BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY IN AQUACULTURE – FRIEND OR FOEAusPhage
This document discusses the potential for using bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture to control pathogenic bacteria. Phages are viruses that infect and kill specific bacteria. They have been used therapeutically in Eastern Europe for over 60 years with proven success. The growth of aquaculture is limited by infectious disease outbreaks caused by bacteria like Vibrio and Aeromonas. While vaccines and management practices have helped, antibiotic resistance is a major concern. Phages offer a natural solution as they can target antibiotic-resistant bacteria and replicate at the infection site. The document reviews phage biology and therapy approaches, noting that virulent phages are best for killing pathogens without transferring genes. It compares advantages
This Project is for Seniors who are graduating. Its on genetically Modified Organism; Advantages & Disadvantages of it, and why should we care? Safety of food keeps our body safe and healthy!
This review article discusses the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology as a new platform for crop pest control. Currently, major strategies for controlling insect pests include cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods, as well as transgenic approaches, but all have limitations. RNAi is a naturally occurring process in insects that leads to gene silencing through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The article reviews how host-induced RNAi mediated by transgenic plants could silence key insect genes upon ingestion by pests, potentially providing effective and targeted control of insect populations without affecting other organisms or the environment, if key factors such as target gene selection and dsRNA delivery are properly considered.
Biological invasions by exotic species are the second largest cause of biodiversity loss after habitat destruction. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) proposes that exotic plant species experience decreased regulation by herbivores and natural enemies when introduced to a new region, allowing them to increase in abundance and distribution. The ERH is based on three points: natural enemies regulate plant populations; enemies have a greater impact on native than exotic species; and plants can capitalize on reduced enemy regulation. However, the validity of the ERH varies across species, and different mechanisms may be important for different invasions. This document examines the assumptions and evidence for and against the ERH, discussing factors like competitive release, failure to establish, and failure
GM Crops Introduced in Agriculture: A Critical Appraisal in Determining Legal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Barcoding fungi can help promote mycology in Africa by:
1. Building fungal DNA reference libraries to aid identification of Africa's poorly documented fungal diversity.
2. Establishing collaborative networks to conduct targeted surveys, build collections, and generate high quality data on African fungi.
3. Leveraging barcoding technologies and global expertise to study fungal ecology at large scales and address challenges like limited local capacity and infrastructure.
Cross-National Coverage of GMOs Final copyKrysti Peitz
This study analyzed newspaper coverage of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) across 19 countries from 2004-2014. It coded 274 articles for tone (favorable, unfavorable, balanced) and direction to calculate a "Media Vector" score for each paper. Most papers (11 of 19) had unfavorable coverage. Correlations found countries with higher poverty, less access to water, more agricultural land, and higher fertility rates had more favorable GMO coverage. A regression found poverty level accounted for 24.2% of coverage variance, and agricultural land accounted for another 4.7%, supporting the hypothesis that countries with more vulnerable populations have media that reflect their interests rather than elites.
Genetically Modified Organisms: Impact on Developing NationsKErmels
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their potential impacts in developing nations. It notes that GMOs could help address food insecurity, protect the environment, and increase food production. However, it also raises concerns about increased agrochemical use, loss of biodiversity, and issues of social inequality. The document advocates for policies around GMOs in developing countries that focus on sustainability, biodiversity, local inputs, and farmer control and equality.
BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY IN AQUACULTURE – FRIEND OR FOEAusPhage
This document discusses the potential for using bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture to control pathogenic bacteria. Phages are viruses that infect and kill specific bacteria. They have been used therapeutically in Eastern Europe for over 60 years with proven success. The growth of aquaculture is limited by infectious disease outbreaks caused by bacteria like Vibrio and Aeromonas. While vaccines and management practices have helped, antibiotic resistance is a major concern. Phages offer a natural solution as they can target antibiotic-resistant bacteria and replicate at the infection site. The document reviews phage biology and therapy approaches, noting that virulent phages are best for killing pathogens without transferring genes. It compares advantages
This Project is for Seniors who are graduating. Its on genetically Modified Organism; Advantages & Disadvantages of it, and why should we care? Safety of food keeps our body safe and healthy!
This review article discusses the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology as a new platform for crop pest control. Currently, major strategies for controlling insect pests include cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods, as well as transgenic approaches, but all have limitations. RNAi is a naturally occurring process in insects that leads to gene silencing through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The article reviews how host-induced RNAi mediated by transgenic plants could silence key insect genes upon ingestion by pests, potentially providing effective and targeted control of insect populations without affecting other organisms or the environment, if key factors such as target gene selection and dsRNA delivery are properly considered.
Biological invasions by exotic species are the second largest cause of biodiversity loss after habitat destruction. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) proposes that exotic plant species experience decreased regulation by herbivores and natural enemies when introduced to a new region, allowing them to increase in abundance and distribution. The ERH is based on three points: natural enemies regulate plant populations; enemies have a greater impact on native than exotic species; and plants can capitalize on reduced enemy regulation. However, the validity of the ERH varies across species, and different mechanisms may be important for different invasions. This document examines the assumptions and evidence for and against the ERH, discussing factors like competitive release, failure to establish, and failure
GM Crops Introduced in Agriculture: A Critical Appraisal in Determining Legal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Barcoding fungi can help promote mycology in Africa by:
1. Building fungal DNA reference libraries to aid identification of Africa's poorly documented fungal diversity.
2. Establishing collaborative networks to conduct targeted surveys, build collections, and generate high quality data on African fungi.
3. Leveraging barcoding technologies and global expertise to study fungal ecology at large scales and address challenges like limited local capacity and infrastructure.
Cross-National Coverage of GMOs Final copyKrysti Peitz
This study analyzed newspaper coverage of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) across 19 countries from 2004-2014. It coded 274 articles for tone (favorable, unfavorable, balanced) and direction to calculate a "Media Vector" score for each paper. Most papers (11 of 19) had unfavorable coverage. Correlations found countries with higher poverty, less access to water, more agricultural land, and higher fertility rates had more favorable GMO coverage. A regression found poverty level accounted for 24.2% of coverage variance, and agricultural land accounted for another 4.7%, supporting the hypothesis that countries with more vulnerable populations have media that reflect their interests rather than elites.
Genetically Modified Organisms: Impact on Developing NationsKErmels
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their potential impacts in developing nations. It notes that GMOs could help address food insecurity, protect the environment, and increase food production. However, it also raises concerns about increased agrochemical use, loss of biodiversity, and issues of social inequality. The document advocates for policies around GMOs in developing countries that focus on sustainability, biodiversity, local inputs, and farmer control and equality.
Gram Mooligai Co. Ltd.- Gerry Bodekar, in Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 2005, Sri lanka.
A public ltd. co.- women's micro-enterprise for herbal medicines
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study identified two types of parasitoids - Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. - through inventory and examination of S. frugiperda egg groups from different regions. Telenomus sp. had a higher presence than Trichogramma sp. across sampling areas. The percentage of parasitization was highest in Manado City at 85% and lowest in Bolaang Mongondow Regency at 5%.
Food insecurity is increasing due to population growth and declining agricultural productivity. Entomophagy, or consuming edible insects, has the potential to address this issue as insects are a natural, renewable source of nutrients. Many cultures already incorporate insects into their diets. Edible insects are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. They also have a higher feed conversion efficiency than traditional livestock. Insect farming could help alleviate food insecurity by providing additional nutrients in a sustainable way.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetically modified foods. It begins by defining biotechnology and describing how media has portrayed it. It then examines the ethical, legal, and social effects of biotechnology. Several criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined related to allergens, toxins, and stability. Examples of genetically engineered plant and animal combinations are provided. The document concludes by discussing the debate around using biotechnology to solve world hunger versus potential human and environmental health risks.
This document discusses the ethical issues of biotechnology and possible risks and their management. It covers three main topics: 1) bioethics issues regarding understanding the science behind biotechnological interventions and balancing risks and benefits, 2) socio-economic issues regarding public perception and ensuring biotechnology respects socio-economic realities, and 3) cultural issues regarding how biotechnology modifies humanity's relationship with the environment and itself. The document argues that biotechnology holds promise but also risks, so its applications require consideration of ethical, social, economic, and cultural factors.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ethical issues in biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to biotechnology and ethics. It then discusses some of the major ethical issues that arise in biotechnology, including socio-economic issues regarding public perception and awareness, cultural issues around modifying life itself, legal issues around new techniques like gene therapy and stem cells, environmental issues regarding impacts on the ecosystem, and religious issues around views of what is natural or against divine order. The conclusion calls for fully analyzing each biotechnology application scientifically and ethically to maximize benefits while acknowledging uncertainties and taking precautions.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Simon Ndungu Nyokabi at the Euroleague for Life Sciences Scientific Student Conference 2014 on bio-security risks, perceptions, and control of zoonotic diseases along meat and milk value chains. The presentation discusses the importance of zoonotic diseases, defines biosecurity, outlines the livestock value chain, presents a case study of Bura sub-county in Kenya, and considers future trends and implications. Key findings from the case study include poor sanitation, lack of biosecurity measures, high disease prevalence, and low knowledge of transmission risks. Recommendations include improved surveillance, climate change adaptation, and a one health approach to control zoonotic diseases.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMOs) and their potential benefits and risks. It notes that while GMOs were created to increase crop yields and food quality, there is still uncertainty around their long-term consequences. The document examines several potential benefits of GMOs, including increased nutritional value in foods, economic benefits for farmers through higher crop yields and profits, and their ability to help address food insecurity in developing countries. However, it also acknowledges public skepticism around GMOs and the need for more research on their impacts.
At the Oxford Biodiversity Institute Symposium on 2-3 October 2013, Bioversity International Programme Leader Ehsan Dulloo presented on the importance of genetic diversity for building resilience for crops. Learn more: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and debates both sides of the issue. It notes that GMOs are now found in many common foods but are still controversial. While some see benefits like increased crop yields and drought resistance, others worry about impacts on health, small farmers, and patent control of crops. Quotes are provided from scientists, farmers, and organizations on both sides of the GMO debate.
The document discusses the evolution of integrated pest management (IPM) principles in China from the 1970s to present and outlines new challenges and strategies for plant protection in the 21st century. Key points include:
1) IPM principles have evolved from "prevention first and integrated control" to "integrated pest management" to "sustainable management of pests".
2) New challenges include decreasing farmland, increasing population demands, natural disasters, more frequent pest variations, and foreign pest invasions.
3) Strategies proposed are developing early warning systems, using natural crop resistance and natural enemies, ecological regulation, and creating environmentally friendly pesticides.
This document summarizes David Baulcombe's presentation on engaging the public with issues involving GM crops at the British Science Association conference on May 26, 2011. The presentation discussed the history of public dialogue on GM including various UK conferences and debates from 1994 to 2009. It covered topics discussed in these dialogues like safety, novelty and labeling, sustainability and more. It also presented some of the scientific opportunities and challenges around GM including increasing photosynthesis efficiency, developing perennial crops, nitrogen fixation, and harnessing hybrid vigor.
This document provides a literature review on breeding approaches for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease in Ethiopia. MLN is caused by a synergistic infection of two viruses, Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus, and emerged as a major threat to maize production in Ethiopia in 2014. The review summarizes research on the distribution of MLN, maize response to the disease, conventional breeding methods like backcrossing used to develop resistant varieties, and molecular breeding approaches including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, transgenesis, and genome editing. It concludes that combining conventional and molecular breeding methods is an important new strategy for developing improved maize genotypes with
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
The document discusses the role antibiotics play in disrupting the gut microbiome and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It outlines the early history of antibiotic discovery and current uses in agriculture and medicine. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has put pressure on bacteria to develop resistance, undermining the effectiveness of our most powerful drugs. This has serious health implications, as at least 23,000 people in the US die each year from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Both the medical and agricultural industries contribute to the problem through their antibiotic practices. Maintaining a diverse gut microbiome is important for health, but antibiotics can negatively impact this diversity.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
This document summarizes the topics covered in a course on Family Planning and Reproductive Health. The course covers major topics related to reproductive health, safe motherhood, family planning methods, unwanted pregnancy, risky sexual behaviors, and gender inequality. It discusses how to deal with sensitive data collection on these topics, measures of reproductive health, contraceptive use and unmet need, and world trends and issues in Russia. The course philosophy is to provide a better understanding of discussions around these issues and the types of advocacy behind different positions.
Gram Mooligai Co. Ltd.- Gerry Bodekar, in Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 2005, Sri lanka.
A public ltd. co.- women's micro-enterprise for herbal medicines
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study identified two types of parasitoids - Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. - through inventory and examination of S. frugiperda egg groups from different regions. Telenomus sp. had a higher presence than Trichogramma sp. across sampling areas. The percentage of parasitization was highest in Manado City at 85% and lowest in Bolaang Mongondow Regency at 5%.
Food insecurity is increasing due to population growth and declining agricultural productivity. Entomophagy, or consuming edible insects, has the potential to address this issue as insects are a natural, renewable source of nutrients. Many cultures already incorporate insects into their diets. Edible insects are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. They also have a higher feed conversion efficiency than traditional livestock. Insect farming could help alleviate food insecurity by providing additional nutrients in a sustainable way.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetically modified foods. It begins by defining biotechnology and describing how media has portrayed it. It then examines the ethical, legal, and social effects of biotechnology. Several criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined related to allergens, toxins, and stability. Examples of genetically engineered plant and animal combinations are provided. The document concludes by discussing the debate around using biotechnology to solve world hunger versus potential human and environmental health risks.
This document discusses the ethical issues of biotechnology and possible risks and their management. It covers three main topics: 1) bioethics issues regarding understanding the science behind biotechnological interventions and balancing risks and benefits, 2) socio-economic issues regarding public perception and ensuring biotechnology respects socio-economic realities, and 3) cultural issues regarding how biotechnology modifies humanity's relationship with the environment and itself. The document argues that biotechnology holds promise but also risks, so its applications require consideration of ethical, social, economic, and cultural factors.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ethical issues in biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to biotechnology and ethics. It then discusses some of the major ethical issues that arise in biotechnology, including socio-economic issues regarding public perception and awareness, cultural issues around modifying life itself, legal issues around new techniques like gene therapy and stem cells, environmental issues regarding impacts on the ecosystem, and religious issues around views of what is natural or against divine order. The conclusion calls for fully analyzing each biotechnology application scientifically and ethically to maximize benefits while acknowledging uncertainties and taking precautions.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Simon Ndungu Nyokabi at the Euroleague for Life Sciences Scientific Student Conference 2014 on bio-security risks, perceptions, and control of zoonotic diseases along meat and milk value chains. The presentation discusses the importance of zoonotic diseases, defines biosecurity, outlines the livestock value chain, presents a case study of Bura sub-county in Kenya, and considers future trends and implications. Key findings from the case study include poor sanitation, lack of biosecurity measures, high disease prevalence, and low knowledge of transmission risks. Recommendations include improved surveillance, climate change adaptation, and a one health approach to control zoonotic diseases.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMOs) and their potential benefits and risks. It notes that while GMOs were created to increase crop yields and food quality, there is still uncertainty around their long-term consequences. The document examines several potential benefits of GMOs, including increased nutritional value in foods, economic benefits for farmers through higher crop yields and profits, and their ability to help address food insecurity in developing countries. However, it also acknowledges public skepticism around GMOs and the need for more research on their impacts.
At the Oxford Biodiversity Institute Symposium on 2-3 October 2013, Bioversity International Programme Leader Ehsan Dulloo presented on the importance of genetic diversity for building resilience for crops. Learn more: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and debates both sides of the issue. It notes that GMOs are now found in many common foods but are still controversial. While some see benefits like increased crop yields and drought resistance, others worry about impacts on health, small farmers, and patent control of crops. Quotes are provided from scientists, farmers, and organizations on both sides of the GMO debate.
The document discusses the evolution of integrated pest management (IPM) principles in China from the 1970s to present and outlines new challenges and strategies for plant protection in the 21st century. Key points include:
1) IPM principles have evolved from "prevention first and integrated control" to "integrated pest management" to "sustainable management of pests".
2) New challenges include decreasing farmland, increasing population demands, natural disasters, more frequent pest variations, and foreign pest invasions.
3) Strategies proposed are developing early warning systems, using natural crop resistance and natural enemies, ecological regulation, and creating environmentally friendly pesticides.
This document summarizes David Baulcombe's presentation on engaging the public with issues involving GM crops at the British Science Association conference on May 26, 2011. The presentation discussed the history of public dialogue on GM including various UK conferences and debates from 1994 to 2009. It covered topics discussed in these dialogues like safety, novelty and labeling, sustainability and more. It also presented some of the scientific opportunities and challenges around GM including increasing photosynthesis efficiency, developing perennial crops, nitrogen fixation, and harnessing hybrid vigor.
This document provides a literature review on breeding approaches for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease in Ethiopia. MLN is caused by a synergistic infection of two viruses, Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus, and emerged as a major threat to maize production in Ethiopia in 2014. The review summarizes research on the distribution of MLN, maize response to the disease, conventional breeding methods like backcrossing used to develop resistant varieties, and molecular breeding approaches including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, transgenesis, and genome editing. It concludes that combining conventional and molecular breeding methods is an important new strategy for developing improved maize genotypes with
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
The document discusses the role antibiotics play in disrupting the gut microbiome and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It outlines the early history of antibiotic discovery and current uses in agriculture and medicine. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has put pressure on bacteria to develop resistance, undermining the effectiveness of our most powerful drugs. This has serious health implications, as at least 23,000 people in the US die each year from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Both the medical and agricultural industries contribute to the problem through their antibiotic practices. Maintaining a diverse gut microbiome is important for health, but antibiotics can negatively impact this diversity.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
This document summarizes the topics covered in a course on Family Planning and Reproductive Health. The course covers major topics related to reproductive health, safe motherhood, family planning methods, unwanted pregnancy, risky sexual behaviors, and gender inequality. It discusses how to deal with sensitive data collection on these topics, measures of reproductive health, contraceptive use and unmet need, and world trends and issues in Russia. The course philosophy is to provide a better understanding of discussions around these issues and the types of advocacy behind different positions.
This document outlines the topics and schedule for a research seminar on reproductive health and family planning. Students will make presentations on their research projects, literature reviews, or country reports. Topics discussed include reproductive health, family planning methods, maternal mortality, adolescents, gender inequality, and population health policies. Data sources provided include national statistics, UN agencies, surveys. The instructor discusses limitations of data, heterogeneity of data, and importance of demography and HIV/AIDS for understanding reproductive health trends. Demographic measures like sex ratios, ages, intervals are introduced. The demographic transition and changes in fertility are also covered.
This document provides guidance and information for expecting mothers in India. It covers topics like registering your pregnancy, the importance of antenatal checkups, nutrition and rest during pregnancy, immunization schedules for babies, breastfeeding, family planning methods, and entitlements under the Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram initiative. The overall message is that regular antenatal care, nutrition, rest, immunizations and medical attention during and after delivery are essential for ensuring the health of both mother and child.
The document discusses Nepal's National Safe Motherhood Programme, which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. It does this by addressing the three key delays that can impact obstetric emergencies - delay in seeking care, reaching care, and receiving care. The programme promotes birth preparedness, encourages institutional deliveries, and expands emergency obstetric services. It has made progress through policies, training more skilled birth attendants, and revising plans like the Safe Motherhood and Neonatal Health Long Term Plan. The Aama Programme provides cash incentives for institutional deliveries and antenatal care to increase utilization of maternal health services. Evaluations found the incentives increased institutional delivery rates, though issues like false reporting need to be addressed
National Safe Motherhood day day 2014 kurnooldichmu
This document provides information about National Safe Motherhood Day activities in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India on April 11, 2014. It includes:
1) Key messages about the importance of antenatal checkups, taking iron folic acid supplements, and delivering in a government hospital.
2) Photos documenting awareness camps and activities held at various primary health centers, urban health centers, and anganwadi centers in Kurnool district. Medical officers, ANMs and other health officials educated pregnant women on maternal and child health issues like anemia.
3) A large event was held at Rajiv Gruhakalpa in Kurnool where the District Immunization Officer, Medical Health Officer
This document discusses reproductive health and related topics. Reproductive health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive processes, not just the absence of disease. The objectives of reproductive health are to ensure access to comprehensive information and services for family planning and responsible voluntary decisions about childbearing. Reproductive health care includes family planning, counseling, infertility treatment, abortion services, and prevention/treatment of infections and other reproductive health conditions. Traditional harmful practices that violate women's sexual and reproductive rights are also reviewed, such as female genital mutilation, early and forced marriage, female disinheritance, gender inequality and women trafficking.
Reproductive health, safemotherhood & family planningAmal Osman
This document discusses reproductive health, providing definitions and indicators. It covers safe motherhood and indicators related to it, such as the maternal mortality rate in Sudan being 509 per 100,000 live births. Family planning prevalence in Sudan is reported to be 11% overall, with higher rates in rural (20%) versus urban (3%) areas. The document also discusses Sudan's local situation regarding reproductive health, including strategies and initiatives to improve access to services.
This document contains (1) the broad objective and four specific objectives of a study on factors leading to low utilization of family planning methods in Butaleja hospital, (2) the sampling system that would be used, and (3) an elaborate questionnaire for data collection. The broad objective is to assess the factors leading to low utilization, and the specific objectives are to explore awareness, cultural factors, attitudes, and availability of methods. A simple random sampling method would be used to select patients attending maternal child services. The questionnaire contains questions on demographics, knowledge, services, cultural factors, and availability to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
The document discusses the six pillars of safe motherhood: 1) family planning, 2) antenatal care, 3) obstetric care, 4) postnatal care, 5) post-abortion care, and 6) STD/HIV control. It also outlines Nepal's National Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Long Term Plan from 2006-2017 which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rates. The strategies of the plan include promoting intersectoral collaboration, supporting research, empowering women, and expanding access to skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care services at all levels.
Reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive functions. It involves preventing and treating reproductive health problems through family planning services, counseling, education and other methods. Ensuring access to comprehensive and factual reproductive health information and services helps enable responsible decisions about family planning and meeting changing needs over one's life cycle.
The document discusses the Safe Motherhood Initiative, which aims to reduce deaths and illnesses among women and infants in developing countries by improving access to family planning services, maternal healthcare, and education. It was launched in 1987 with the goal of cutting maternal deaths in half by 2000. The initiative promotes primary healthcare, antenatal care, clean and safe delivery services, essential newborn care, and postnatal services. It also aims to monitor health services and conduct research to generate best practices. The document outlines support for Safe Motherhood initiatives through events in India to raise awareness of maternal health issues.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
This document discusses various topics related to reproductive health, including definitions of reproductive health, population explosion and its causes in India, different contraception methods, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies. It provides an overview of India's family planning programs from the 1950s and current reproductive and child health care programs that aim to improve awareness and access to services.
The document provides information on various methods of family planning and birth control. It discusses fertility awareness methods, spermicides, male and female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, birth control sponges, pills, patches, vaginal rings, shots, implants, IUDs, tubal ligation, vasectomy, tubal implants, emergency contraception, options for older women, withdrawal, and the effectiveness of different methods. The most effective reversible methods are IUDs and hormonal implants, while abstinence is the only 100% effective method.
This document discusses reproductive health issues in the Philippines. It defines reproductive health and outlines key issues including maternal mortality, sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and abortion. The main points are: reproductive health involves well-being in all matters relating to reproduction. National maternal mortality remains high in the Philippines despite targets to reduce it. Leading causes of death for Filipino women include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, and sepsis. Sexually transmitted infections and infertility also affect reproductive health in the country.
The document discusses various methods of family planning, including natural and artificial methods. Natural family planning relies on abstinence from sex during the most fertile times in a woman's cycle, which can be determined through basal body temperature tracking, cervical mucus monitoring, or calendar-based cycle tracking. Artificial methods prevent pregnancy through contraceptives like birth control pills, IUDs, condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, sterilization procedures (vasectomy for men or tubal ligation for women), or hormonal injections. Withdrawal is also mentioned as a method where the man removes his penis from the vagina before ejaculation.
This document discusses various methods of family planning. It describes natural family planning methods like withdrawal and calendar-based methods. It then discusses barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides. Intrauterine devices that contain copper or hormones are explained next. The document also covers hormonal contraceptives like oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestin-only pills, implants, and injectables. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for many of the methods.
Relatório ONU denuncia mito de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o...Carol Daemon
Relatório da ONU denuncia “mito” de que pesticidas são essenciais para alimentar o mundo. “É um mito. Usar pesticidas nada tem a ver com acabar com a fome. De acordo com a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO), já conseguimos alimentar 9 mil milhões de pessoas hoje em dia. A produção está definitivamente a aumentar, mas o problema é a pobreza, a desigualdade e a distribuição”, declarou Hilal Elver, relatora especial da ONU para o direito à comida, acrescentando que muitos pesticidas são usados em plantações de produtos como o óleo de palma e não na comida necessária para acabar com a fome.
11 CHAPTER 2 THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY What is the.docxnovabroom
11
CHAPTER 2: THE PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY
What is the pesticide controversy?
Ma W a 95 a b a Na G a a H a .
Fearful the British would poison him, Hitler made sure to only eat food after it was eaten by Margot
and fourteen other girls serving as his official tasters.22 Hitler may have been evil but he was not
stupid. He knew that poisons affect people differently, and knew that any food which harmed one
girl might harm him (then pity what would happen to the cook!).
Every year we spray something akin to poison on our food, and use something akin to H
system of making sure we are not harmed. The motives are polar opposites Hitler cared only for
the preservation of his person, while we seek the safety of all humans. Whether they are synthetic
pesticides a a a , a a
three types of pests: insects, weeds, and pathogens (e.g., fungi and viruses). At some level they could
poison us also. Many contain carcinogens, cause neurological disorders, and the like. Yet, our food
seems safe to most people, and since 1992 cancer incidence rates have even fallen or remained the
same,23 cancer death rates have fallen,24 and life expectancy in the U.S. has been steadily increasing.25
Can we be absolutely sure pesticides are used safely? Not entirely, but like Hitler (and according to
movies, every Roman emperor, Catholic Pope, and Medieval king) we employ testers not in the
form of humans, but animals. All pesticides must be approved by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), where the pesticide under consideration is given to laboratory animals at different
levels. The animals a time and used to gauge the threats to human health a
pesticide may pose. The EPA then determines whether the pesticide should be allowed, and if it is,
the specific instructions on how it should be applied.
Is it cruel to test pesticides on animals? It cer a , b
on animals will cause us to harm humans a notion in which 90% of toxicologists agree.26 Pesticides
decrease the cost of food, and make fruits and vegetables more affordable. Raise the price of these
healthy foods and cancer rates and other health problems in humans will rise.27 Help the lab animals,
and you harm some humans. Modern, democratic societies must make a tradeoff between harm to
ab a a a a a a . I a , , a
the overall harm to animals and humans as low as possible.
Hitler was willing to sacrifice fifteen girls to save himself. The modern world is willing to sacrifice a
small number of laboratory animals to protect millions of humans. Moreover, the EPA continues to
find ways to reduce testing on animals without sacrificing food safety, like recent developments in
molecular and computational sciences, which can sometimes be substituted for animal
experimentation.28
In June of 2013 The Wall Street Journal a ba , W A a B B Ea
a Mostly Organic Diet? a enter on pesticides. It featured one person who answered .
7aConsidering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on h.pdfankkitextailes
7a
Considering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on humans there will be increased in
demand on complete elimination of use of synthetic pesticides.
Hazards of pesticides: If the credits of pesticides include enhanced economic potential in terms
of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then their
debits have resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. There is now
overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and
other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment. No segment of the population is
completely protected against exposure to pesticides and the potentially serious health effects,
though a disproportionate burden, is shouldered by the people of developing countries and by
high risk groups in each country. The world-wide deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticide
poisoning number about 1 million per year.
The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include production workers, formulators, sprayers,
mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the
possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free. In
industrial settings, workers are at increased risk since they handle various toxic chemicals
including pesticides, raw materials, toxic solvents and inert carriers.
Eliminating pesticides
Many alternatives are available to reduce the effects pesticides have on the environment.
Alternatives include manual removal, applying heat, covering weeds with plastic, placing traps
and lures, removing pest breeding sites, maintaining healthy soils that breed healthy, more
resistant plants, cropping native species that are naturally more resistant to native pests and
supporting biocontrol agents such as birds and other pest predators. In the United States,
conventional pesticide use peaked in 1979, and by 2007, had been reduced by 25 percent from
the 1979 peak level, while US agricultural output increased by 43 percent over the same period.
Biological controls such as resistant plant varieties and the use of pheromones, have been
successful and at times permanently resolve a pest problem.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
employs chemical use only when other alternatives are ineffective. IPM causes less harm to
humans and the environment. The focus is broader than on a specific pest, considering a range of
pest control alternatives. Biotechnology can also be an innovative way to control pests. Strains
can be genetically modified (GM) to increase their resistance to pests. However the same
techniques can be used to increase pesticide resistance and was employed by Monsanto to create
glyphosate-resistant strains of major crops. In 2010, 70% of all the corn that was planted was
resistant to glyphosate; 78% of cotton, and 93% of all soybeans
7b
According to an organic food advocacy group, the Environmental Working Group, buying
certain organic food can .
Sterling paper GM crops fight world hunger.IFST Food Science & Technology Jou...Sterling Crew
GM crops help fight hunger by increasing yields and reducing costs for farmers. They can be tailored to address local needs in developing countries by enhancing locally grown crops with traits like insect or drought resistance. However, controversies over GM safety and corporate influence continue in Europe, where regulations have blocked most GM crop cultivation. With the global population expected to increase by 2 billion by 2050, attitudes must shift to enable innovation that can boost food security and availability.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and reasons for being against them. It notes that GMOs were first introduced into many processed foods in the late 1990s due to a Supreme Court ruling allowing patents on life forms. The document raises philosophical concerns about GMOs representing a "mechanical worldview" that accelerates species extinction. It also notes potential risks of GMOs including horizontal gene transfer between unrelated species, unpredictable behavior of transgenic organisms, and threats to biodiversity from GMO monocultures. The document cites a recorded death from a genetically modified food supplement and potential risks to health from GMOs.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refer to plants, animals, or bacteria that have been altered in a laboratory using genetic engineering techniques. The majority of corn, soy, cotton, canola, and sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically modified. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there is ongoing debate about their safety for human health and the environment. Extensive additional research is needed to fully understand both the risks and benefits of consuming genetically modified foods.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their impact. It begins by defining GMOs as crops altered with genetic material to exhibit desired traits, mainly pesticide resistance. It then discusses the progression and timeline of GMO development. While GMOs were initially welcomed, public opinion has since opposed them due to health concerns. The document also examines how GMOs move through the food chain and can negatively impact both livestock and human health by disrupting nutrient absorption and potentially causing allergies and diseases. It emphasizes that consumers can choose to avoid GMOs by selecting organic or non-GMO labeled foods.
Culling of livestock has traditionally been used to control disease outbreaks but has several disadvantages. It negatively impacts biodiversity, genetic diversity of breeds, and small scale farmers. It is also emotionally difficult and expensive. Computer models could simulate alternative husbandry practices like organic agriculture and local food systems to examine their impact on disease spread and economic costs compared to current industrialized practices. This may help identify more sustainable approaches to disease control.
Biodiversity encompasses all life forms on Earth from single-celled organisms to multi-celled organisms. It is the source of essential goods and ecological services that support all life. Understanding biodiversity requires studying the relationships between living and non-living components of ecosystems. As human inhabitants, we must preserve biodiversity since we depend on it for needs like food, water, and fuel. Loss of biodiversity puts these ecosystem services at risk and can negatively impact human health, livelihoods, and security. Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation. Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for nutrition, health, and sustainable development.
This document summarizes the industrialization and privatization of biotechnology. It discusses how biotechnology has become integrated into many products and agriculture after World War 2 to keep up with growing population demands. Private funding now fuels over half of agricultural research and development, focusing on establishing product markets. While biotechnology benefits society, private interests prioritize profits. The document also examines the case of Monsanto corn and debates around health risks versus economic benefits of genetically modified crops.
This document discusses the importance of biodiversity for human health and society. It begins by outlining the objectives of the lesson, which are for students to understand the interrelatedness of society, environment and health, and to analyze how everyday tasks impact biodiversity and wellness. It then discusses how biodiversity loss is a global problem, with species declining worldwide due to human causes like habitat destruction. Loss of biodiversity harms ecosystems and can lead to health issues for humans. Later sections explore the nutritional and health impacts of biodiversity loss, how reduced diversity increases transmission of diseases, and the environmental illnesses linked to changes in ecosystems.
This document discusses genetic engineering of plants and animals. It describes how transgenic plants are created using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or biolistics to introduce novel genes. Genetically engineered traits in plants include insect resistance, virus resistance, and herbicide resistance. Transgenic animals are made using microinjection or stem cells to study genes or create disease models. Cloning animals was first done in amphibians and now in mammals by nuclear transfer. Both transgenic plants and animals hold promise but also risks that require evaluation.
The document discusses the threat to seed diversity from industrial agriculture and corporate control. It notes that only 150 of 80,000 edible plant species are cultivated, and just eight traded globally, leading to irreversible loss of seed varieties. Industrial agriculture prioritizes high yields but at the cost of biodiversity reduction. As a result, genetic diversity of domesticated plants is being destroyed at an unprecedented rate, threatening the future of seed, farmers, and global food security.
The global food supply is being compromised by large corporations prioritizing profits over safety and quality. Trade agreements like NAFTA allow corporate profits to take precedence over protective laws, threatening public health. Major hazards include disease from antibiotic and hormone use on factory farms, which process most of the US food supply. Lobbyists also undermine laws to protect consumers through trade deals. Inadequate transportation and distribution systems further endanger the food supply. To protect lives, consumers must educate themselves and demand safer, more sustainable food practices.
B sc biotech i fob unit 1 introduction to biotechnologyRai University
This document provides an overview of biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms to make useful products. Biotechnology draws on fields like microbiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. It has applications in healthcare, agriculture, industry, and the environment. The document also discusses biosafety considerations and ensuring public acceptance of biotechnology applications.
Pheromone Technology Applications In Cotton Fields In Egypt final 1.docxAbdallah Albeltagy
1. The document discusses the history and development of pheromone technology in pest management. It describes how only 20 years passed between the discovery of the first insect pheromone (Bombykol) in 1959 and its application in pest control tactics.
2. It provides context on the initial discovery and widespread use of the first chemical insecticide, DDT, in the late 1930s and 1940s. It then contrasts this with the later discovery and integration of insect pheromones into integrated pest management strategies from the 1950s onward.
3. The document emphasizes how pheromone technology can be used in various tactics as part of integrated pest management programs for monitoring and controlling insect p
GMOs, or genetically modified organisms, involve transferring genetic material from one organism to another. This alters the host organism's genetic traits. There are three main components to creating a GMO - the host organism, the desired gene from another organism, and a vector to transport the gene into the host cells. While GMOs aim to address issues like food supply and the environment, they also raise health and ecological concerns that require further long-term research. Debate continues around both the benefits and risks of GMOs.
Journal of Medicine and Philosophy2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. .docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 301–312
The Precautionary Principle: A Dialectical
Reconsideration
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., and Fabrice Jotterand
Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
ABSTRACT
This essay examines an overlooked element of the precautionary principle: a prudent
assessment of the long-range or remote catastrophes possibly associated with technological
development must include the catastrophes that may take place because of the absence of such
technologies. In short, this brief essay attempts to turn the precautionary principle on its head by
arguing that, (1) if the long-term survival of any life form is precarious, and if the survival of the
current human population is particularly precarious, especially given contemporary urban
population densities, and (2) if technological innovation and progress are necessary in order
rapidly to adapt humans to meet environmental threats that would otherwise be catastrophic on
a large scale (e.g., pandemics of highly lethal diseases), then (3) the development of biomedical
technologies in many forms, but in particular including human germ-line genetic engineering,
may be required by the precautionary principle, given the prospect of the obliteration of humans
in the absence of such enhanced biotechnology. The precautionary principle thus properly
understood requires an ethos that should generally support technological innovation, at least in
particular areas of biotechnology.
Keywords: precautionary principle, public health, risk assessment, technological development
I. PRUDENT RISK-TAKING
The so-called precautionary principle raises a cluster of questions about how
prudently to engage in risk-taking. All human activities involve risks. The
development of new technologies is no exception. However, given a not-
implausible account of the human situation, the unavailability of at least some
biomedical technologies may itself count as a risk to continued human
survival. This essay will examine an overlooked element of the precautionary
Address correspondence to: H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., Ph.D., M.D., Department of
Philosophy, MS 14, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
10.1080/03605310490500518$16.00 # Taylor & Francis Ltd.
principle: a prudent assessment of the long-range or remote catastrophes
possibly associated with technological development must include the
catastrophes that may take place because of the absence of such technologies.
In short, this brief essay will attempt to turn the precautionary principle on its
head by arguing that, (1) if the long-term survival of any life form is
precarious, and if the survival of the current human population is particularly
precarious, especially given contemporary urban population densities, and (2)
if technological innovation and progress are necessary in order rapidly to
adapt humans to meet environmental threats that would otherwise be
catastrophic on a large scale (e.g., p ...
Similar to Biodiversity,Bio-terrorism, Human Rights in GMOs, The Impact of Reproductive Rights (18)
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
2. Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of life on the
entire Earth.
It's the Varity of all life forms; the different
plants, animals and microorganisms. Their
species , genes and the ecosystem of which
they are apart.
3. Biodiversity divides to :
1- Species biodiversity: refers to the number of
species and the number of individuals in each
species.
2- Genetic biodiversity: "of genes within a species".
3- Ecological biodiversity: as "ways of interaction".
Threats to biodiversity
Common threat of biodiversity is extinction
4. According to the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species
are threatened with extinction. If we do not stop the threats to
biodiversity, we could be facing another mass extinction with dire
consequences to the environment and human health and
livelihood.
5. Human population in relation with
biodiversity:
The earth is losing biodiversity at a rate not seen since
the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65
million years ago.
It might therefore be thought that bringing
human rights into the equation when thinking
about strategies for protecting biodiversity
only serves to muddy the waters.
Biodiversity and human rights
under a common threat;
6. Human Population
In size and resources
of
Human Enterprises
Agriculture Industry Recreation International Commerce
Land Transformation
Like:
Land Clearing
Forestry
Intensification
Biotic Additions
and Loss
Like:
Invasion
Hunting
Fishing
Global
Biogeochemistry
Like:
Carbon
Nitrogen
Water
Climate Change
Like:
Enhanced
Greenhouse
Aerosols
Land cover
Loss of
Biological Diversity
As:
Extinction of species
And populations
Loss of ecosystemsVitousek et. al (1997) Science, 277, p.494-499
7. so,..
• Humans require a great deal of resources
and space and have not had a record of
sharing.
• Our increasing numbers will certainly
increase the rate at which animals and
plants are lost.
8. Quick Actions to Protect Biodiversity
and Ecosystems:
1. Plant native species to provide shelter and food for
native animals “natural reserves”.
2. To reduce pressures on watersheds, eliminate
pesticide and herbicide usage.
3. Buy products that support wildlife conservation and
sustainable farming practices.
4. Protect aquifers, save energy, and reduce waste
water, which in turn helps protect ecosystems.
9. • "For if one link in nature's
chain might be lost, another
might be lost, until the whole
of things will vanish by
piecemeal."
- Thomas Jefferson
10. Bioterrorism
"Bioterrorism” - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of
microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to produce
death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. The act is intended to
create fear and intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of
political, religious, or ideological goals.
Bioterrorism is classified according to CDC into 3 categories:
Class-a-: These high-priority agents include organisms or toxins that
pose the highest risk to the public and national security.
Class-b-: These agents are the second highest priority result in
moderate illness rates and low death rates
Class-c-: These third highest priority agents include emerging
pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future.
11. In our branch as agricultural biotechnologists we only aware
about agricultural bioterrorism as Agriculture is considered
by many to be the perfect target for bioterrorism, also called
Agro-Bioterrorism.
Agro-bioterrorism targeting the food
supplies
Considerations of biological warfare and
bioterrorism nearly always focus on the direct
threat of the use of human diseases as weapons.
However, the possibility of biological attack on the
plant or animal resources of a country is
increasingly recognized as a serious threat.
Agricultural terrorism is not about killing
animals; it is about crippling an economy. To
that end livestock/poultry industries and crops
would be preferred by terrorists.
12. For animals, there are many foreign agents readily
available in nature, from low-security laboratories, even
from commercial sources, that require little effort or risk to
smuggle in. Most foreign animal agents pose no risk to
human health, so the terrorist may feel some sense of
security in handling and dispersing these pathogens.
For plants, as a case study; In 2011, the entire 400 million
base-pair genomic sequence of Cannabis Sativa was
published online which, Allows continued research to the
medicinal effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol and
Cannabanoids which, Could place THC production in
anything & Could create mutant strain Similar to H7N9
“type of influenza”.
13. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to genotype-specific
weapons:
Agriculture, particularly in many developed countries, has
several properties that make it defenseless to attack with
genotype-specific weapons.
Typically, it employs monocropping of large acreages with
genetically identical cultivars, and high-density husbandry of
genetically inbred animal strains. These agronomic practices
reduce the genetic variability that makes populations resistant to
genotype-specific weapons, and thereby create conditions that
facilitate disease spread.
To defend against agricultural terrorism Reduce
dependence on monoculture and expand the diversity
of genotypes cultured
14. Defending against Agro-Bioterrorism
Countries that engage in high intensity
agriculture of a limited range of varieties could
reduce their exposure to both deliberate and
natural disease outbreaks by:
1- Increasing the use of Intercropping
2- Expanding the diversity of genotypes utilized
3- Reducing the size of plots
4- A variety of other agricultural changes designed
to reduce susceptibility to disease outbreaks.
15. Human Rights in GMOs Cases
A genetically modified organism (GMO)
or genetically engineered organism
(GEO) is an organism whose genetic
material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques. These
techniques, generally known as
recombinant DNA technology, use DNA
molecules from different sources, which
are combined into one molecule to
create a new set of genes.
16. "The availability of food in a quantity and
quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of
individuals, free from adverse substances, and
acceptable within a given culture;
The accessibility of such food in ways that are
sustainable and that do not interfere with the
enjoyment of other human rights."
General Comment 12, paragraph 8 (E/C.12/1999/5
17. The right to sufficient food
Some ethical aspects of GMOs fall within the context of
the right to sufficient food, which is derived from
the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
At the 1996 World Food Summit, the Rome
Declaration on World Food Security and the World
Food Summit Plan of Action reaffirmed the right of
everyone to sufficient food. SO, the earlier quotation
related to the right to sufficient food are considered to
be highly relevant to the analyses of GMOs.
18. The right to informed choice
Which derives from the ethical concept of autonomy of
individuals. This principle can be applied, for example, in the
debate on labeling food derived from GMOs to ensure that
consumers know what they are consuming and are able to
make informed decisions.
Particularly in developing countries, the very poor (both
women and men) may lack the most basic information to
make decisions that may affect their health and capacity to
sustain themselves. Appropriate methods to reach the least
educated, the poorest and the most disadvantaged groups
should form part of any strategy to inform the public so that
individuals are able to choose according to their needs.
19. The right to democratic
participation
Addresses the need for justice and equity, which are of major
concern in the context of GMO-related decisions.
Principles of justice may include gender equality, need, accountability,
liability, and fair and democratic procedures. Many young people,
particularly the poor and powerless, have little education and no
social entry point to influence decisions about GMOs. They should
also have the right to choose the product that best suits their needs.
Of concern is the fact that future generations have no voice or vote in
decisions taken on GMOs today, which means that ways must be
found to ensure that their interests are taken into account.
Options must be kept open so as to enable future generations to meet
their specific needs, including those deriving from unpredictable
environmental changes.
20. Conclusion
Modern biotechnology, if suitable developed, could offer new
and broad potential for contributing to food security.
At the same time, the speed of genetic change made possible by
genetic engineering may represent a new potential impact on
the biosphere.
However, it is not possible to make sweeping generalizations
about GMOs; each application must be fully analyzed on
a case-by-case basis.
Through complete and transparent assessments of GMO
applications, and recognition of their short- and long-term
implications, the debate can be less contentious and more
constructive.
21. As..
The right to sufficient food, as understood today,
carries with it obligations on the part of states to
protect individuals' autonomy and capacity to
participate in public decision-making fora,
especially when other participants are more powerful,
assertive or aggressive. These obligations can include
the provision of public resources to ensure that those
fora take place in a spirit of fairness and justice. And
that consider an indirect important violence to Human
Rights.
22. The impacts of reproductive rights
There has been a shift in the acknowledgement of, and
access to, some aspects of sexual and reproductive
rights.
Then recently, rights discourses have been integrated
to varying extents within many social justice
movements and are increasingly integrated into
global and national policy frameworks, especially
those relating to gender equality and health
23. Twelve human rights key to reproductive
rights
1. The Right to Life.
2. The Right to Liberty and Security of Person.
3. The Right to Health, including Sexual and Reproductive Health.
4. The Right to Decide the Number and Spacing of Children.
5. The Right to approval to Marriage and to Equality in Marriage.
6. The Right to Privacy.
7. The Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination.
8. The Right to be Free from Practices that Harm Women and Girls.
9. The Right to Not be Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman, or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
10. The Right to be Free from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence.
11. The Right to Access Sexual and Reproductive Health Education and
Family Planning Information.
12. The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress.
As stated in Paragraph 7.3 of the ICPD Programme of Action
24. Under principal of,
- The Right to Health, including Sexual and Reproductive Health.
- The Right to Decide the Number and Spacing of Children.
- The Right to approval to Marriage and to Equality in
Marriage.
Reproductive health show that people are able to have a
satisfying sex life and that they have the ability to reproduce
and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
In this last condition are the right of men and women to be
informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and
acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well
as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility,
which are not against the law, and the right of access to
appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go
safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples
with the best chance of having a healthy infant
(cairo programme of action paragraph 94).
25. Under principal of,
- The Right To Equality And Non-discrimination.
- The Right To Be Free From Practices That Harm Women And
Girls.
- The Right To Not Be Subjected To Torture Or Other Cruel,
Inhuman, Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment.
- The Right To Be Free From Sexual And Gender-based Violence.
Empowering women with the ability to regulate and control their
fertility is a basic requirement for women's health, well-being, and
quality of life.
In many societies, the predominant objection to the use of
contraception was really an objection to the control of contraception
by women, rather than against contraception itself.
Male dominated societies resented giving control of the process of
reproduction to women.
26. So, under authority of:
- The Right To Access Sexual And Reproductive Health Education
And Family Planning Information.
- The Right To Enjoy The Benefits Of Scientific Progress.
First, reproductive health policies should include safeguards
against the violation of reproductive rights.
Second, gender equality programs should be seen as essential for
building sustainable reproductive rights and reproductive
health policies.
Finally, broad-based policies strengthening democratic
institutions as well as agencies and organizations at the
governmental and non-governmental levels for promoting
social development are essential for achieving reproductive
health through improvements in gender equality.
Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States.
ICPD : International Conference on Population and Development ...