This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-fertilizers and phosphorus use efficiency. It begins with an introduction discussing the history and importance of bio-fertilizers. It then defines bio-fertilizers and describes different types including nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms. The roles of bio-fertilizers in crop production and mechanisms of phosphorus mobilization are explained. Advantages of bio-fertilizers include increased yields, reduced costs and environmental friendliness. National production statistics for bio-fertilizers in India from 2008-2012 are presented, followed by a conclusion on the importance of bio-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.

1. SEMINAR 2013-2014
Bio-fertilizer and
Phosphorus use
Efficiency

2. UNDER SUPERVISION OF -- DR. S.B. SINGH , SIR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY ,
R.B.S. COLLEGE , BICHPURI , AGRA
PRESENTED BY -- ADITYA KUMAR SINGH TOMAR
M.SC. AGRICULTURE (PREVIOUS) ,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY ,
R.B.S. COLLEGE , BICHPURI , AGRA

3. SYNOPSIS ---
1 - INTRODUCTION
(A) – HISTORY
(B) – IMPORTANCE
2 - WHAT IS BIO-FERTILIZER .
3 - TYPE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS.
(A) - CLASSIFICATION OF
BIOFERTILIZER
(B) - DESCRIPTION
4 - ROLE OF BIO-FERTILIZER IN CROP
PRODUCTION
5 - INTRODUCTION OF PHOSPHORUS
6 - BIOLOGICAL MOBILIZATION OF
PHOSPHORUS
(A) – MECHANISM
(B) - MODE OF ACTION OF P.S.M.

4. 7 - THE ADVANTAGES OF BIO-
FERTILIZER .
8 - BIO-FERTILIZER STATISTICS AND
PRODUCTION ESTIMAT
9 - LIST OF BIO-FERTILIZER UNITS IN
INDIA AND ABROAD
10 - CONCLUSION
11 - REFERENCES

5. INTRODUCTION –
- Over the past century , in developed countries , inorganic chemical fertilizer have
been widely accepted as a major source of improving and maintaining soil
-fertility .
- Chemical fertilizer were used in agriculture , farmers were happy of getting
increased yield in agriculture in beginning , but slowly chemical fertilizer started
displayin their ill effects such as :- 1. leaching out .
2. polluting water basins.
3. destroying micro-organisms and friendly
insects.
4. making the crop more susceptible to the
attack of diseases.
5. reducing the soil fertility .

6. - Plant need sufficient nutrient in proper balance for
normal growth and development .
- Bio-fertilizer can been expected to reduce the use of
chemical fertilizer and pesticides .
- Bio-fertilizer add nutrient through the natural process of
nitrogen fixation , solubilizing phosphorus and
stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of
growth promoting substances.

7. (A) - History :-
- The field of biological nitrogen fixation
opened up with the discoveries by
Boussingault and Hellreigel in 1886.
1920 - First study on legume – Rhizobium
symbiosis N.V. Joshi .
1956 - First commercial production of
bio-fertilizer in India .
1983 - setting up of national project on
development and use of bio-fertilizer
by ministery of agriculture ,
Government of India .
(B) – Importance :-
- Bio-fertilizer (1886) can help increasing the
yield without causing the damage associated
with chemical fertilizer.

8. What is bio-fertilizer :-
- “Microbial Inoculants” is the more appropriate
name of Bio-fertilizer .
- Bio-fertilizer is a large population of a specific
or a group of beneficial micro-organisms for
enhancing the productivity of soil .
Type of bio-fertilizer :-
- In India , Rhizobium bio-fertilizer specific for different legumes and Blue , Green
Algae are the most popular among farmers .
- Azospirillum and solubilizing micro –organisms (PSM) , VAM , Azolla , Cellulose
- decomposing organisms etc. are at preliminary stage .

9. 1 . Symbiotic Bacteria :-
- Bacteria belonging to the genus
Rhizobium are capable of fixing
atmospheric nitrogen in association with
leguminous crop.
- Different species of Rhizobium are used
for treating the legume crop .
- Rhizobium species enter the root of host
plant .
- The bacteria depend on the host plant and
for carbohydrates and water .
- Bacteria supplies nitrogen to host plant
in the form of Asparagine Glutamine.

10. 2 . Non-symbiotic
Bacteria :-
- Non-symbiotic Bacteria or
Free living bacteria who is
able to fix the nitrogen as-
Blue green alge , azolla ,
Azottobacter ,
Rhizospirillum.

11. (B). Mode Of Action of P.S.M.
(Phosphorus Solubilizing Micro-
organism) :-
- P.S.M. include various bacterial , fungal and
actinomycetes form which help to convert
insoluble / hosphate in to simple and soluble
form .
- Species of pseudomonas , Micrococcus ,
Bacillus , Flavobacterium , Penicillum , and
Aspergillus are some of the P.S.M. .

12. Bio –fertilizer
Symbiotic Bacteria Non-symbiotic bacteria Phosphorus solubilizer
N-fixer N-fixer
Rhaizobium Azotobacter P.S.M.
Azospirillum V.A.M.
Blue green algae
Azolla
Beijerickia

13. DESCPTION :-
1. NITROGEN FIXING BIO-
FERTILIZER :-
(A) – RHIZOBIUM INOCULANT
(SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXER) :-
- RHIZOBIA HAVE THE ABILITY TO FIX
ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN IN SIMBIOTIC
ASSOCIATION WITH LEGUMES AND CERTAIN
NON-LEGUMES .
- 20 GRAM OF RHIZOBIUM CULTURE IS
REQUIRED TO TREAT 1 KG SEED .
- ONE PACKET OF RHIZOBIUM CONTAINS 200
GRAM OF R. CULTURE
- FER SMALL SEEDED PULSES LIKE MOONG ,
ARHAR , LENTIL , BARSEEM 500 GRAM R.
CULTURE IS SUFFICIENT FOR SEED
REQUIRMENT TOBE SOWN IN 1 HA.

14. Rhizobium species suitable for different crops :-
rhizobium species crop
R. Lugumiosorum Peas , Lathyus
Masoor , Lobia , Beens
R. tripoli Barseem
R. phaseoli Seam .
R. Japonicum Soya been (Glycine max)
R. Meliloti Pgeonpea (corjanus cojan ) ,
Ground nut ,

15. (B). AZOTOBACTER
INOCULANT
(NON-SYMBIOTIC) :-
- AZOTOBACTER CULTURE IS ESPECIALLY
BENEFICIAL FOR OILSEED CROPS.
- THEY FIX ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
INDEPENDENTLY NEAR THE ROOT ZONE .
- THEY FIX 0.026 TO 20 KG N/HA.
- THEY ALSO PRODUCE GROWTH
PROMOTING SUBSTACES LIKE INDOLE
ACETIC ACID , GIBBERELLIC ACID , ALONG
WITH CHEMICAL WHICH ARE INHIBITORY
TO CERTAIN ROOT PATHOGENS.

16. (C) . AZROSPIRILLUM
INOCULANT
(NON-SYMBIOTIC) :-
- AZOSPIRILLUM ROOT ASSOCIATION HAVE
REPORTED TO IMPROVE CROP YIELD IN
WHEAT , PEARLMILLET SORGHUM AND
SEVERAL GRASSES .
- AZOSPIRILLUM LIPOFORUM AND
AZOSPIRILLUM AMAZONAE WERE
IDENTIFIED FOR IMPROVING CROP YIELD .
- AZOSPIRILLUM CAN FIX ATMOSPHERIC
NITROGEN ABOUT 10 TO 20 KG/H .

17. (D) Blue Green Algae
(B.G.A.) :-
- In India rice fields also Algae are
typically the inhabitants of aquatic
environment soil surface and also
found in association with fungi as
lichens and plants as fern and cycads.
- B.G.A. fix approximately 25 Kg
N/ha/year.
- B.G.A. is suitable nitrogen fixer for
paddy field .
- Main sps. Ana.baena and Nostoc

18. (E). Azolaa :-
- It is floating fresh water fern .
- It‟s N-fixing ability is because of
Anabaena as Edosymbiont which is
generally used as biological source
of nitrogen in the cultivation of
rice
– Azolla pinnata is the most
tolerant to high temperature (30-
35) and most suited to low land
rice fields .
- 5.5 to7 pH soil is good for this.
- 2500 to 3000 Kg Azolla is
sufficient for one ha. Field .
- Azolla fixes 30-40 Kg nitrogen /
ha. / year.

19. 2. Phosphate Solubilizing Bio-
fertilizer :-
(A). Phosphate Solubilizing Bacterial
(P.S.B.):-
- Phosphorus is very important nutrient of plants
required in large quantity .
Inorganic forms of this nutrient are
compound of Ca , Fe , Al large amount of
phosphorus applied to various soil get fixed
which is unavailable to the plants . Several
soil bacterial , particularly those belonging
‘pseudomonas’ and ‘baeillus’and „fungi‟
belonging to penicillium and aspergillus
posses the ability to convert insoluble
phosphates in soil into soluble forms by
secreting organic acids such as acetic ,
formic , propionic lactic , glycolic , famaric
and succinic acids .
- These acids lower the pH and bring about
dissolution of bound form of phosphate.

20. (B) . MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI :-
- IT IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICRO-ORGANISMS AND
ROOT OF HIGHER PLANTS .
- MYCORRHIZAL PLANS INCREASE WATER UPTAKE AND ,
OR CHANGE THE PLANTS PHYSIOLOGY TO ADOPT STRESS
CONDITION AS SOIL DROUGHT , VAM INCREASE
EFFICIENTLY MINERAL UPTAKE RESULTING IN ENHANCED
GROWTH
- MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS REDUCE PLANT RESPONSE TO
OTHER SOIL STRESSES LIKE CELL TOXICITY , HEAVY
METAL TOXICITY , IMBALANCE IN SOIL ELEMENTS AND
HIGH SALT CONCENTRATION .
(V.A.M.) VESICULAR – ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAE :-
- V.A.M. FUNGI INCULAYED TO CROP PLANTS
COLONIZE THE PLANT ROOT SYSTEM AND INCREASE
THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF CROP PLANTS .
- THE IMPROVED PLANT GROWTH IS DUE TO
INCREASED NUTRIENT UPTAKE PARTICULARLY P , ZINC
AND OTHER MICRONUTRIENTS PRODUCTION OF
GROWTH PROMOTING SUBSTANCE TO DROUGHT AND
SALINITYAND RESISTANCE TO PLANT PATHOGENS

21. Role of bio-fertilizer in crop production :-
- In developing countries , the most important challenge is to produce sufficient food
for the growing population from inelastic land area .
- Bio-fertilizer can provide to the small and marginal farmers an economically viable
lever for realizing the ultimate goal of increasing productivity.
- The described Bio-fertilizer , treatment of Rizobium inoculant fix 20-25 kg N/ha and
increase yield by 10-25% especially in pulses .
-Treatment of non-leguminous crops with Azotobacter and Azospirillum may increas
yield by 5-15% and fix N of 20-25 kg N/ha.
- BGA and Azolla may fix 20-25 kg N /ha to rice crop.
- They don‟t have any ill effect on soil health and environment .

22. Introduction of Phosphorus :-
- Phosphorus is one of the most essential elements to humanity.
- Without phosphorus plant life would not exist .
- There is no substitute for phosphorus in crop growth .
- Mineral fertilizer like nitrogen and phosphorus led to a substantial increase
in agriculture yield .
Biological Mobilization of Phosphorus :-
- Phosphorus , the master key element is know to be involved in a plethora of
functions in the plant growth and metabolism .
(A) - Mechanism
(B) – P.S.M.

23. (A). Mechanism :-
- Phosphorus nutrition benefits the plants by
producing deeper and abundant roots .
- The supply of Phosphorus element to plant is
essential for achieving optimum crop yield .
- Phosphorus is supplied through phosphatic
fertilizer , animal manures etc.
- Plant take up their phospho-organic as the
primary orthophosphate ion H2Po4 , the
secondary orthophosphate ions HPO4 is also
believed to be absorbed by plant roots in small
quantities .

24. (B). Mode Of Action of P.S.M.
(Phosphorus Solubilizing Micro-
organism) :-
- P.S.M. include various bacterial , fungal and
actinomycetes form which help to convert
insoluble / Phosphate in to simple and soluble
form .
- Species of pseudomonas , Micrococcus ,
Bacillus , Flavobacterium , Penicillum , and
Aspergillus are some of the P.S.M. .

25. The Advantages of Bio-fertilizer :-
- Increase crop yield by 20 – 30%.
- Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%.
- Stimulated plant growth .
- Restore natural soil fertility .
- Cost effective .
- Eco-friendly .
- Reduces the cost towards fertilizers use especially regarding nitrogen and
phosphorus.
- Better germination.

26. BIO-FERTILIZER
STATISTICS AND
PRODUCTION ESTIMATES:-
State wise production of Bio-fertilizer 2008-09 to 2011-2012
Zone/State Actual production of Bio-fertilizer in metric – ton
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
East
Assam 129.355 121.04 130.00 68.33
Orissa 405.03 289.867 357.66 590.12
West Bengal 241.24 256.5 393.39 603.20
Bihar - - 136.26 75.00
North
Haryana 14.25 6.195 6.53 914.41
Himachal Pradesh - 8.5 9.00 1.29
Uttar Pradesh 885.5174 962.6417 1217.45 8695.08
Punjab 1.14 301.232 2.50 692.22

27. 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
South
Andhra Pradesh 168.136 1345.28 999.60 1126.35
Karnataka 1921.057 369528 6930 5760.32
Tamil Nadu 4687.818 3732.586 8691 3373.81
West
Gujrat 1149.69 1309.19 6318 2037.35
Madhya Pradesh 848.448 1587.677 2455.57 2309
Mharashtara 1249.67 1861.33 2924 8743.69
Source – Compiled by National Centre of Organic
Farming (Data as provided by production units / State
Government

28. List of BIO-fertilizer Units
in India and Abroad
- National Bio-fertilizer Development Centre ,
now it is „National Centre of Organic Farming‟
Gajiabaad , Uttar Pradesh , India
- Bio-fertilizer Production Unit Government of Tamil Nadu
Kukumiamalal , Pudukkottai , Tamil Nadu .
- Agriculture Bactroriology Section College of Agriculture ,
Pune , India .
- Bio-Care-Techonology . Pty. Ltd. ,
New South Wales , Australia .
- Agrproyectos Rivadavia y Obipo ,
Gelabert 3000 , Argentina

29. Conclusion :-
- The management of soil fertility
biological fertilizers is a vital
component of sustainable agriculture .
- Bio-fertilizer not only substitute of
inorganic fertilizers but also helping
the health of soil .
-Thus , it envisage an integrated of
traditional techniques with appropriate
modern advances . The need for integrated
nutrient supply system and it‟s assumed
importance towards sustainable agriculture
need to be investigated . The great
potential of Bio-fertilizer can be exploited
for this purpose.

30. References :-
 Tripathi , A.K. ; Reddy , T.Y. and Reddy ,
G.H.S. (2010) . Bio-fertilizer .
Principal of agronomy (p.p. 250 – 254).
 Katyayan , Arun (2012) . Manures , Fertilizer
and Bio-fertilizer. Fundamental of Agriculture
(p.p. 248 – 254) .
 Sharma , Arun K. (2004) . Biological fertilizer
(p.p. 67-83) , Biological Mobilization of
Phosphorus (p.p. 194 – 232). Bio-fertilizer for
Sustainable Agriculture .
 Various material collected through internet ,
:- Bio-fertilizer news letters – National Center of
Organic Farming (ncof.dacnet.nic.in)
:- Indian fertilizer scenario 2012 - Department of
fertilizer ; ( www.fert .nic.in )
:- Annual Report for 2012 – 2013Rashtriya
Chemicals and Fertilizer ; (www.rcfltd.com)
:- State-wise Capacity and Production of Bio-
fertilizer in India ; (www.indiastat.com)
 Notes and guidance provided by Dr. S.B.
Singh sir and Dr. D. S. Chonker sir.

31. THANK YOU VERY
MUCH