This study investigated the interaction between magnesium (Mg) and buspirone, a serotonin receptor partial agonist, in producing anxiolytic effects in mice. Mg administered alone at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, as well as buspirone alone at 5 mg/kg, increased time spent and entries into open arms of an elevated plus maze, indicating anxiolytic effects. However, when buspirone was coadministered with Mg (50 mg/kg), it reduced the anxiolytic effect of Mg alone. This suggests Mg's anxiolytic effects may be partly mediated by interaction with serotonin receptors, as buspirone's antagonism of these receptors inhibited Mg's effect
1) The study examined the effects of repeated MDMA exposure on glutamate release and parvalbumin-positive GABAergic cells in the rat hippocampus.
2) Treatment with non-selective and COX-2 selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in hippocampal glutamate, but a COX-1 inhibitor did not.
3) Repeated MDMA exposure reduced the number of parvalbumin-positive GABA interneurons in the hippocampus, and this effect was attenuated by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. However, the inhibitor did not prevent MDMA-induced depletion of serotonin in the hippocampus.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Ext...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP)
This study examined the androgenic effects of three progestagens (norethisterone, uterogestan, and medroxyprogesterone acetate) on bone density in castrated male mice. The progestagens were administered to castrated mice for 3 months. Bone density, ash weight, and mineral content were measured in the tibia. Kidney and seminal vesicle weights were also examined. Only norethisterone showed a slight but statistically significant increase in bone density compared to castrated mice. The other progestagens and castration had no effect on bone density, ash weight, mineral content, kidney weight, or seminal vesicle weight. This suggests that only norethisterone has
Interaction between anxiolytic effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and e...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
This study examined the anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) and exercise in rats. The results showed that both 6 weeks of exercise and chronic administration of MgO NPs individually reduced anxiety in rats. However, when MgO NPs were administered during exercise, there was no additional reduction in anxiety beyond the effects of exercise alone. The study suggests that exercise and MgO NPs may reduce anxiety through common mechanisms in the central nervous system.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the psychopharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Sarcostemma acidum (EASA). Various tests were conducted to assess the anti-psychotic, anxiolytic, and central nervous system inhibitory activities of EASA. In tests for anti-psychotic activity, EASA significantly increased the latency period for rats to climb a pole and increased cataleptic scores, indicating suppression of conditioned avoidance response activity, possibly by blocking dopaminergic pathways. In tests for anxiolytic activity, EASA significantly increased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus maze, suggesting an increase in exploratory behavior. In tests of central nervous system activity
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Lu AF21934 is a positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu4 receptor that has shown antipsychotic-like effects in animal models. This study investigated the potential involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in these effects of Lu AF21934. The results showed that the effects of Lu AF21934 were inhibited by administration of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635. Combining subthreshold doses of Lu AF21934 and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT also produced clear antipsychotic effects. Lu AF21934 also inhibited MK-801-induced increases in dopamine and serotonin release. These findings suggest the actions of Lu AF21934 are dependent on
1) The study examined the effects of repeated MDMA exposure on glutamate release and parvalbumin-positive GABAergic cells in the rat hippocampus.
2) Treatment with non-selective and COX-2 selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in hippocampal glutamate, but a COX-1 inhibitor did not.
3) Repeated MDMA exposure reduced the number of parvalbumin-positive GABA interneurons in the hippocampus, and this effect was attenuated by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. However, the inhibitor did not prevent MDMA-induced depletion of serotonin in the hippocampus.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Ext...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP)
This study examined the androgenic effects of three progestagens (norethisterone, uterogestan, and medroxyprogesterone acetate) on bone density in castrated male mice. The progestagens were administered to castrated mice for 3 months. Bone density, ash weight, and mineral content were measured in the tibia. Kidney and seminal vesicle weights were also examined. Only norethisterone showed a slight but statistically significant increase in bone density compared to castrated mice. The other progestagens and castration had no effect on bone density, ash weight, mineral content, kidney weight, or seminal vesicle weight. This suggests that only norethisterone has
Interaction between anxiolytic effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and e...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
This study examined the anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) and exercise in rats. The results showed that both 6 weeks of exercise and chronic administration of MgO NPs individually reduced anxiety in rats. However, when MgO NPs were administered during exercise, there was no additional reduction in anxiety beyond the effects of exercise alone. The study suggests that exercise and MgO NPs may reduce anxiety through common mechanisms in the central nervous system.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the psychopharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Sarcostemma acidum (EASA). Various tests were conducted to assess the anti-psychotic, anxiolytic, and central nervous system inhibitory activities of EASA. In tests for anti-psychotic activity, EASA significantly increased the latency period for rats to climb a pole and increased cataleptic scores, indicating suppression of conditioned avoidance response activity, possibly by blocking dopaminergic pathways. In tests for anxiolytic activity, EASA significantly increased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus maze, suggesting an increase in exploratory behavior. In tests of central nervous system activity
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Lu AF21934 is a positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu4 receptor that has shown antipsychotic-like effects in animal models. This study investigated the potential involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in these effects of Lu AF21934. The results showed that the effects of Lu AF21934 were inhibited by administration of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635. Combining subthreshold doses of Lu AF21934 and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT also produced clear antipsychotic effects. Lu AF21934 also inhibited MK-801-induced increases in dopamine and serotonin release. These findings suggest the actions of Lu AF21934 are dependent on
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility.
1. The study investigated the role of the central dopaminergic system in the analgesic action of paracetamol using rodent pain models.
2. It found that paracetamol's analgesic activity increased when combined with drugs that increase dopamine levels and decreased when combined with a dopamine blocker.
3. Brain dopamine levels were higher in mice treated with paracetamol plus drugs increasing dopamine, and lower with a dopamine-decreasing drug. This suggests modulation of the dopaminergic system contributes to paracetamol's analgesic effects.
A simple visible spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination
of ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The currently
proposed method is established based on MBTH oxidation by ferric ions to
form an active coupling species (electrophile), followed by its coupling with
the ulipristal in acidic medium to form high intensiϑied green colored chromophore
having max at 609 nm. Validated the method as per the current
guidelines of ICH. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 6.25 –
37.50 g mL 1 with a high regression coefϑicient (r > 0.999). Reproducibility,
accuracy, and precision of the method are evident from the low values of R.S.D.
This method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of
ulipristal acetate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Aspartame, a dietry sweetner, concentration dependently induces neurotoxicity...Damilola Oluwatayo
This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of aspartame at different concentrations in rats and the protective role of Garcinia kola essential oil. Rats were given aspartame at 15, 35, or 70 mg/kg alone or with Garcinia kola oil at 200 mg/kg for 9 weeks. Aspartame caused oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in a dose-dependent manner. Co-administration of Garcinia kola oil protected the brain against aspartame-induced toxicity by improving antioxidant status. The results suggest that Garcinia kola oil has potential as a therapy against aspartame neurotoxicity.
Teriparatide a novel means to ultimately achieve true regenerationShruti Maroo
This review discusses the potential role of teriparatide, a bone-forming drug, in the treatment of periodontal disease. Teriparatide is a biosynthetic form of human parathyroid hormone that stimulates bone formation. It works by binding to PTH receptors on osteoblasts, increasing osteoblast number and activity. Preclinical studies show teriparatide increases bone strength and density. Clinical trials found teriparatide improved periodontal regeneration outcomes when used as an adjunct to periodontal surgery. Teriparatide may be more effective than antiresorptive drugs at increasing bone formation. However, its use is time-limited due to a potential increased risk of osteosarcoma with long
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemical compounds in the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, a plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. GC-MS analysis identified 34 compounds in the ethanolic leaf extract, including terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amines, and sterols. The highest peaks corresponded to hexadecanoic acid and α-santoline alcohol. Many of the identified compounds were terpenoids. The presence of compounds like tocopherols, stigmasterol, and triterpenoids suggests potential health benefits like lowering cholesterol and preventing cancer. The study provides
Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, was evaluated for its analgesic activity and compared to diclofenac in a rodent model. Rats were divided into groups receiving fluoxetine, diclofenac, or a control. Fluoxetine showed significant analgesic effects in the hot plate test, indicating central activity, but was less effective than diclofenac. While fluoxetine has analgesic properties, further studies are needed to determine if it could be an effective analgesic for humans with chronic pain.
Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel Triazolod...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of novel triazolodiazepine derivatives and their evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity. Piperidin-4-ones were reacted to form diazepan-5-ones, which were then converted to thione derivatives using Lawessen's reagent. Reaction of the thiones with acetylhydrazide yielded the target triazolodiazepine compounds. The compounds were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. They were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity using a carrageenan-induced paw edema assay in comparison to the standard drug indomethacin.
Antidepressant Efficacy of Dextromethorphan in the Forced Swim_BackupRandall Ellis
The study investigated the antidepressant effects of dextromethorphan (DM) in rats using the forced swim test. Male rats were administered either DM (30mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneally and subjected to the forced swim test 24 hours later. Rats that received DM spent significantly less time immobile than those that received saline, indicating DM has antidepressant effects. This supports one other study showing DM's antidepressant activity and its mechanisms involving NMDA antagonism and sigma-1 agonism. Future research may explore DM's potential as an antidepressant for humans.
Dose translation from animals to humans requires consideration of factors beyond simple body weight scaling. Body surface area, pharmacokinetics, and species differences must be accounted for to safely determine starting doses in clinical trials. The NOAEL method is commonly used, identifying the no observed adverse effect level from animal studies and applying safety factors to determine a maximum recommended starting dose for humans. Proper selection of animal species and consideration of pharmacologically active doses can also inform translation of doses from animals to humans.
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EPITHELIAL HYPOPLASIA OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INDU...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/ability, appearance, or muscle mass. In addition, these steroids are widely used in the treatment of male infertility and subfertility. However, increasing concern has been shown that these compounds may not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology and sperm quality. There is a dearth of knowledge on the structural and quantitative changes of the testis secondary to this group of compounds. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mesterolone (proviron), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on some of the histomorphometric and stereological parameters of the seminiferous tubules in Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 adult male rats were used. The treated group was given 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day of mesterolone by gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. Five µm of uniformly random serial sections of the processed testicular tissues were analyzed using un-biased stereological and histomorphometric studies. Results: The results showed that the percentage mean volume density of both the tubular lumen and epithelial height increased by 35% (p< 0.05) and decreased by 50% (p<0.05), respectively compared to the control. mesterolone also caused a significant decline in sperm concentration. Conclusion: Mesterolone produces epithelial hypoplasia in the testis post continuous management.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of positive allosteric modulators of mGlu5 and GABAB receptors in animal models related to the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically, the study examined the compounds CDPPB (an mGlu5 PAM), GS39783 and CGP7930 (GABAB PAMs) in models of negative/cognitive symptoms like the forced swim test, social interaction test, and novel object recognition test. The study also looked at effects in a model of positive symptoms (DOI-induced head twitches) and a model of motor symptoms (haloperidol-induced catalepsy). Results showed that both mGlu5 and G
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The study found synergistic (greater than additive) antinociceptive effects when paracetamol was coadministered with various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in mice. Mice were given combinations of paracetamol and diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, metamizol, naproxen, nimesulide, parecoxib or piroxicam intraperitoneally. Isobolographic analysis showed that the effective doses needed to produce 50% antinociception were significantly lower for all drug combinations compared to theoretical additive doses, demonstrating potent synergistic interactions between paracetamol and
The therapeutic index (TI) compares the effective dose of a drug to the toxic dose, with a higher TI indicating a safer drug. It is calculated as the ratio of the dose that causes toxicity (TD50) to the dose needed for a therapeutic effect (ED50). The dose-response relationship shows how effects change with dose levels. Knowledge of lethal doses, effective doses, and the dose-response curve allows evaluation of a drug's causality, threshold effects, and safety based on the TI.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
1521-0103/346/2/318–327$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.202994
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 346:318–327, August 2013
Copyright ª 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Selective and Potent Agonists and Antagonists for Investigating
the Role of Mouse Oxytocin Receptors
Marta Busnelli, Elisabetta Bulgheroni, Maurice Manning, Gunnar Kleinau, and Bice Chini
CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy (M.B., E.B., B.C.); Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (M.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio (M.M.); and Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(G.K.)
Received January 8, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013
ABSTRACT
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have
been shown to play a central role in social behaviors; as
a consequence, they have been recognized as potential drugs to
treat neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders character-
ized by impaired social interactions. However, despite the basic
and preclinical relevance of mouse strains carrying genetic
alterations in the OT/AVP systems to basic and preclinical
translational neuroscience, the pharmacological profile of mouse
OT/AVP receptor subtypes has not been fully characterized. To
fill in this gap, we have characterized a number of OT and AVP
agonists and antagonists at three murine OT/AVP receptors
expressed in the nervous system as follows: the oxytocin
(mOTR) and vasopressin V1a (mV1aR) and V1b (mV1bR)
subtypes. These three receptors were transiently expressed in
vitro for binding and intracellular signaling assays, and then
a homology model of the mOTR structure was constructed to
investigate how its molecular features compare with human
and rat OTR orthologs. Our data indicate that the selectivity
profile of the natural ligands, OT and AVP, is conserved in
humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, we found that the
synthetic peptide [Thr4Gly7]OT (TGOT) is remarkably selective
for the mOTR and, like the endogenous OT ligand, activates Gq
and Gi and recruits b-arrestins. Finally, we report three
antagonists that exhibit remarkably high affinities and selectiv-
ities at mOTRs. These highly selective pharmacological tools
will contribute to the investigation of the specific physiologic
and pathologic roles of mOTR for the development of selective
OT-based therapeutics.
Introduction
Central oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) effects are
mediated by three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that
are evolutionarily highly conserved and closely related, with
overall homology varying from 40 to 85%: the vasopressin 1a
receptor (V1aR), the vasopressin 1b receptor (V1bR), and the
OT receptor (OTR) (Barberis et al., 1999; Birnbaumer, 2000;
Zingg and Laporte, 2003). OT and AVP are also structurally
very simila ...
1521-0103/346/2/318–327$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.202994
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 346:318–327, August 2013
Copyright ª 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Selective and Potent Agonists and Antagonists for Investigating
the Role of Mouse Oxytocin Receptors
Marta Busnelli, Elisabetta Bulgheroni, Maurice Manning, Gunnar Kleinau, and Bice Chini
CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy (M.B., E.B., B.C.); Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (M.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio (M.M.); and Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(G.K.)
Received January 8, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013
ABSTRACT
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have
been shown to play a central role in social behaviors; as
a consequence, they have been recognized as potential drugs to
treat neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders character-
ized by impaired social interactions. However, despite the basic
and preclinical relevance of mouse strains carrying genetic
alterations in the OT/AVP systems to basic and preclinical
translational neuroscience, the pharmacological profile of mouse
OT/AVP receptor subtypes has not been fully characterized. To
fill in this gap, we have characterized a number of OT and AVP
agonists and antagonists at three murine OT/AVP receptors
expressed in the nervous system as follows: the oxytocin
(mOTR) and vasopressin V1a (mV1aR) and V1b (mV1bR)
subtypes. These three receptors were transiently expressed in
vitro for binding and intracellular signaling assays, and then
a homology model of the mOTR structure was constructed to
investigate how its molecular features compare with human
and rat OTR orthologs. Our data indicate that the selectivity
profile of the natural ligands, OT and AVP, is conserved in
humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, we found that the
synthetic peptide [Thr4Gly7]OT (TGOT) is remarkably selective
for the mOTR and, like the endogenous OT ligand, activates Gq
and Gi and recruits b-arrestins. Finally, we report three
antagonists that exhibit remarkably high affinities and selectiv-
ities at mOTRs. These highly selective pharmacological tools
will contribute to the investigation of the specific physiologic
and pathologic roles of mOTR for the development of selective
OT-based therapeutics.
Introduction
Central oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) effects are
mediated by three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that
are evolutionarily highly conserved and closely related, with
overall homology varying from 40 to 85%: the vasopressin 1a
receptor (V1aR), the vasopressin 1b receptor (V1bR), and the
OT receptor (OTR) (Barberis et al., 1999; Birnbaumer, 2000;
Zingg and Laporte, 2003). OT and AVP are also structurally
very simila ...
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility.
1. The study investigated the role of the central dopaminergic system in the analgesic action of paracetamol using rodent pain models.
2. It found that paracetamol's analgesic activity increased when combined with drugs that increase dopamine levels and decreased when combined with a dopamine blocker.
3. Brain dopamine levels were higher in mice treated with paracetamol plus drugs increasing dopamine, and lower with a dopamine-decreasing drug. This suggests modulation of the dopaminergic system contributes to paracetamol's analgesic effects.
A simple visible spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination
of ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The currently
proposed method is established based on MBTH oxidation by ferric ions to
form an active coupling species (electrophile), followed by its coupling with
the ulipristal in acidic medium to form high intensiϑied green colored chromophore
having max at 609 nm. Validated the method as per the current
guidelines of ICH. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 6.25 –
37.50 g mL 1 with a high regression coefϑicient (r > 0.999). Reproducibility,
accuracy, and precision of the method are evident from the low values of R.S.D.
This method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of
ulipristal acetate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Aspartame, a dietry sweetner, concentration dependently induces neurotoxicity...Damilola Oluwatayo
This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of aspartame at different concentrations in rats and the protective role of Garcinia kola essential oil. Rats were given aspartame at 15, 35, or 70 mg/kg alone or with Garcinia kola oil at 200 mg/kg for 9 weeks. Aspartame caused oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in a dose-dependent manner. Co-administration of Garcinia kola oil protected the brain against aspartame-induced toxicity by improving antioxidant status. The results suggest that Garcinia kola oil has potential as a therapy against aspartame neurotoxicity.
Teriparatide a novel means to ultimately achieve true regenerationShruti Maroo
This review discusses the potential role of teriparatide, a bone-forming drug, in the treatment of periodontal disease. Teriparatide is a biosynthetic form of human parathyroid hormone that stimulates bone formation. It works by binding to PTH receptors on osteoblasts, increasing osteoblast number and activity. Preclinical studies show teriparatide increases bone strength and density. Clinical trials found teriparatide improved periodontal regeneration outcomes when used as an adjunct to periodontal surgery. Teriparatide may be more effective than antiresorptive drugs at increasing bone formation. However, its use is time-limited due to a potential increased risk of osteosarcoma with long
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemical compounds in the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, a plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. GC-MS analysis identified 34 compounds in the ethanolic leaf extract, including terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amines, and sterols. The highest peaks corresponded to hexadecanoic acid and α-santoline alcohol. Many of the identified compounds were terpenoids. The presence of compounds like tocopherols, stigmasterol, and triterpenoids suggests potential health benefits like lowering cholesterol and preventing cancer. The study provides
Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, was evaluated for its analgesic activity and compared to diclofenac in a rodent model. Rats were divided into groups receiving fluoxetine, diclofenac, or a control. Fluoxetine showed significant analgesic effects in the hot plate test, indicating central activity, but was less effective than diclofenac. While fluoxetine has analgesic properties, further studies are needed to determine if it could be an effective analgesic for humans with chronic pain.
Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel Triazolod...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of novel triazolodiazepine derivatives and their evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity. Piperidin-4-ones were reacted to form diazepan-5-ones, which were then converted to thione derivatives using Lawessen's reagent. Reaction of the thiones with acetylhydrazide yielded the target triazolodiazepine compounds. The compounds were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. They were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity using a carrageenan-induced paw edema assay in comparison to the standard drug indomethacin.
Antidepressant Efficacy of Dextromethorphan in the Forced Swim_BackupRandall Ellis
The study investigated the antidepressant effects of dextromethorphan (DM) in rats using the forced swim test. Male rats were administered either DM (30mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneally and subjected to the forced swim test 24 hours later. Rats that received DM spent significantly less time immobile than those that received saline, indicating DM has antidepressant effects. This supports one other study showing DM's antidepressant activity and its mechanisms involving NMDA antagonism and sigma-1 agonism. Future research may explore DM's potential as an antidepressant for humans.
Dose translation from animals to humans requires consideration of factors beyond simple body weight scaling. Body surface area, pharmacokinetics, and species differences must be accounted for to safely determine starting doses in clinical trials. The NOAEL method is commonly used, identifying the no observed adverse effect level from animal studies and applying safety factors to determine a maximum recommended starting dose for humans. Proper selection of animal species and consideration of pharmacologically active doses can also inform translation of doses from animals to humans.
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EPITHELIAL HYPOPLASIA OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INDU...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/ability, appearance, or muscle mass. In addition, these steroids are widely used in the treatment of male infertility and subfertility. However, increasing concern has been shown that these compounds may not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology and sperm quality. There is a dearth of knowledge on the structural and quantitative changes of the testis secondary to this group of compounds. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mesterolone (proviron), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on some of the histomorphometric and stereological parameters of the seminiferous tubules in Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 adult male rats were used. The treated group was given 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day of mesterolone by gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. Five µm of uniformly random serial sections of the processed testicular tissues were analyzed using un-biased stereological and histomorphometric studies. Results: The results showed that the percentage mean volume density of both the tubular lumen and epithelial height increased by 35% (p< 0.05) and decreased by 50% (p<0.05), respectively compared to the control. mesterolone also caused a significant decline in sperm concentration. Conclusion: Mesterolone produces epithelial hypoplasia in the testis post continuous management.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of positive allosteric modulators of mGlu5 and GABAB receptors in animal models related to the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically, the study examined the compounds CDPPB (an mGlu5 PAM), GS39783 and CGP7930 (GABAB PAMs) in models of negative/cognitive symptoms like the forced swim test, social interaction test, and novel object recognition test. The study also looked at effects in a model of positive symptoms (DOI-induced head twitches) and a model of motor symptoms (haloperidol-induced catalepsy). Results showed that both mGlu5 and G
Synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives by Microwave irradiationIOSR Journals
Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The study found synergistic (greater than additive) antinociceptive effects when paracetamol was coadministered with various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in mice. Mice were given combinations of paracetamol and diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, metamizol, naproxen, nimesulide, parecoxib or piroxicam intraperitoneally. Isobolographic analysis showed that the effective doses needed to produce 50% antinociception were significantly lower for all drug combinations compared to theoretical additive doses, demonstrating potent synergistic interactions between paracetamol and
The therapeutic index (TI) compares the effective dose of a drug to the toxic dose, with a higher TI indicating a safer drug. It is calculated as the ratio of the dose that causes toxicity (TD50) to the dose needed for a therapeutic effect (ED50). The dose-response relationship shows how effects change with dose levels. Knowledge of lethal doses, effective doses, and the dose-response curve allows evaluation of a drug's causality, threshold effects, and safety based on the TI.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
1521-0103/346/2/318–327$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.202994
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 346:318–327, August 2013
Copyright ª 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Selective and Potent Agonists and Antagonists for Investigating
the Role of Mouse Oxytocin Receptors
Marta Busnelli, Elisabetta Bulgheroni, Maurice Manning, Gunnar Kleinau, and Bice Chini
CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy (M.B., E.B., B.C.); Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (M.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio (M.M.); and Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(G.K.)
Received January 8, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013
ABSTRACT
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have
been shown to play a central role in social behaviors; as
a consequence, they have been recognized as potential drugs to
treat neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders character-
ized by impaired social interactions. However, despite the basic
and preclinical relevance of mouse strains carrying genetic
alterations in the OT/AVP systems to basic and preclinical
translational neuroscience, the pharmacological profile of mouse
OT/AVP receptor subtypes has not been fully characterized. To
fill in this gap, we have characterized a number of OT and AVP
agonists and antagonists at three murine OT/AVP receptors
expressed in the nervous system as follows: the oxytocin
(mOTR) and vasopressin V1a (mV1aR) and V1b (mV1bR)
subtypes. These three receptors were transiently expressed in
vitro for binding and intracellular signaling assays, and then
a homology model of the mOTR structure was constructed to
investigate how its molecular features compare with human
and rat OTR orthologs. Our data indicate that the selectivity
profile of the natural ligands, OT and AVP, is conserved in
humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, we found that the
synthetic peptide [Thr4Gly7]OT (TGOT) is remarkably selective
for the mOTR and, like the endogenous OT ligand, activates Gq
and Gi and recruits b-arrestins. Finally, we report three
antagonists that exhibit remarkably high affinities and selectiv-
ities at mOTRs. These highly selective pharmacological tools
will contribute to the investigation of the specific physiologic
and pathologic roles of mOTR for the development of selective
OT-based therapeutics.
Introduction
Central oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) effects are
mediated by three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that
are evolutionarily highly conserved and closely related, with
overall homology varying from 40 to 85%: the vasopressin 1a
receptor (V1aR), the vasopressin 1b receptor (V1bR), and the
OT receptor (OTR) (Barberis et al., 1999; Birnbaumer, 2000;
Zingg and Laporte, 2003). OT and AVP are also structurally
very simila ...
1521-0103/346/2/318–327$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.202994
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 346:318–327, August 2013
Copyright ª 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Selective and Potent Agonists and Antagonists for Investigating
the Role of Mouse Oxytocin Receptors
Marta Busnelli, Elisabetta Bulgheroni, Maurice Manning, Gunnar Kleinau, and Bice Chini
CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy (M.B., E.B., B.C.); Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (M.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio (M.M.); and Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(G.K.)
Received January 8, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013
ABSTRACT
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have
been shown to play a central role in social behaviors; as
a consequence, they have been recognized as potential drugs to
treat neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders character-
ized by impaired social interactions. However, despite the basic
and preclinical relevance of mouse strains carrying genetic
alterations in the OT/AVP systems to basic and preclinical
translational neuroscience, the pharmacological profile of mouse
OT/AVP receptor subtypes has not been fully characterized. To
fill in this gap, we have characterized a number of OT and AVP
agonists and antagonists at three murine OT/AVP receptors
expressed in the nervous system as follows: the oxytocin
(mOTR) and vasopressin V1a (mV1aR) and V1b (mV1bR)
subtypes. These three receptors were transiently expressed in
vitro for binding and intracellular signaling assays, and then
a homology model of the mOTR structure was constructed to
investigate how its molecular features compare with human
and rat OTR orthologs. Our data indicate that the selectivity
profile of the natural ligands, OT and AVP, is conserved in
humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, we found that the
synthetic peptide [Thr4Gly7]OT (TGOT) is remarkably selective
for the mOTR and, like the endogenous OT ligand, activates Gq
and Gi and recruits b-arrestins. Finally, we report three
antagonists that exhibit remarkably high affinities and selectiv-
ities at mOTRs. These highly selective pharmacological tools
will contribute to the investigation of the specific physiologic
and pathologic roles of mOTR for the development of selective
OT-based therapeutics.
Introduction
Central oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) effects are
mediated by three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that
are evolutionarily highly conserved and closely related, with
overall homology varying from 40 to 85%: the vasopressin 1a
receptor (V1aR), the vasopressin 1b receptor (V1bR), and the
OT receptor (OTR) (Barberis et al., 1999; Birnbaumer, 2000;
Zingg and Laporte, 2003). OT and AVP are also structurally
very simila ...
This study investigated the effects of combining half doses of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the natural polyphenol resveratrol in a mouse model of depression induced by reserpine. Mice were given reserpine to induce depression, then treated with fluoxetine, resveratrol, or a combination of half doses of each. Behavioral tests on the third day found that the combination treatment showed comparable antidepressant effects to fluoxetine alone, as measured by increased activity and decreased immobility. The combination also prevented increases in oxidative stress markers and monoamine degradation in the brain compared to the depressed control mice. The results suggest that combining half doses of fluoxetine and resveratrol may have antidepressant effects while reducing
The Role Of G Protein Coupled ReceptorssAngela Hays
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane receptors located on cell surfaces that play an important role in intracellular signaling pathways and crucial physiological processes.
- When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G protein within the cell. This leads to the production of second messengers like DAG and IP3, which mediate different cellular functions such as muscle contraction.
- The IP3 receptor releases intracellular calcium stores when bound by IP3, increasing cytosolic calcium levels and activating calcium-dependent signaling pathways.
2HerbertQuestion 1Based on the effects of a medication.docxrobert345678
2
Herbert
Question 1
Based on the effects of a medication on the receptors, these medications may primarily be divided into antagonists and agonists. An agonist represents a medication that imitates signal ligand action through the activation of a receptor by binding. Conversely, antagonist medication binds to a receptor without activation. However, antagonists alleviate the receptor's ability for activation by other agonists (Zamolodchikova et al., 2021). The agonist spectrum is classified into partial agonist, agonist, inverse agonist and antagonist. The agonist is responsible for channel opening for maximal frequency and amount for the binding site. In contrast, the antagonist, centrally sited at the spectrum, maintains a resting state while allowing channel opening. On the other hand, an inverse agonist keeps the ion channel inactive and closed. Lastly, antagonists can block materials in the agonist spectrum, which allows ions to return to a resting state. For an enhanced therapeutic action, ion flow and other signal transductions are needed with the right balance. This ideal state differs from one clinical case to the other depending on silent antagonism and agonism balance.
Question 2: g couple proteins vs. ion gated channels
Ligand-gated ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors represent two transmembrane protein types forming postsynaptic ion channels. G-couple proteins are, therefore, metabotropic receptors, while ion-gated channels are ionotropic receptors (Li et al., 2014). Gated ion channels involve the direct opening of ion channels through neurotransmitter binding, while g couple of proteins is involved in indirect ion channels binding with G-protein metabolic activation. In addition, ion-gated channels are coupled with ion channels, while G-proteins fail to couple with ion channels. Furthermore, gated ion channels represent a transmembrane ion-channel protein that opens to allow ion passage such as sodium, potassium and calcium into the membrane in response to a chemical messenger binding. On the other hand, G-coupled proteins are proteins in the cell membrane that bind extracellular substances and transmit signals to intracellular molecules named the G-protein from substances.
Question 3: Role of Epigenetics in the pharmacologic action
Epigenetics studies changes that affect the phenotype without leading to genotype changes. According to Lundstorm (2015), epigenetics may be defined as studying heritable but reversible gene expression changes without primary DNA sequence modifications. Each epigenetic gene regulation is essential for maintaining normal phenotypic cell activity and treatment for diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
Question 4: information and medicine prescription
Drug pharmacology knowledge is vital for mental health nurses as it may be key to understanding drug effects on patient health outcomes. For example, a mental health nurse should have adequate knowledge of drugs when dealing wi.
This document discusses interactions between drugs and factors that can modify drug action. It covers several types of drug interactions including synergism, additive effects, and antagonism. Synergism occurs when two drugs have a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Additive effects are when the combined effect equals the sum. Antagonism is when two drugs oppose each other's actions. The document also discusses physiological factors like age, sex, pregnancy, and disease states that can impact drug responses. Genetic and environmental factors are also noted to influence individual drug metabolism and effects.
1. The document describes an experiment investigating drug interactions and the effects of the liver on drug action in mice. Various groups of mice were administered different combinations of drugs including thiopentone, pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone, and carbon tetrachloride.
2. The duration of drug effects were measured and recorded for each mouse. Preliminary results show that starvation prior to drug administration increased the duration of drug effects for some groups. Pretreatment with other drugs also increased duration of effects for some groups.
3. Further analysis of the results is needed to fully understand the interactions between the different drugs and effects of liver function and pretreatments. The study aims to provide insights into how multiple drug use
The document reviews 16 randomized controlled trials and 4 meta-analyses examining the efficacy of intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as an adjunct treatment for acute exacerbations of adult asthma. Intravenous MgSO4 appears to provide benefits for patients with severe exacerbations by improving pulmonary function and reducing hospital admissions, though evidence is mixed. Evidence for nebulized MgSO4 is currently insufficient due to heterogeneity across studies, though it may help severe patients if given in addition to standard bronchodilator treatments.
To determine anti-anxiety of beta sitosterol , Chandan Chauhan M.S. Research Scholar, Dept. of Pharmacology & toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
This study investigated the antinociceptive (pain-relieving) effects of single components isolated from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. extract. Three compounds (rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide) were isolated from the extract. Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide showed the most potent antinociceptive effects in mouse pain models. It reduced pain behaviors in chemical and thermal pain tests by acting on spinal α2-adrenergic receptors. Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide also decreased the expression of proteins (p-
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Pharmacology + Antidepressant MedicationLucas Aoun
Describes the use of Hypericum perforatum/St John's Wort and Antidepressant medication.
St John's wort constituents. Understanding pharmcodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Hypericin and Hyperforin. CYP450 enzymes. Nootropics and ergogenic aids.
My website: https://www.ergogenichealth.com.au/
This study investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and markers of the neuroendocrine-immune system in female Wistar rats. The rats were treated with brahmi or L-deprenyl for 10 days. Both brahmi and L-deprenyl enhanced catalase activity and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, and NF-kB in the spleen. However, only L-deprenyl enhanced ERK1/2 and CREB expression in the spleen. The treatments differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain, heart, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes,
Preclinical Toxicity Studies-Tool of Drug Discoverydynajolly
As per WHO “Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient”. Hence the prime objective of using any substance as a drug is that it must be beneficial for the humans. A large number of compounds are synthesized every year but they cannot be directly used in humans as drugs because no one knows or can predict the possible harmful effects of these compounds in humans. That is why to explore the complete pharmacological profile of these compounds and to ensure complete human safety they are first tested on animals before clinical use. Preclinical Studies thus can be defined as “Testing the newly discovered compound in animals with the objective of gaining information regarding the various aspects of the compound with respect to the biological systems so that the same can be extrapolated for the use of that compound in humans”. As the evaluation progresses undesirable compounds gets rejected at each step, so that only a few out of thousands reach the stage when administration to the humans is considered.
Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology journal accepts articles from different disciplines as below but not constrained to only these Pharmacovigilance signal, Pharmacovigilance data management, Design and development of drug, Principles of pharmacology, Quality system and pharmacovigilance, Pharmacovigilance softwares, Drug regulatory activities, Drug reactions and diagnosis, Reporting systems, Clinical trials and pharmacovigilance, Marketing surveillance, Pharmacovigilance ethics and regulations, Biomarkers and pharmacology , Concepts and trends in pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceutical medicines, Drug delivery systems, Statistics and data management.
The short story follows a family on a road trip and their encounter with an escaped criminal. The grandmother tries to convince the family to visit an old plantation instead of continuing to Florida. They stop at a diner where they meet the Misfit, an escaped convict. He joins them on their trip and later murders the entire family. The story depicts the grandmother's failure to recognize danger and how her fixation on nostalgia puts the family in harm's way.
Crocin, the main constituent of Crocus sativus L., protected against infl ammation-induced neurotoxicity and improved learning behavior. Also, crocin inhibited production of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Studies also indicated an interaction between NO and Formaldehyde (FA) -induced neurotoxicity. In this study, effect of crocin on memory and body weight changes in neurotoxicity induced by FA was evaluated in a rat model. Moreover, the possible involvement of NO on protective effects of crocin was investigated. FA (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days. Effect of crocin post-treatment (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) on FA neurotoxicity was evaluated on passive avoidance memory.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
2. M. H. Jahromy et al.
658
anxiety is worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical
symptoms such as a racing heart and shakiness [1]. Anxiety disorders are partly genetic but may also be due to
drug use including alcohol and caffeine. They often occur with other mental disorders. Common treatment op-
tions include lifestyle changes, therapy, and medications. Medications are typically recommended only if other
measures are not effective [2].
Low levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that reduces activity in the central nervous system, contribute to
anxiety. A number of anxiolytics achieve their effect by modulating the GABA receptors [3]. Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors, the drugs most commonly used to treat depression, are frequently considered as a first line
treatment for anxiety disorders [4].
Buspirone is an anxiolytic psychoactive drug of the azapirone chemical class. It is primarily used to treat gen-
eralized anxiety disorder (GAD). Unlike most drugs predominately used to treat anxiety, buspirone’s pharma-
cology is not related to benzodiazepines or barbiturates, and so does not carry the risk of withdrawal symptoms
when discontinued [5].
Buspirone functions as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist. This action is thought to mediate its anx-
iolytic and antidepressant effects. Additionally, it functions as a presynaptic dopamine antagonist at the D2, D3
and D4 [6] receptors. Buspirone is also a partial α1 receptor agonist. The ability of buspirone to selectively
block presynaptic mesolimbic D2 autoreceptors in lower doses appears to result in increased dopamine synthesis
and release [7].
Buspirone’s efficacy is comparable to that of members of the benzodiazepine family in treating GAD, al-
though it tends to have a delayed onset of action [8]. It may take several weeks before buspirone’s anxiolytic ef-
fects become noticeable, and many patients may also need a higher dosage to adequately respond to treatment.
[6].
Abrupt discontinuation of diazepam after 6 weeks of continuous administration resulted in withdrawal symp-
toms. This was not the case when administration of buspirone was ceased [9].
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential intracellular bioelement which plays an important role in a wide variety of
metabolic reactions, in particular energy-requiring processes [10]. In the central nervous system (CNS) it is in-
volved in signal transmission. Several studies have demonstrated that acute and chronic administration of Mg
reduces immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) in mice and rats, and enhances the anti-immobility
activity of imipramine in this model [11]-[13]. Effects of other bivalent cationic metals such as calcium [14] and
zinc [15] on anxiety have been also investigated, although their results showed preliminary anxiolytic effects.
However, magnesium has been among the most predominant metal in central nervous system to affect neuro-
transmission.
Recently, an indication that the serotoninergic system is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of Mg was
given by the fact that the pre-treatment of mice with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, p-chlorophenylalanine
was able to reduce the anti-immobility effect of magnesium in the FST [16] [17].
Therefore, it is important to investigate the involvement of Mg in the mechanism of anxiolytic drug action. In
this study, we investigated the interaction between Mg and commonly accepted anxyolitic drug, buspirone as a
partial agonist of 5-HT1A receptors, in producing anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze in mice.
2. Materials and Methods
Forty two Male adult mice weighing 23 ± 2 g (Pasteur Institute, Karaj Production and Research Center, Iran)
were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups of seven each and treated according
to the experimental protocol for ten days. Animals housed under the following laboratory conditions: tempera-
ture 22˚C ± 1˚C, humidity 40% - 60%, 12 h Light/Dark cycle, lights on at 07:00 h. Mice were maintained in
polyethylene cages with enough food and water available ad libitum. All measurements were performed be-
tween 9:00 and 15:00 h in the animal testing room. Mice were treated by the current law of Medical Sciences
Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, in accordance with
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Mg (magnesium Chlo-
ride Hexahydrate 98%, DAE JUNG, Korea), was administered at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, orally.
Control Group received distilled water orally. Buspirone (5 mg/kg, i.p) and its combination with mg (50 mg/kg)
were administered in two separate groups.
The studies were carried out on mice according to the method of Lister [18]. The plus-maze apparatus was
made of Plexiglas and consisted of two open (30 × 5 cm) and two closed (30 × 5 × 15 cm) arms. The arms ex-
3. M. H. Jahromy et al.
659
tended from a central platform of 5 × 5 cm. The apparatus was mounted on a Plexiglas base raising it 38.5 cm
above the floor. The test consisted in placing a mouse in the center of the apparatus (facing a closed arm) and
allowing it to freely explore. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in these arms were
scored for a 5-min test period. An entry was defined as placing all four paws within the boundaries of the arm.
The following measures were obtained from the test: the total number of arm entries; the percentage of arm en-
tries into the open arms; the time spent in the open arms expressed as a percentage of the time spent in both the
open and closed arms. Anxiolytic activity was indicated by increases in time spent in open arms or in number of
open arm entries. Total number of entries into either type of arm was used as a measure of overall motor activ-
ity.
All values were expressed as mean ± SEM from seven animals. The results were subjected to statistical
analysis by using Unpaired-t test to calculate the significance difference if any among the groups. P < 0.05 was
considered significant.
3. Results
Mg given at all doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) induced an anxiolytic-like effect significantly increasing the
percentage of the time spent in the open arms, and the percentage of the open arm entries and number of total
entries (Figures 1-3, respectively). The increase in the percentage of the time spent in the open arms induced by
Mg 50 and 100 mg/kg was higher when compared to the maximum Mg dose used, although not significant.
Buspirone (5 mg/kg) showed anxiolytic effect after ten days, however, its effect on percent time spend in open
arms, were lower that Mg (50 mg/kg), while roughly comparable to the effect of Mg 200 mg/kg. In combination
with Mg (50 g/kg), buspirone did not produce more effect compared to buspirone, in other words, the combina-
tion effect was lower than Mg 50 mg/kg, alone (Figure 1).
Buspirone given at a dose of 5 mg/kg for ten days induced an anxiolytic-like effect significantly increasing
the percentage of the open arm entries (Figure 2). The increase was less than effects observed by Mg at all
doses. However, binary application of buspirone (5 mg/kg) and Mg (50 mg/kg) was significantly more than bus-
pirone, alone, and somehow Mg (50 mg/kg) effect, preserved.
Number of total entries increased significantly when buspirone used, however, in combination with Mg 50
mg/kg, did not change compared to buspirone alone.
4. Discussion
Effects of 5-HTlA receptor agonist and NMDA receptor antagonist in the social interaction test and the elevated
0
5
10
15
20
*
**
**
****
%OAT
Groups
Control
Mg 50mg/kg
Mg 100mg/kg
Mg 200mg/kg
Buspirone 5mg/kg
Buspirne 5mg/kg+Mg 50mg/kg
Groups
%OAT
Buspirone
Figure 1. Percentage of time spent in open arms for magnesium (Mg), Buspirone
and their interaction in the elevated plus-maze procedure in mice. The values repre-
sent the means ± SEM (n = 7). *
P < 0.05, **
P < 0.01 compared to control.
4. M. H. Jahromy et al.
660
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
**
*
******
%OAE
Groups
Control
Mg 50mg/kg
Mg 100mg/kg
Mg 200mg/kg
Buspirone 5mg/kg
Buspirone 5mg/kg+ Mg 50mg/kg
Groups
%OAE
Figure 2. Percentage of open arms entries for magnesium (Mg), buspirone and their
interaction in the elevated plus-maze procedure in mice. The values represent the
means ± SEM (n = 7). *
P < 0.05, **
P < 0.01 compared to control.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
*
****
No.ofTotalEntries
Groups
Control
Mg 50mg/kg
Mg 100mg/kg
Mg 200mg/kg
Buspirone 5mg/kg
Buspirne 5+ Mg 50 mg/kg
Groups
No.ofTotalEntries
Buspirone
Figure 3. Number of total entries for magnesium (Mg), Buspirone and their interac-
tion in the elevated plus-maze procedure in mice. The values represent the means ±
SEM (n = 7). *
P < 0.05, **
P < 0.01 compared to control.
plus maze has been tested [19]. Some evidence showed that anxiolytic-like activity of Mg in EPM test involves
GABA-ergic neurotransmission and indicated that benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the anxiolytic-like
effects of Mg [20].
The present study investigated the interaction between Mg and commonly accepted anxyolitic drug, buspirone
as a partial agonist of 5-HT1A receptors, in producing anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze in mice.
It is reported that the administration of magnesium salts produces an antidepressant-like effect in the FST, a
widely-accepted behavioral model predictive of antidepressant activity that is sensitive to all major classes of
antidepressant drugs including tricyclics, serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors
and atypicals. Of most importance, results clearly demonstrated the involvement of the monoaminergic system
in the antidepressant-like effect of MgCl2 in the FST and also, the synergistic antidepressant-like effect of
5. M. H. Jahromy et al.
661
MgCl2 administration with antidepressants from different classes: fluoxetine, imipramine or bupropion. Interac-
tion of imipramine, citalopram, reboxetine and tianeptine with Mg2+
was also examined and a synergistic anti-
depressant-like effect of Mg2+
was shown only with imipramine, citalopram and tianeptine [12] [13] [16] [17].
Therefore interaction of Mg with serotonergic system seems to be important and need for consideration in order
to predict their net effect in combinations used.
In the present study, the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effect of Mg was indicated by
the results showing that treatment of mice with buspirone prevented effects of Mg in the EPM test. From the
pharmacological point of view, buspirone as a partial agonist, in presence of Mg (if consider as a 5-HT agonist)
showed competitive antagonistic effects. However, the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist should be tested to
confirm this study. Overall, this experiment partly indicates that the 5-HT1A receptor could be relevant for the
anxiolytic action of this ion in the EPM test.
5. Conclusion
The present study extends literature data about mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic-like effect of Mg in the
EPM test. We have shown that its anxyolitic-like effect is partly dependent on its interaction with the serotoner-
gic (5-HT1A) systems. In fact, the reduction in anxiolytic-like effect obtained when mice were treated with Mg in
combination with buspirone has reinforced the hypothesis of the involvement of the serotonergic system in the
mechanism of the anxiolytic-like action of magnesium. Of course, more studies need to be designed using spe-
cific antagonists to reveal exact interactions.
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the grant (No. 43335) from the Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University,
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran. Authors would like to thank Dr. Ghorbani Yekta, Mr. Shafikhani
and Ms. Hashemi for their help during experimental work.
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