The document describes the synthesis of biochar from various agricultural waste materials like corn waste, pineapple leaves, rice straw, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse. The biochar is synthesized by pyrolyzing the agricultural waste at different temperatures (300-700°C), heating rates (5-15°C/min), and times (1-2 hours). The synthesized biochars are then characterized through various physicochemical analyses to understand their properties. The biochars are then used to develop biodegradable and agri-biodegradable mulch films which are tested for their functionalities in soil-plant systems to analyze properties like soil temperature, moisture, nutrient levels, enzyme activities, and impact on plant

1. Corn waste
(CW)
Pineapple leaves
(PL)
Rice straw
(RS)
Rice husk
(RH)
Sugarcane bagasse
(SB)
Biochar Synthesis
Temperature (°C)
(300, 400, 500, 600, 700)
Heating rate (°C/mim)
(5, 10, 15)
Time (h)
(1,2,3)
Biochar characterization
Physicochemical
analyses
Ultimate
analyses
Surface
analyses
Proximate
analyses
 pH
 EC
 Zeta potential
 Specific surface
area (BET)
 Pore size
distribution
 Pore volume
 Morphology
(SEM/TEM)
 Surface
element
(SEM-EDX)
 Surface
Functional
groups (FTIR)
 C
 H
 O
 N
 Moisture
 Volatile
matter
 Ash
 Fixed
carbon
Fishery Shells
Ca
Soil Plant cultivation
Application of Mulch in Soil-Plant System
Soil physical
properties
Soil chemical
properties
 Soil
temperature
 Soil
moisture
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorus
 pH, EC
 OC
 CEC
 Organic
matter
 Enzyme
Activities
 FDA
 Dehydro
genase
activity
 Nutrient
measurements
 Agronomical and yield
measurements
Agri-Biodegradable Mulch
Chicken Feather
Hydrolyzed Keratin (CF)
CW, RH, RS, PL, SB
Biochar (BC)
Biodegradable mulch
PLA/PVA
Agri-biodegradable
mulch
PLA/PVA/BC/CF/OS
Key functionalities of mulch films
Biodegradation
test
Mechanical
test
Characterization
Functionalities
test
Soil
microbiology
TS EB WS
MC SEM/-EDS FTIR BET
XRD
 Measurements of plant
growth
Biodegradable mulch
PLA/PVA
Agri-biodegradable
mulch
PLA/PVA/BC/HK/CS
Weed growth
measurement
1 2 3
Note: TS: Tensile strength; EB: Elongation at break; MC: moisture content; WP: water permeability; PLA: polylactic acid; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol
Note: SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope；FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy；BET: Brunauer, Emmett and Teller methods
Note: OC: organic carbon；TC: total carbon；EC: Electrical conductivity；CEC: cation exchange

2. Parameter Condition
Heating temperature (°C)  300
 400
 500
 600
 700
Heating rate (°C min-1)  5
 10
 15
Heating time (h)  1
 2
Agricultural Waste Pyrolyzing conditions Biochar
Pineapple leaf
Corn waste
Rice straw
Rice husk
Sugarcane bagasse
Pineapple leaf
Corn waste
Rice straw
Rice husk
Sugarcane bagasse