off-on" probe for thiamine. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the detection conditions, including pH, time
An Impact of Biofield Treatment on Spectroscopic Characterization of Pharmace...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on these properties of four pharmaceutical compounds such as urea, thiourea, sodium carbonate, and magnesium sulphate, using spectroscopic analysis.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Mechanical stimulation plays an important role in ligament growth and maintenance, but the optimal stimulation parameters were previously unknown. This study used engineered ligament constructs from human donors to identify stretching parameters that maximize collagen production, as measured by ERK phosphorylation. A statistical model found that stretching at 0.9 Hz, 3% strain, 17%/s rate, and 5 minutes duration optimized ERK phosphorylation. This combination was validated in a second group of constructs. However, response varied between donors, and constructs from clots versus ligaments of one donor differed, highlighting the importance of cell source for engineered tissue phenotype. More research is needed to validate the model across diverse cell populations.
This document describes using computational methods to identify potential drug candidates that can inhibit breast cancer metastatic beta arrestin 2 (ARRB2). Ensemble-based virtual screening and pharmacophore modeling were used to screen drug molecules from the DrugBank database and identify top candidates. The 15 molecules with best binding were further analyzed with molecular dynamics simulations. The results suggest two molecules as the best ARRB2 inhibitor candidates based on their binding affinity and stability in simulations. The study provides a framework for discovering novel ARRB2 inhibitors using integrated computational approaches.
RESVERATROL DERIVATIVES WITH INCREASED BIOAVAILABILITYGanesan Venkatesan
This document describes an in silico screening project to identify resveratrol derivatives with increased bioavailability and binding affinity to the SIRT-1 protein. The objectives are to screen derivatives of resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes and red wine, using molecular docking simulations to find derivatives with stronger binding to SIRT-1, a protein involved in longevity pathways, and improved absorption and bioavailability compared to resveratrol. The methodology involves using online databases and molecular modeling software to identify potential derivatives, evaluate their drug-like properties, and model their binding to SIRT-1.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using PlantsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant leaves, including neem, mango, lemon, and a combination of the three. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using aqueous extracts of the leaves. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Optimization studies examined the effect of parameters like silver ion concentration, plant extract concentration, pH, and temperature on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The studies found that a silver ion concentration of 1mM, plant extract concentration of 1ml, pH of 7, and temperature of 25°C produced the highest yield of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
2-Hydroxyglutarate MR spectroscopy for prediction of isocitrate dehydrogenase...Uzay Emir
Cutting-Edge Advances in Brain Tumor Imaging (2-hydroxyglutarate, IDH mutation Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging) at 3 Tesla (3T) and 7 Tesla (7T)
Noninvasive assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation
2-Hydroxyglutarate MR spectroscopy for prediction of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma
2-Hydroxyglutarate as a Magnetic Resonance Biomarker for Glioma
Detection of oncogenic IDH mutations using magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyglutarate
metabolomic analysis
RSNA
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
FMRIB
Purdue
2-HG IDH1 IDH2 MRS MRSI MRI ultra-high field
CLINICAL ROLE OF MRS QUANTIFICATION OF 2HG IN DIAGNOSIS OF GLIOMAS
Ultra-high-field MRI – Precision Medicine
the clinical application of 7-Tesla imaging
UHF 7T 7Tesla
Semi-LASER, semilaser Slaser
QSAR studies of some anilinoquinolines for their antitumor activity as EGFR i...IOSR Journals
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship studies has been performed on some anilinoquinolines . A variety of parameters including 2D- autocorelation, RDF, 3D- MoRSE, WHIM and GETAWAY parameters have been chosen for modeling the antitumor activity of these compounds. The multiple regression analysis reveals that the seven –parametric model is the best for modeling the activity of the compounds under present study. This model has been tested by using cross validated parameters. The results are also discussed on the basis of ridge regression.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable making broad generalizations about how society depicts mental health and illness. People's views and experiences can vary significantly.
The document analyzes sector and cluster effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development (R&D) in India from 2003-2009. It finds that over half of FDI in R&D went to the software and IT sector, followed by pharmaceuticals, automotive, and others. Bangalore attracted the most investment due to its large, skilled workforce. Liberalized economic policies in India simplified business regulations and increased GDP and industry growth rates, making the country more attractive for FDI. Major sectors like IT, automotive, and pharmaceuticals received investment amounts ranging from under $20 million to over $1 billion, creating thousands of jobs but fewer per firm in IT due to its intellectual nature.
This document discusses three species important to islands and ocean species: dalo (taro), kura (noni), and mokosoi. It provides details on the description, origins, distribution, cultivation, and cultural significance of each. Dalo is a staple food crop in Fiji that plays an important role in cultural ceremonies. It is threatened by diseases and pests but is also exported as a cash crop. Kura is a medicinal plant used widely in Polynesia and throughout the tropics. Traditional methods are used to extract noni juice from its ripe fruit. Mokosoi is discussed less but is used for garlands, perfumes, and other purposes. Overall, the document examines the
This document lists 24 publications by B. Easwaramoorthy and E. Balasubramaniam from 1992-2005 and 23 publications by B. Easwaramoorthy from 2005-present. The publications cover a wide range of topics including neurobehavioral toxicity of insecticides, photoelectrochemical properties of porphyrin systems, electroluminescent materials, and radiotracers for positron emission tomography imaging. Many of the recent publications focus on development and evaluation of novel radiotracers to image nicotinic acetylcholine and other neuroreceptors.
This study investigated the interaction between magnesium (Mg) and buspirone, a serotonin receptor partial agonist, in producing anxiolytic effects in mice. Mg administered alone at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, as well as buspirone alone at 5 mg/kg, increased time spent and entries into open arms of an elevated plus maze, indicating anxiolytic effects. However, when buspirone was coadministered with Mg (50 mg/kg), it reduced the anxiolytic effect of Mg alone. This suggests Mg's anxiolytic effects may be partly mediated by interaction with serotonin receptors, as buspirone's antagonism of these receptors inhibited Mg's effect
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Impact of Biofield Treatment on Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Bari...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, the barium titanate powder was subjected to biofield treatment. Further, the control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Electron spin resonance (ESR).
IRJET- Effect of Intensity - Temperature on Ultrasonic Dextran DegradationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment investigating the effect of ultrasound intensity and temperature on the degradation of dextran solutions. Dextran, a polysaccharide produced by bacteria, was sonicated at various intensities (19.2-34.6 W/cm2) and temperatures (10-25°C) for up to 150 minutes. The specific viscosity of the dextran solutions was measured over time using a capillary viscometer to analyze degradation kinetics. Theoretical models were used to determine degradation constants and limit viscosities. The results showed that degradation constants and limit viscosities decreased with increasing intensity and temperature, as higher intensities and temperatures enhanced degradation through cavitation and vapor pressure effects.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment on Spectroscopic Characterization of Pharmace...albertdivis
The stability of any pharmaceutical compound is most desired quality that determines its shelf life and effectiveness.The stability can be correlated to structural and bonding properties of compound and any variation arise in these properties can be easily determined by spectroscopic analysis. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on these properties of four pharmaceutical compounds such as urea, thiourea, sodium carbonate,and magnesium sulphate, using spectroscopic analysis.
This document describes the development of a fluorescent probe for sensing thiamine (vitamin B1) based on arginine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (Arg-GQDs). Arg-GQDs were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method using citric acid and arginine as carbon and nitrogen precursors. The Arg-GQDs exhibited strong blue fluorescence with a quantum yield of 28.3%. The fluorescence of the Arg-GQDs was selectively quenched by Ag+ ions and recovered upon addition of thiamine, providing the basis for a fluorescence "off-on" probe for thiamine. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the detection conditions, including pH, time
An Impact of Biofield Treatment on Spectroscopic Characterization of Pharmace...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on these properties of four pharmaceutical compounds such as urea, thiourea, sodium carbonate, and magnesium sulphate, using spectroscopic analysis.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Mechanical stimulation plays an important role in ligament growth and maintenance, but the optimal stimulation parameters were previously unknown. This study used engineered ligament constructs from human donors to identify stretching parameters that maximize collagen production, as measured by ERK phosphorylation. A statistical model found that stretching at 0.9 Hz, 3% strain, 17%/s rate, and 5 minutes duration optimized ERK phosphorylation. This combination was validated in a second group of constructs. However, response varied between donors, and constructs from clots versus ligaments of one donor differed, highlighting the importance of cell source for engineered tissue phenotype. More research is needed to validate the model across diverse cell populations.
This document describes using computational methods to identify potential drug candidates that can inhibit breast cancer metastatic beta arrestin 2 (ARRB2). Ensemble-based virtual screening and pharmacophore modeling were used to screen drug molecules from the DrugBank database and identify top candidates. The 15 molecules with best binding were further analyzed with molecular dynamics simulations. The results suggest two molecules as the best ARRB2 inhibitor candidates based on their binding affinity and stability in simulations. The study provides a framework for discovering novel ARRB2 inhibitors using integrated computational approaches.
RESVERATROL DERIVATIVES WITH INCREASED BIOAVAILABILITYGanesan Venkatesan
This document describes an in silico screening project to identify resveratrol derivatives with increased bioavailability and binding affinity to the SIRT-1 protein. The objectives are to screen derivatives of resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes and red wine, using molecular docking simulations to find derivatives with stronger binding to SIRT-1, a protein involved in longevity pathways, and improved absorption and bioavailability compared to resveratrol. The methodology involves using online databases and molecular modeling software to identify potential derivatives, evaluate their drug-like properties, and model their binding to SIRT-1.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using PlantsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant leaves, including neem, mango, lemon, and a combination of the three. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using aqueous extracts of the leaves. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Optimization studies examined the effect of parameters like silver ion concentration, plant extract concentration, pH, and temperature on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The studies found that a silver ion concentration of 1mM, plant extract concentration of 1ml, pH of 7, and temperature of 25°C produced the highest yield of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
2-Hydroxyglutarate MR spectroscopy for prediction of isocitrate dehydrogenase...Uzay Emir
Cutting-Edge Advances in Brain Tumor Imaging (2-hydroxyglutarate, IDH mutation Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging) at 3 Tesla (3T) and 7 Tesla (7T)
Noninvasive assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation
2-Hydroxyglutarate MR spectroscopy for prediction of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma
2-Hydroxyglutarate as a Magnetic Resonance Biomarker for Glioma
Detection of oncogenic IDH mutations using magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyglutarate
metabolomic analysis
RSNA
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
FMRIB
Purdue
2-HG IDH1 IDH2 MRS MRSI MRI ultra-high field
CLINICAL ROLE OF MRS QUANTIFICATION OF 2HG IN DIAGNOSIS OF GLIOMAS
Ultra-high-field MRI – Precision Medicine
the clinical application of 7-Tesla imaging
UHF 7T 7Tesla
Semi-LASER, semilaser Slaser
QSAR studies of some anilinoquinolines for their antitumor activity as EGFR i...IOSR Journals
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship studies has been performed on some anilinoquinolines . A variety of parameters including 2D- autocorelation, RDF, 3D- MoRSE, WHIM and GETAWAY parameters have been chosen for modeling the antitumor activity of these compounds. The multiple regression analysis reveals that the seven –parametric model is the best for modeling the activity of the compounds under present study. This model has been tested by using cross validated parameters. The results are also discussed on the basis of ridge regression.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable making broad generalizations about how society depicts mental health and illness. People's views and experiences can vary significantly.
The document analyzes sector and cluster effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development (R&D) in India from 2003-2009. It finds that over half of FDI in R&D went to the software and IT sector, followed by pharmaceuticals, automotive, and others. Bangalore attracted the most investment due to its large, skilled workforce. Liberalized economic policies in India simplified business regulations and increased GDP and industry growth rates, making the country more attractive for FDI. Major sectors like IT, automotive, and pharmaceuticals received investment amounts ranging from under $20 million to over $1 billion, creating thousands of jobs but fewer per firm in IT due to its intellectual nature.
This document discusses three species important to islands and ocean species: dalo (taro), kura (noni), and mokosoi. It provides details on the description, origins, distribution, cultivation, and cultural significance of each. Dalo is a staple food crop in Fiji that plays an important role in cultural ceremonies. It is threatened by diseases and pests but is also exported as a cash crop. Kura is a medicinal plant used widely in Polynesia and throughout the tropics. Traditional methods are used to extract noni juice from its ripe fruit. Mokosoi is discussed less but is used for garlands, perfumes, and other purposes. Overall, the document examines the
Makalah ini membahas sistem pengendalian peralatan elektronik secara nirkabel menggunakan Bluetooth. Sistem terdiri dari client di ponsel, server di komputer, dan mikrokontroler yang mengendalikan peralatan. Aplikasi client memungkinkan pengguna mengontrol peralatan melalui Bluetooth.
Breaking Down the Ruler of Social Media: FacebookPhilbert Lui
Facebook is King, Facebook is Queen, Facebook is on everyone's screen!
Using Slideshare, I have created a minimalistic and digestible presentation that breaks down the statistics and scope of the juggernaut of social media: Facebook. In the 11 years that Facebook has been around, it has sparked a shift in the zeitgeist that transformed the way we use computers and mobile phones. Other than Google, no website on the Internet has as much dominance, reach, and power as Facebook.
The document provides a summary of Srinivas Pujari's professional experience and qualifications. It outlines his 9.7 years of experience developing, implementing, testing, and supporting various software applications using Microsoft technologies like .NET, C#, ASP.NET, and SQL Server. It also lists his roles and responsibilities on projects for clients like Intel, Accenture, and Time Warner Cable, where he worked as a technical consultant, systems analyst, and team lead developing web and client-server applications.
Dokumen tersebut membahas rencana struktur organisasi dan roadmap divisi teknologi di AORA TV. Roadmap ini meliputi rencana untuk sistem uplink, jaringan kabel serat optik, dan infrastruktur teknologi informasi.
This document outlines an IT policy and guidelines for AORA IT. It discusses principles of acceptable use including maintaining systems, standardizing hardware and software for lower costs, and using IT facilities for work purposes only. It provides roles and responsibilities for the IT department in procuring, installing and maintaining equipment. Acceptable use policies are defined for desktops, laptops and printers including proper care, prohibited activities, and guidelines for securing and backing up data.
This document discusses how personal resilience can help individuals manage conflict in the workplace. It introduces the R@W model of resilience, which identifies seven factors that build resilience: living authentically, finding your calling, maintaining perspective, mastering stress, interacting cooperatively, staying healthy, and building networks. The document also presents the CDP model of conflict competence, which describes constructive responses like perspective taking and destructive responses like displaying anger. It poses discussion questions about how resilience impacts an individual's approach to conflict situations at work.
This document outlines an employee rewards program for DeKalb County Government employees. It provides monetary and non-monetary rewards to recognize exceptional employee performance. For monetary rewards, it describes merit increases for meeting performance standards, performance incentive payments for exceeding expectations, and monetary spot awards. It provides criteria for earning these rewards and selection processes. Non-monetary rewards include spot awards, quarterly awards, and annual awards to recognize achievements in areas like customer service, innovation, and skills enhancement. Departments will implement the program according to these guidelines to motivate superior service and performance from employees.
This document provides an overview of IT infrastructure plans for AORA TV from 2013-2014. It discusses the need to modernize aging infrastructure to better support business needs and enable productivity. Key plans are to upgrade data centers and networks, expand to web-based virtualized systems, stabilize desktops, and implement robust security across the infrastructure. The goals are to deliver standardized, reliable services through replacement of obsolete systems, network expansion, business continuity improvements, and keeping legacy systems operational during the transition.
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...wilhelm mendel
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...rachelsalk
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...albertdivis
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/evaluation-impact-biofield-treatment-physical-and-thermal-properties-casein-enzyme-hydrolysate-and-casein-yeas-t-peptone
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...Abby Keif
http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/54/ - Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and MentholMahendra Kumar Trivedi
This document reports on a study that investigated the impact of biofield energy treatment on the structural and physical properties of thymol and menthol. Thymol and menthol samples were divided into control and treated groups, with the treated group receiving biofield energy treatment. The control and treated samples were then characterized using XRD, DSC, TGA, and FT-IR analysis. For thymol, XRD analysis of the treated sample showed increased crystallinity and a 50% increase in crystallite size compared to the control. DSC analysis showed decreased enthalpy for both treated compounds compared to controls. FT-IR analysis showed a shift in the -OH stretching vibration peak for treated thymol. For ment
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and Mentholalbertdivis
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol.
Resorcinol is widely used in manufacturing of several drugs and pharmaceutical products that are mainly used
for topical ailments. The main objective of this study is to use an alternative strategy i.e., biofield treatment to alter
the physical, spectral and thermal properties of resorcinol.
Research by Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for M...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The present study showed that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of indole. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/40/ for details.
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated...rachelsalk
The p-anisidine is widely used as chemical intermediate in the production of various dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. The study was performed after dividing the sample in two groups; one was remained as untreated and another was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Afterward, both the control and treated samples of p-anisidine were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the increase in unit cell volume from 683.81 → 690.18 × 10-24 cm3 and crystallite size from 83.84→84.62 nm in the treated sample with respect to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the significant increase (25.44%) in the surface area of treated sample as compared to control. The DSC thermogram of control p-anisidine showed the latent heat of fusion and melting temperature and 146.78 J/g and 59.41°C, respectively, which were slightly increased to 148.89 J/g and 59.49°C, respectively after biofield treatment. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 134.68°C in the control sample that was increased to 150.02°C after biofield treatment. The result showed about 11.39% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. Moreover, the Tmax (temperature at which maximum thermal degradation occurs) was also increased slightly from 165.99°C (control) to 168.10°C (treated). This indicated the high thermal stability of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. However, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any significant changes in the spectral properties of treated p-anisidine with respect to the control.
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated...wilhelm mendel
The p-anisidine is widely used as chemical intermediate in the production of various dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. The study was performed after dividing the sample in two groups; one was remained as untreated and another was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Afterward, both the control and treated samples of p-anisidine were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the increase in unit cell volume from 683.81 → 690.18 × 10-24 cm3 and crystallite size from 83.84→84.62 nm in the treated sample with respect to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the significant increase (25.44%) in the surface area of treated sample as compared to control. The DSC thermogram of control p-anisidine showed the latent heat of fusion and melting temperature and 146.78 J/g and 59.41°C, respectively, which were slightly increased to 148.89 J/g and 59.49°C, respectively after biofield treatment. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 134.68°C in the control sample that was increased to 150.02°C after biofield treatment. The result showed about 11.39% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. Moreover, the Tmax (temperature at which maximum thermal degradation occurs) was also increased slightly from 165.99°C (control) to 168.10°C (treated). This indicated the high thermal stability of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. However, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any significant changes in the spectral properties of treated p-anisidine with respect to the control.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Evaluation of Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Trea...rachelsalk
P-Hydroxyacetophenone (PHAP) is an aromatic ketone derivative that is mainly used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, etc. In the present study, the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment was analysed on various properties of PHAP viz. crystallite size, surface area, melting temperature, thermal decomposition, and spectral properties. The PHAP sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as control sample while another part was named as treated sample. The treated sample was given the biofield energy treatment and various parameters were analysed as compared to the control sample by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultravioletvisible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD studies showed the decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (61.25 nm) as compared to the control (84.18 nm); however the intensity of peaks in diffractogram was increased in treated sample. Besides, the surface area of treated sample was decreased by 41.17% as compared to the control. The TGA analysis revealed that onset temperature as well as Tmax (maximum thermal decomposition temperature) was increased in the treated sample. However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was decreased from 124.56 J/g (control) to 103.24 J/g in the treated sample. The treated and control samples were also evaluated by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and did not show any significant alteration in spectra of treated sample as compared to the respective control. Hence, the overall results suggest that there was an impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of PHAP sample.
Evaluation of Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Trea...wilhelm mendel
P-Hydroxyacetophenone (PHAP) is an aromatic ketone derivative that is mainly used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, etc. In the present study, the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment was analysed on various properties of PHAP viz. crystallite size, surface area, melting temperature, thermal decomposition, and spectral properties. The PHAP sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as control sample while another part was named as treated sample. The treated sample was given the biofield energy treatment and various parameters were analysed as compared to the control sample by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultravioletvisible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD studies showed the decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (61.25 nm) as compared to the control (84.18 nm); however the intensity of peaks in diffractogram was increased in treated sample. Besides, the surface area of treated sample was decreased by 41.17% as compared to the control. The TGA analysis revealed that onset temperature as well as Tmax (maximum thermal decomposition temperature) was increased in the treated sample. However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was decreased from 124.56 J/g (control) to 103.24 J/g in the treated sample. The treated and control samples were also evaluated by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and did not show any significant alteration in spectra of treated sample as compared to the respective control. Hence, the overall results suggest that there was an impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of PHAP sample.
Characterization of Physical, Spectral and Thermal Properties of Biofield Tre...albertdivis
The objective of the present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectral and thermal properties of 1,2,4-triazole.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Char...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of Biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of MTA. MTA sample was divided into two groups that served as treated and control. The treated group received Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi’s Biofield treatment.to read nmore visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/physical-thermal-and-spectroscopic-characterization-m-toluic-acid-impact-biofield-treatment-0
Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene | Omicsonlinedeeptimishra10
The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene.
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichloroben...albertdivis
This research article studied the effects of biofield treatment on para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB). p-DCB is widely used as a chemical intermediate but has some limitations. X-ray diffraction analysis found an increase in crystallite size of the treated sample compared to the control. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed a reduction in the latent heat of fusion and melting point of the treated p-DCB. Thermogravimetric analysis found an increase in the maximum weight loss temperature of the treated sample, indicating increased thermal stability. However, UV-visible spectroscopy found no changes in the structural properties of the treated p-DCB. Overall, the study found that biofield treatment
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2. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 2 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
exposure caused an increase in growth and anatomical characteristics
of an herb Pogostemon cablin that is commonly used in perfumes, in
incense/insect repellents, and alternative medicine [24]. Moreover,
in microbiology, bio-field treatment has also changed the antibiotic
susceptibility patterns as well as produced biochemical reactions that
induced changes in the characteristics of pathogenic microbes [25-27].
Having inspired by these excellent results, in present study, an
attempt was made to investigate the physicochemical properties of BEP
and MIP that were exposed to the said Bio-field. The bio-field treated
powders were thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, XRD, DSC, TGA,
CHNSO, and particle size analysis.
Experimental
Materials and methods
The BEP and MIP were procured from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt
Ltd, India. The samples were grouped into two parts; one was kept
as a control sample, while the remaining part was subjected to Mr.
Trivedi’s bio-field treatment and coded as treated sample. After that,
all the samples (control and treated) were characterized with respect
to FT-IR, CHNSO, XRD, particle size analysis, surface area analysis,
DSC, and TGA.
Characterization
Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy: The infrared
spectra of BEP and MIP were recorded with FT-IR spectrometer
(Perkin Elmer, USA). IR spectrum was recorded in the range of 4000
to 500 cm-1
.
CHNSO analysis: The BEP and MIP were analyzed for their
elemental composition (C,H,N,S, and O). The powdered samples were
subjected to CHNSO Analyzer using Model Flash EA 1112 Series,
Thermo Finnigan Italy.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study: XRD of BEP and MIP were
analyzed using Phillips Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system.
The wavelength of the radiation was 1.54056 angstrom. The data was
obtained in the form of 2θ versus intensity (a.u) chart. The obtained
data was used for calculation of crystallite size using the following
formula.
Crystallite size= kλ/b Cos θ
Where, λ is the wavelength and k is the equipment constant (0.94).
Particle size analysis: The average particle size and particle size
distribution were analyzed using Sympetac Helos-BF Laser Particle
Size Analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 µm to 875µm. Average
particle size d50
and size exhibited by 99% (d99
) of powder particles were
computed from laser diffraction data table. The d50
and d99
value were
calculated using following formula.
Percentage change in d50
size=100 × (d50
treated- d50
control)/ d50
control.
Percentage change in d99
size=100 × (d99
treated- d99
control)/ d99
control.
Surface area analysis: The surface area of BEP and MIP were
characterized using Surface Area Analyzer, SMART SORB 90 BET
(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), which had a detection range of 0.1-100
m2
/g.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study: The BEP and
MIP were used for DSC study. The samples were analyzed using a
Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC on a heating rate of 10ºC/min under oxygen
atmosphere.
Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA): Thermal stability of the BEP
and MIP were analyzed using Metller Toledo simultaneous TGA. The
samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with a heating
rate of 5ºC/min under oxygen atmosphere.
Results and Discussion
FT-IR spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectrum of control and bio-field treated samples are
illustrated in Figure 1. The IR spectrum of control and BEP showed
(Figure 1) prominent vibration bands at 1760 cm-1
(-C=O) and
1151 cm-1
(-C-O) due to presence of triglycerides peak stretching in
the sample. Other important peaks were observed at 2895 and 2817
cm-1
which can be attributed to C-H stretching vibration peaks. The
spectrum showed peaks at 1635 and 1587 cm-1
attributed to presence of
characteristic protein bands such as amide-I and amide -II stretching
vibration peaks [28-31]. Another peak was observed at 3078 to
3780.2 cm-1
attributed to -OH stretching vibration peak. The treated
sample showed considerable change in FT-IR spectrum (Figure 1).
We observed that the presence of triglycerides peak of -C=O (1760
cm-1
) and C-O (1151cm-1
) was disappeared in the treated BEP. The
result showed that the bio-field treatment, probably removed the fatty
triglycerides components from the treated BEP. Additionally, it was
also observed that the characteristic –OH/-NH stretching vibration
peaks were reduced to lower wavenumbers 3064 cm-1
,which indicated
the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the
treated sample [32,33]. These results suggest that bio-field treatment
has induced structural changes in the treated sample.
The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated MIP are presented in
Figure 2. The FT-IR of control powder showed (Figure 2) important
peaks at 1689 and 1589 cm-1
due to amide-I and amide-II stretching
vibration peaks, respectively. Other important peaks were observed
at 1760 and 1157cm-1
for C=O and C-O group, respectively due to
triglycerides. However, these two peaks were completely disappeared
in treated MIP (Figure 2) which indicated that bio-field treatment
affected chemical changes in the treated sample.
Figure 1: FTIR spectrum of control and treated beef extract powder.
3. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 3 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
CHNSO analysis
Table 1 shows the results of CHNSO analysis of BEP and MIP.
The treated BEP showed substantial changes in terms of elemental
composition of the treated sample. The treated BEP showed 5.05%
increase in nitrogen as compared to control. The oxygen percentage
was increased by 3.82% in the treated BEP as compared to control. The
carbon percentage was also improved by 2.09% as compared to control
sample. Moreover, the treated BEP showed the presence of sulphur
element; however no trace of sulphur was found in control sample.
The presence of sulphur might play a crucial role in preserving the
comminuted meat products [34]. This data showed that the bio-field
treatment led to change the elemental composition in BEP.
Whereas the treated MIP showed small percentage change in
nitrogen (0.77%) as compared to control powder. However, carbon and
hydrogen percentage was decreased by 1.22% and 7.13%, respectively
in the treated sample as compared to control. It was observed that there
was a significant change in oxygen percentage in treated MIP (24.48%)
as compared to control sample. The treated MIP showed some trace
of sulphur (0.27%) though no sulphur was found in control sample.
All together, the CHNSO results confirmed that bio-field treatment
significantly changed the elemental percentage in treated samples.
X-ray diffraction studies
The XRD diffractogram of control and treated BEP sample are
illustrated in Figure 3, where, a and b represented to control and
treated sample respectively. The XRD showed the amorphous nature of
the control sample (Figure 3a) with a broad halo at 2θ equals to 20.0°.
The XRD of treated BEP did not reveal (Figure 3b) any differences in
X-ray pattern of the sample. The treated samples also showed the broad
amorphous nature which was probably due to less ordered atomic
arrangement in the sample. The X-ray diffractogram of control and
treated MIP are presented in Figures 4a and 4b. The Figure 4a showed
a broad amorphous peak at 2θ equals to 22° and Figure 4b showed
similar XRD pattern with no change in peak position. Amorphous
materials due to random or irregular arrangement in atoms show
broad and diffused peaks [35].
Particle size and surface area analysis
The particle size analysis was carried out on BEP and MIP. The
percentage of average particle size (d50
) and (d99
) were computed and
results are presented in Figure 5. The control BEP showed d50
value
11.75 μm and d99
value of 85.39 μm respectively. After treatment d50
value was increased to 12.42 μm and d99
value was increased to 99.1
μm. The percentage change in d50
value and d99
value of the treated
BEP was increased by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to
control sample (Figure 5). This showed that bio-field treatment led to
an increase in particle size of the treated samples. It is postulated that
the agglomeration of treated BEP may be due to bio-field treatment
which causes joining of particle boundaries and hence increase in
particle size.
Contrarily, in case of MIP the d50
and d99
values were decreased by
0.4% and 18.1% (Figure 6). Here we assume that the treated powder
particles received high bio-field energy which led to deformation of the
particle boundaries, and hence it caused a reduction in particle size.
The surface area was analyzed by BET analysis and results are
presented in Table 2. The treated BEP showed substantial increase in
surface area (1.291 m2
/g) as compared to control powder (1.027 m2
/g).
This was contrary to our particle size results. The surface area of treatedFigure 2: FTIR spectrum of control and treated meat infusion powder.
Figure 3a: XRD diffractogram of control beef extract powder.
Figure 3b: XRD diffractogram of treated beef extract powder.
4. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 4 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
MIP (0.625 m2
/g) was also increased as compared to control powder
(0.488 m2
/g). The percentage changes in surface area of the samples
(BEP and MIP) were 25.7% and 28% respectively. This was probably
due to the fact that, the decreased particle size in MIP caused an
increase in surface area. The surface area and particle size changes are
usually opposite to each other i.e., smaller the particles size, larger the
surface area and vice versa [36-38]. Hence the more surface area could
have been exposed to solvents thereby causing increased solubility.
Differential scanning calorimetry study
DSC is an excellent technique to investigate the glass transition,
melting temperature and change in heat capacity of different materials.
DSC thermogram of control and treated BEP are presented in Figures
7a and 7b, respectively. The DSC thermogram of control sample
(Figure 7a) showed a broad endothermic inflexion at 124.61°C, which
was due to melting temperature of the control sample. However, the
treated BEP sample showed an elevation in melting temperature as
compared to control. DSC thermogram of treated powder showed
(Figure 7b) a broad endothermic peak at 192°C. This sharp increase in
melting temperature was probably due to the higher absorption of bio-
field in the treated sample. Hence, the treated BEP need more external
thermal energy in order to melt the sample which increased its melting
temperature as compared to control.
The DSC thermo gram of both control and treated MIP are
presented in Figures 8a and 8b. The DSC thermogram of control MIP
Figure 4a: XRD diffractogram of control meat infusion powder.
Figure 4b: XRD diffractogram of treated meat infusion powder.
Figure 5: Particle size results (d50 and d99) of beef extract powder and meat
infusion powder.
Figure 6: Percentage change in particle size (d50 and d99) of beef extracts
powder and meat infusion powder.
Figure 7a: DSC thermogram of control beef extract powder.
5. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 5 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
showed (Figure 8a) a sharp endothermic inflexion at 131.67°C, which
was responsible for its melting temperature. Contrarily, the bio-field
treated sample showed (Figure 8b) a broad endothermic inflexion
at 182°C which was due to melting temperature of the sample. This
confirmed that bio-field treatment enhanced the melting temperature
of the treated MIP. This was probably due to increased internal energy
that was caused due to Bio-field, which subsequently needed more
external energy in order to disturb the material chains.
The increased melting temperature could be correlated to higher
thermal stability of the treated BEP and MIP. It can be hypothesized
that bio-field has acted as a crosslinker for the collagen present in meat
products (BEP and MIP) which probably restricted the molecular
mobility that resulted in enhanced thermal denaturation and stability
[39,40]. Moreover, the specific heat capacity of the control and treated
samples were computed from DSC data and results are presented
in Table 3. The specific heat capacity was found to be decreased
proportionally in both the samples (83.92% and 3.84%). It was assumed
that the treated samples (BEP and MIP) were present in corresponding
high energy state.
Thermal stability
TGA thermo gram of control and treated BEP are illustrated
in Figures 9a and 9b. The thermograms of control powder showed
(Figure 9a) one step thermal degradation pattern. The control sample
started to degrade at 188°C and degradation was terminated at 235°C.
Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) thermogram of the control
powder showed the maximum thermal decomposition temperature at
206°C. Similarly, the treated BEP also displayed (Figure 9b) one step
thermal degradation pattern. The treated sample started to decompose
at 180o
C and decomposition step was terminated at 250°C. However,
significant increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature
(218°C) was observed in the treated sample, which could be correlated
with its higher thermal stability.
Figures 10a and 10b shows the TGA thermogram of control and
bio-field treated MIP. TGA thermogram of control MIP showed (Figure
10a) single step decomposition pattern. The sample started to degrade
at 165°C and decomposition was stopped at 250o
C. The sample showed
maximum thermal decomposition temperature at 209°C contrarily the
treated MIP showed (Figure 10b) no DTG peak for maximum thermal
decomposition temperature. Based on These results, we assume that
the bio-field treatment has induced significant thermal changes in both
BEP and MIP. The TGA results were also well supported by the DSC
data.
The FT-IR data showed a complete disappearance of triglyceride
(C=O and C-O) peak in the treated BEP and MIP as compared
to control sample. It was shown previously that elevated level of
triglycerides could cause serious health concerns such as obesity,
hypertension, and high blood glucose levels. More consumption of red
meat such as beef could increase the triglyceride level in the humans
that further increases health problems. Hence, present work describes
that bio-field treatment could be used as possible strategy to remove
excess triglycerides. Moreover, it was recently shown that reduced level
of triglyceride might improve the aroma and quality of cooked meat.
Hence, we assume that bio-field treatment could improve the health
and quality of beef and meat products.
Conclusion
This research study was an attempt to improve the physicochemical
properties of BEP and MIP using bio-field treatment. FT-IR data
showed that bio-field treatment has changed characteristics of treated
powders at the structural level. DSC study corroborated increase in
Figure 7b: DSC thermogram of treated beef extracts powder.
Figure 8a: DSC thermogram of control meat infusion powder.
Figure 8b: DSC thermogram of treated meat infusion powder.
6. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 6 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
Figure 9a: TGA thermogram of control beef extract powder.
Figure 9b: TGA thermogram of treated beef extract powder.
7. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 7 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
Figure 10a: TGA thermogram of control meat infusion powder.
Figure 10b: TGA thermogram of treated meat infusion powder.
8. Citation: Mahendra KT, Gopal N, Shrikant P, Rama MT, Snehasis J, et al. (2015) Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of
Beef Extract and Meat Infusion Powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000389
Page 8 of 8
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • 1000389
J Nutr Food Sci
ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal
melting temperature in BEP and MIP of treated powders as compared
to control. However, decrease in specific heat capacity (∆H) was
observed in treated samples (BEP and MIP) as compared to control.
It is postulated that no extra energy or heat was required in order to
raise the powder temperature as the treated samples were already in
high energy state due to bio-field treatment. The increased melting
temperature and maximum thermal decomposition temperature of
treated samples showed the higher thermal stability. Based on the
results achieved, we conclude that, the removal of triglycerides could
lead to an improvement in the aroma and food quality of beef extract
and meat infusion powder.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank all the laboratory staff of MGV Pharmacy
College, Nashik for their assistance during the various instrument characterizations.
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, institute of physics, and Chinese academy of
sciences for permitting us to use Powder X software for analyzing XRD results.
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