This document provides an overview of Chapter 12 on the cardiovascular system from an anatomy and physiology course. It discusses the location and anatomy of the heart, including the chambers, membranes, and valves. It describes blood flow through the heart and heart sounds. It also covers the conduction system, heart cycle, and electrocardiogram. Additionally, it summarizes the structure and function of arteries, veins, capillaries, and the types of circulation in the body including systemic, pulmonary, and hepatic portal circulation. Finally, it defines blood pressure and factors that influence blood pressure fluctuations.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The main parts and functions of the heart and blood vessels.
- How blood flows through the heart chambers and circulates throughout the body and lungs via the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
- Key concepts like blood pressure and the heart's conduction system that regulates rhythms.
- Common diagnostic tests, pathologies, and congenital/acquired cardiovascular conditions.
The three main chambers of the heart are the two atria which receive blood, and the two ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. One-way flow is ensured by atrioventricular and semilunar valves. The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
In this course you will learn the cardiovascular system is Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body's hardest-working organ — the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular organ composed of four chambers that pump blood through two circuits. Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs and from the left ventricle to the entire body via arteries. Valves control the direction of blood flow between chambers. The cardiovascular system functions to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and remove waste via a continuous circulatory loop.
The circulatory system transports blood around the body using the heart as a pump and a network of arteries, veins and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where it receives oxygen and returns to the left side to be pumped through the body. Blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts and lowest when it relaxes. Nerves regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter in response to stress and activity levels.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The main parts and functions of the heart and blood vessels.
- How blood flows through the heart chambers and circulates throughout the body and lungs via the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
- Key concepts like blood pressure and the heart's conduction system that regulates rhythms.
- Common diagnostic tests, pathologies, and congenital/acquired cardiovascular conditions.
The three main chambers of the heart are the two atria which receive blood, and the two ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. One-way flow is ensured by atrioventricular and semilunar valves. The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
In this course you will learn the cardiovascular system is Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body's hardest-working organ — the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular organ composed of four chambers that pump blood through two circuits. Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs and from the left ventricle to the entire body via arteries. Valves control the direction of blood flow between chambers. The cardiovascular system functions to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and remove waste via a continuous circulatory loop.
The circulatory system transports blood around the body using the heart as a pump and a network of arteries, veins and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where it receives oxygen and returns to the left side to be pumped through the body. Blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts and lowest when it relaxes. Nerves regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter in response to stress and activity levels.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins. In capillaries, oxygen and nutrients diffuse into tissues and carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse into blood. The cardiovascular system maintains blood pressure and blood flow through regulation.
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses the main components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. It explains that the heart is a double pump made of two halves and four chambers. It also summarizes blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circuits as well as the roles of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Finally, it introduces common cardiovascular conditions and diseases and provides a brief introduction to the lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system document describes the structure and function of the heart and circulatory system. It discusses that the heart has four chambers separated by septums and valves that allow blood to flow between the atria and ventricles. The circulatory system carries oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues via arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart via veins. The document provides details on cardiac output, blood vessels, heart valves, conduction system, electrocardiogram, and the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and lies within the thoracic cavity. It is surrounded by membranes and has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. Blood flows from the sinoatrial node through the conduction system. The cardiovascular system is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms to control blood pressure and blood flow through the body.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the cardiac cycle, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, and hypertension. It discusses topics such as:
- The cardiac cycle occurs over 0.8 seconds and includes systole and diastole.
- Sinus rhythm is normally set by the sinoatrial node at a rate of 70-80 beats per minute.
- Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. It can be primary (essential) or secondary due to other medical conditions.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease and the circulatory system. It defines cardiovascular disease as any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and congenital heart defects. It notes that in the US someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds, and that cardiovascular disease costs over $500 billion per year. The circulatory system is described as consisting of a pump (heart) and network of tubes (blood vessels) filled with blood. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, is identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular problems like heart attacks and strokes. Lifestyle changes and supplements like fish oil, coenzyme Q10, and hawthorn are recommended to support cardiovascular health
The cardiovascular system is the first major regulatory system to develop in the embryo, appearing in the third week of development. By the beginning of the fourth week, the heart has started functioning and the earliest sign of the heart is the appearance of paired endothelial cords. This early development of the cardiovascular system is necessary to meet the nutrient and oxygen demands of the rapidly growing embryo, as diffusion alone can no longer satisfy these needs. The vascular system develops from mesoderm cells that proliferate to form blood vessels and blood cells.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to contract in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system and hormones regulate heart rate and function. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include arrhythmias, congenital defects, degenerative conditions like heart disease or failure, inflammatory issues, and vascular or valvular disorders. Treatments involve drug therapies, surgeries like bypass or transplantation, and other procedures like stents, pacemakers, or defibrillation.
The document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and physiology. It describes the layers of the heart including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It outlines the four chambers of the heart and the three types of circulation - pulmonary, systemic, and coronary. Key components of the cardiac cycle are explained such as systole, diastole, and the roles of the heart valves. The conduction system and how electrical signals trigger mechanical contraction are summarized. Factors that determine cardiac output like heart rate, preload, contractility, and afterload are also defined.
Cardiovascular System - Parts and FunctionRolly Franco
The circulatory system is comprised of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump made up of chambers and valves that circulate blood through two circuits: pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood and exchange materials. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that provide nutrients, oxygen, waste removal, and immunity.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and network of blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood in a continuous cycle called the cardiac cycle. Blood is carried away from the heart through arteries and returns to the heart through veins, passing through capillaries where nutrients and gases are exchanged. The cardiovascular system can be affected by congenital heart defects present from birth or conditions like heart failure that impair the heart's ability to pump effectively.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
The document summarizes information about the human heart and heart disease. It discusses the basic anatomy and function of the heart, describing how blood flows through the heart's chambers and vessels. It also provides fun facts about the heart and lists several types of heart disease, including congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins, circulating oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste. It has four chambers and valves to ensure one-way blood flow. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. The circulatory system has three circuits: pulmonary, systemic, and coronary. Diseases can affect the heart and blood vessels. The document provides details on the structure and function of the circulatory system and common circulatory problems.
The document summarizes the circulatory system, including its major components and how it functions. It describes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood, and the two circuits (pulmonary and systemic). It also discusses the lymphatic system and its role in collecting fluid from tissues and returning it to blood. Key structures of both systems like the heart, blood cells, lymph nodes, and spleen are defined. The document provides an overview of how blood circulates through the body, facilitated by these circulatory and lymphatic components working together.
The document summarizes several types of circulatory systems in the body:
- The coronary circulation supplies blood directly to the heart muscle through the right and left coronary arteries.
- The splanchnic circulation provides blood flow to the abdominal organs through branches of the abdominal aorta.
- The systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to tissues throughout the body, while the pulmonary circulation pumps deoxygenated blood from the right side to the lungs and back to the left side.
- The cerebral circulation supplies blood to the brain through four main arteries that form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the heart including:
- The heart is located in the chest behind the sternum and is surrounded by pericardial membranes.
- It is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows from the veins into the atria and then into the ventricles.
- Major vessels include the pulmonary trunk, aorta and coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle itself.
- Heart valves include the atrioventricular and semilunar valves which ensure one-way blood flow through the heart.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including its major components and functions. It defines blood and its functions, and describes the composition of blood and the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. It explains the cardiac cycle and conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. The document also describes the coronary and pulmonary circulations, and the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins. In capillaries, oxygen and nutrients diffuse into tissues and carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse into blood. The cardiovascular system maintains blood pressure and blood flow through regulation.
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses the main components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. It explains that the heart is a double pump made of two halves and four chambers. It also summarizes blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circuits as well as the roles of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Finally, it introduces common cardiovascular conditions and diseases and provides a brief introduction to the lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system document describes the structure and function of the heart and circulatory system. It discusses that the heart has four chambers separated by septums and valves that allow blood to flow between the atria and ventricles. The circulatory system carries oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues via arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart via veins. The document provides details on cardiac output, blood vessels, heart valves, conduction system, electrocardiogram, and the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and lies within the thoracic cavity. It is surrounded by membranes and has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. Blood flows from the sinoatrial node through the conduction system. The cardiovascular system is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms to control blood pressure and blood flow through the body.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the cardiac cycle, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, and hypertension. It discusses topics such as:
- The cardiac cycle occurs over 0.8 seconds and includes systole and diastole.
- Sinus rhythm is normally set by the sinoatrial node at a rate of 70-80 beats per minute.
- Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. It can be primary (essential) or secondary due to other medical conditions.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease and the circulatory system. It defines cardiovascular disease as any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and congenital heart defects. It notes that in the US someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds, and that cardiovascular disease costs over $500 billion per year. The circulatory system is described as consisting of a pump (heart) and network of tubes (blood vessels) filled with blood. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, is identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular problems like heart attacks and strokes. Lifestyle changes and supplements like fish oil, coenzyme Q10, and hawthorn are recommended to support cardiovascular health
The cardiovascular system is the first major regulatory system to develop in the embryo, appearing in the third week of development. By the beginning of the fourth week, the heart has started functioning and the earliest sign of the heart is the appearance of paired endothelial cords. This early development of the cardiovascular system is necessary to meet the nutrient and oxygen demands of the rapidly growing embryo, as diffusion alone can no longer satisfy these needs. The vascular system develops from mesoderm cells that proliferate to form blood vessels and blood cells.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to contract in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system and hormones regulate heart rate and function. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include arrhythmias, congenital defects, degenerative conditions like heart disease or failure, inflammatory issues, and vascular or valvular disorders. Treatments involve drug therapies, surgeries like bypass or transplantation, and other procedures like stents, pacemakers, or defibrillation.
The document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and physiology. It describes the layers of the heart including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It outlines the four chambers of the heart and the three types of circulation - pulmonary, systemic, and coronary. Key components of the cardiac cycle are explained such as systole, diastole, and the roles of the heart valves. The conduction system and how electrical signals trigger mechanical contraction are summarized. Factors that determine cardiac output like heart rate, preload, contractility, and afterload are also defined.
Cardiovascular System - Parts and FunctionRolly Franco
The circulatory system is comprised of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump made up of chambers and valves that circulate blood through two circuits: pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood and exchange materials. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that provide nutrients, oxygen, waste removal, and immunity.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and network of blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood in a continuous cycle called the cardiac cycle. Blood is carried away from the heart through arteries and returns to the heart through veins, passing through capillaries where nutrients and gases are exchanged. The cardiovascular system can be affected by congenital heart defects present from birth or conditions like heart failure that impair the heart's ability to pump effectively.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
The document summarizes information about the human heart and heart disease. It discusses the basic anatomy and function of the heart, describing how blood flows through the heart's chambers and vessels. It also provides fun facts about the heart and lists several types of heart disease, including congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins, circulating oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste. It has four chambers and valves to ensure one-way blood flow. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. The circulatory system has three circuits: pulmonary, systemic, and coronary. Diseases can affect the heart and blood vessels. The document provides details on the structure and function of the circulatory system and common circulatory problems.
The document summarizes the circulatory system, including its major components and how it functions. It describes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood, and the two circuits (pulmonary and systemic). It also discusses the lymphatic system and its role in collecting fluid from tissues and returning it to blood. Key structures of both systems like the heart, blood cells, lymph nodes, and spleen are defined. The document provides an overview of how blood circulates through the body, facilitated by these circulatory and lymphatic components working together.
The document summarizes several types of circulatory systems in the body:
- The coronary circulation supplies blood directly to the heart muscle through the right and left coronary arteries.
- The splanchnic circulation provides blood flow to the abdominal organs through branches of the abdominal aorta.
- The systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to tissues throughout the body, while the pulmonary circulation pumps deoxygenated blood from the right side to the lungs and back to the left side.
- The cerebral circulation supplies blood to the brain through four main arteries that form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the heart including:
- The heart is located in the chest behind the sternum and is surrounded by pericardial membranes.
- It is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows from the veins into the atria and then into the ventricles.
- Major vessels include the pulmonary trunk, aorta and coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle itself.
- Heart valves include the atrioventricular and semilunar valves which ensure one-way blood flow through the heart.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including its major components and functions. It defines blood and its functions, and describes the composition of blood and the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. It explains the cardiac cycle and conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. The document also describes the coronary and pulmonary circulations, and the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body.
The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ located in the mediastinum protected by the pericardium. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart walls have three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which coordinate contractions through the conduction system.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular physiology, including:
1) The anatomy of the heart and circulation of blood through the heart.
2) Electrical conduction system of the heart and the cardiac cycle.
3) Factors that can influence the cardiac cycle such as nerves, hormones, electrolytes.
4) Explanations of blood pressure, cardiac output, and factors influencing vascular function.
5) Some pathophysiologies that can occur in the cardiovascular system.
This presentation provides a clear understanding of the physiology of the circulatory system. It focus lies on the division and component of the circulatory system, the three major function of the circulatory system, blood composition, structure of the heart, blood circulation; pulmonary and systemic circuit, valves of the heart, the pathway of blood flow through the heart, the cardiac cycle, pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; systole and diastole, cardiac output, heart sounds among others.
This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste. It has three main components:
1. The heart, which is a muscular pump located in the chest cavity with four chambers that drive blood circulation.
2. Arteries, which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange before veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
3. Valves ensure one-way blood flow, with the tricuspid and bicuspid valves located between the heart's upper and lower chambers.
This is a system which deals with the heart
Consist of the structure of the heart, functions as well as how to manage it when someone is in heart attack
The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart's structure, chambers, valves, and conduction system.
- Blood flow through the heart in a cardiac cycle, including systole and diastole of the atria and ventricles.
- Major blood vessels like arteries, veins, and capillaries. Pulmonary and systemic circulation are described.
- Coronary circulation which supplies blood to the heart muscle is explained in detail. Common cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular disorders and ischemic heart disease (IHD). It defines IHD as heart weakening caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, typically due to coronary artery disease where the coronary arteries narrow. It discusses the anatomy of the heart including the four chambers, great vessels, valves, and cardiac muscle cells. It also covers ECGs, cardiac conduction, circulatory system functions, common cardiovascular diseases like IHD, strokes, peripheral artery disease, aortic disease, and high blood pressure, as well as types of angina.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed.
The Human Blood Circulatory system
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed blood circulatory system:
This system consists of
the heart (pump),
series of blood vessels
the blood that flows through them.
This means that circulating blood is pumped through a system of vessels.
Functions of Human Blood Circulatory System
1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3 nutrients
4. water
5. ions
6. hormones
7. antibodies
8. metabolic wastes
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to all parts of the body. The cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by the cardiac center in the medulla of the brain. Blood circulation is achieved through blood pressure generated by the heart and maintained in the arteries. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the heart's location in the chest, its layers including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It describes the heart chambers, valves including the atrioventricular and semilunar valves. The conduction system is summarized including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The cardiac cycle and regulation of stroke volume and cardiac output are briefly outlined. Some pathologies of the heart like endocarditis are also mentioned.
The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body using the heart as a pump. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues. Blood enters the right atrium from the body, then passes to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body via the aorta. The heart contracts over 100,000 times per day to circulate blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Valves ensure blood only flows in one direction through the heart.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues. The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the lungs to receive oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, and through the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the mediastinum and its external and internal anatomy. The four chambers of the heart (right and left atria and ventricles) are described along with the valves that regulate blood flow. The circulations of blood through the pulmonary system and systemic circulation are also summarized. Key details about the layers of the heart wall, coronary circulation and blood flow through arteries, capillaries and veins are provided.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the human heart. It discusses the four chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the heart valves that prevent backflow of blood, including the tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valves. Furthermore, it explains the conduction system of the heart and how electrical signals cause the heart to contract and pump blood through the cardiovascular system. Lastly, it gives an overview of electrocardiography and the use of ECGs to evaluate the heart's electrical activity.
3. Announcements
• Next test
• November 23, 2015
• Chapters 12 Cardiovascular and 13 Lymphatic
• Next homework due
• November 23, 2015
• Journal 5 (main campus)
• Homework 5 (satellite campus)
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5. Chapter 12 | Cardiovascular
• Objectives
• Describe the location, size, position, and anatomy of the heart.
• Explain the physiological functions of the heart; sounds, blood supply, cycle,
and conduction.
• Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• Compare and contrast systemic, pulmonary, and hepatic portal circulation.
• Define blood pressure.
• Describe the factors that influence the fluctuation of blood pressure.
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11. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Heart sounds
• lub
• Atrioventricular (AV) valves closing with
ventricular contraction (systole)
• dup
• Semilunar (SL) valves closing with
ventriclular relaxation (diastole)
• DUP - Diastole
DUP LUB
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12. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Blood flow through heart
• Two separate pumps
• right sided pump
• left sided pump
• superior and inferior vena cava
• → right atrium
• → right AV (tricuspid) valve
• →right ventricle
• → pulmonary SL valve
• → pulmonary artery to lungs
• → pick up O2 drop off CO2
• →4 pulmonary veins
• → left atrium
• → left AV (bicuspid) valve
• → left ventricle
• → aortic SL valve
• → aorta
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13. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Blood flow through heart
• Two separate pumps
• right sided pump
• left sided pump
• Two separate circulations
• pulmonary circulation
• lungs
• systemic circulation
• rest of body
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14. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Blood supply to the heart
• coronary circulation
• blood supply to heart muscle
• myocardium requires constant
supply of blood
• coronary arteries
• right and left
• branch directly off of aorta
• coronary veins
• coronary sinus
• right atrium
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15. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Myocardial infarction (MI) Heart attack
• coronary thrombosis or coronary embolism block
• O2 deprivation results in death of cells
• Angina pectoris
• severe chest pain when O2 is to heart is reduced
• precursor to MI
• Coronary bypass surgery
• harvested veins or arteries reroute
coronary arteries
• Angioplasty
• inserted device expands artery to normalize blood supply
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16. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Cardiac cycle
• cardiac cycle one complete heartbeat
• 0.8 seconds
• systole
• diastole
• 72 beats per minute (bpm) average
• stroke volume
• Volume of blood pumped from both ventricles each heartbeat
• cardiac output
• Volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute
• 5 liters average
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17. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What is the function of the right atria of the heart?
• Receive deoxygenated blood from the body
• What is the function of the right ventricle of the heart?
• Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the function of the left atria of the heart?
• Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs
• What is the function of the left ventricle of the heart?
• Pump oxygenated blood to the body
Answer the following questions
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18. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What is the name of the inner membrane of the heart?
• endocardium
• What are the names (3) of the outer membrane of the heart?
• Epicardium
• Visceral epicardium
• Parietal epicardium
• What occurs during systole? What occurs during diastole?
• Systole; heart contraction
• Diastole; heart relaxation
Answer the following questions
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19. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What is the circulation for the heart called?
• Coronary circulation
• What are the other two major circulation circuits of the body?
• Pulmonary circulation
• Systemic circulation
• The volume of blood pumped from both ventricles each heartbeat is:
• Stroke volume
• The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute is the:
• Cardiac output
Answer the following questions
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20. Chapter 12 | Heart
• Conduction system
• Rhythmic contraction
• Autonomic control of rhythm
• Heart has built-in coordinating system
• Contractions coordinated by electric impulses
• Intercalated discs
• Link cardiac muscle fibers
• Atria linked together
• Ventricles lined together
• Both atria contract in unison
• Both ventricles contract in unison
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25. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What structure is the natural “pacemaker” of the heart?
• Sinoatrial node
• What heart structures contract in unison?
• Atria contract together
• Ventricles contract together
• What cellular level structure allows the electrical impulse to spread
to cardiac muscle cells?
• Intercalated discs
Answer the following questions
25
26. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• Where does the impulse travel after the SA node and AV node?
• AV bundle of HIS (right and left) →
• Perkinje fibers
• A graphic record of the heartbeat is called
• An ECG or EKG
• What two electrical events are being recorded?
• Depolarization and repolarization
Answer the following questions
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27. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What does the P wave represent?
• Atrial depolarization
• What does the QRS complex represent?
• Ventricular deplarization
• What does the QRS complex over shadow?
• Atrial repolarization
• What does the T wave represent?
• Ventricular replarization
Answer the following questions
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28. Chapter 12 |Blood Vessels
• Types of blood vessels
• Arteries
• Carry blood Away from heart
• Capillaries
• Exchange of nutrients and gasses
• Veins
• Carry blood toward heart
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30. Chapter 12 | blood vessels
• Structure of blood vessels
• Veins
• One-way valves
• Capillaries
• Microscopic
• Tunica intima is only layer
• Endothelial cells
• Ease of passage in/out of glucose,
oxygen, wastes
• Precapillary sphincters
• Regulate blood flow through capillary
bed
• Thoroughfare channel
• Main channel through capillary bed
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31. Chapter 12 | blood vessels
• Functions of blood vessels
• Arteries
• Blood from _______________ to ______________
• Constrict and dilate to maintain arterial BP
• Veins
• Blood from ________________ to _____________
• Reservoir; expand or contract
• Capillaries
• Blood from ________________ to _____________
• Exchange of nutrients, gasses, and fluid
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34. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What are the two main types of blood vessels in the body?
• Arteries and veins
• Which vessel transports oxygenated blood?
• arteries
• Where does the exchange of nutrients, gasses, and liquids occur?
• Capillaries
• What type of muscle controls blood flow to the capillary beds?
• Precapillary sphincters
Answer the following questions
34
35. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• Name the wall layers of arteries and veins.
• Tunica externa
• Tunica media
• Tunica intima
• Which layer contains smooth muscle?
• Tunica media
• What controls the tension of the smooth muscle?
• By the autonomic nervous system
• Which vessel is used as a reservoir for blood?
• Veins
Answer the following questions
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36. Chapter 12 | Circulation of Blood
• Systemic circulation of blood
• From left ventricle of heart
• Oxygenated blood through aorta
• To body
• Back to right atrium of heart
• Deoxygenated blood through
superior & inferior vena cava
• Pulmonary circulation of blood
• From right ventricle of heart
• To lungs
• Back to left atrium of heart
• Oxygenated blood through four pulmonary veins
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37. Chapter 12 | Circulation of Blood
• Hepatic portal circulation
• Digestive capillary bed veins from
• spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines
• Mesenteric vein → hepatic portal vein
• Funneled through liver capillary bed
• Nutrient rich blood processed
• Excess glucose stored as glycogen
• Removal of toxins
• Blood returned to inferior vena cava
Hepatic refers to the liver
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38. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• Why does blood from the intestines need to pass through the
liver before circulating through the body?
• The blood is nutrient rich – it is very high in glucose and other substances
• What does the liver do to the glucose from digestion?
• Converts glucose to glycogen for storage
Answer the following questions
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39. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What is the name of the vein that leads into the liver?
• Hepatic portal vein
• To what vessel does the liver return the nutrient filtered blood?
• Inferior vena cava
Answer the following questions
39
40. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure
• Defining blood pressure
• Push of blood
• Exists in all blood vessels
• BP gradient
• Difference between:
• Aorta (highest BP)
• Venae cavae (lowest BP)
• Indicates blood flow
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41. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure
• Defining blood pressure
• Hypertension (HTN)
• Rupture of blood vessels
• Hypotension
• Perfusion of vital organs lacking
• Hemorrhage
• Pronounced loss of blood
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43. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure
• Factors influencing blood pressure
• Blood volume
• ↑volume = ↑ BP
• ↓ volume = ↓ BP
• Hemorrhage (loss of blood)
• Diuretics (↑ urine output)
• Strength of heart contractions
• ↑ contraction strength = ↑ blood pumped
• 70 mL pumped into aorta with each contraction (stroke volume)
• 70 bpm
• 70mL x 70 bpm = 4900 mL (almost 5 liters of blood through aorta every minute)
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44. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure
• Factors influencing blood pressure
• Heart rate
• ↑rate = ↑ BP
• Blood viscosity (thickness)
• ↑ viscosity = ↑ BP
• Resistance to blood flow
• Blood vessel walls – local adjustments effect entire system
• Peripheral resistance; any force that acts against the flow of blood through vessel
• Anything that slows blood, such as ↑ viscosity
• Vasomotor mechanism; smooth muscle tension adjustment to control BP
• Vasoconstriction, vasodilation
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45. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure
• Fluctuations in blood pressure
• Normal BP is LESS THAN 120/80
• 120 mmHg systolic pressure 80 mmHg diastolic pressure
• Central venous pressure
• Venous BP in right atrium
• Mechanisms that keep venous blood moving
1. Continuous heart beat
2. Arterial BP is adequate
3. Valves in the veins (semilunar)
4. Skeletal muscle contraction
5. Breathing creates a pump in the thorax
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48. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• The BP gradient is the difference between ______ and ______.
• Highest and lowest blood pressures
• Where is BP the highest? Where is BP the lowest?
• Aorta is highest Vena cava is lowest
• What effect does increased blood volume have on BP?
• Increased volume = increased BP
• What effect would a decreased strength of heart contraction have on BP?
• Decreases BP
Answer the following questions
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49. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What does viscosity of blood refer to?
• The thickness of the blood
• How many factors that resist (slow down) blood flow can you think of?
• ↑ viscosity
• Diameter of blood vessel (smooth muscle contraction/relaxation)
• What is the vasomotor mechanism?
• The vasodilation (expansion) and vasoconstriction (reduction) of blood vessels
at a local site.
Answer the following questions
49
50. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What is considered normal blood pressure?
• Less than 120 mmHg / 80 mmHg
• Systolic/diastolic is the pressure during ventricular contraction.
• systolic
• What is the name of the pressure during ventricular relaxation?
• diastole
• The pressure of blood in the right atrium is called _______.
• Central venous pressure
Answer the following questions
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51. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice
• What mechanisms assist arterial blood flow (3)?
• Heart contraction
• Arterial walls – muscular and elastic
• Gravity
• What mechanisms assist venous blood return (5)? (CAVSB)
• Continued heart beat
• Arterial BP adequate
• Valves
• Skeletal muscle contraction
• Breathing
Answer the following questions
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52. References
Bitterjug, (2012). Figure walking and speaking through megaphone [Image]. Retrieved from
https://openclipart.org/detail/169403/announcing
Chabner, D. E. (2014). The language of medicine, 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.
Patton, K. T. (2013). Anatomy and physiology (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Smiley faces [Image]. (n.d.). Creative commons. Retrieved from images.google.com.
Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (2012). Structure and function of the body (14th ed.). St.
Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
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