This document provides an overview of a seminar on bio-inoculants and their utility in commercial flower production. It begins with an introduction to the topic and an outline of what will be covered. It then discusses the types of bio-inoculants including rhizobium, azotobacter, azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae, and their roles and benefits. Several studies on the effects of various bio-inoculants on the growth and yield of different flower crops are summarized. The document concludes with tables showing biofertilizer production data in India from 2011-2015.
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture This ppt is very essential & useful for vegetable crop production, because present time the farmers was used fertilizers is more compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer. so i can suggested the farmers use of bio fertilizer because they have farmers ecofriendly.
This presentation will cover mainly Bio-Fertilizers, This presentation is given by Miss Khunsha Fatima, Bio-Fertilizers, thier classification and importance discussed in detail.
Biofertilizer are microorganisms that help plants to grow by increasing the quantity of nutrients. they defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants for the uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere.
“Any living organism supplying plant nutrients directly or indirectly is regarded as biofertilizer. They are not synthetically manufactured in factory.”
biofertilizers : Good for nature and good for yousaumya pandey
Biofertilizer are produced from living microorganism which, when applied to seed or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere and promotes growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. Introduction
Types of bio-inoculants
Role of bio-inoculants
Benefits of bio-inoculants
Review of literature…
Conclusion
Future thrust
3 3
4. INTRODUCTION
Flowers are grown since ancient times and they are
important for aesthetic, social and economic
considerations.
Flowers are symbolized for purity, beauty, peace, love,
passion and also provide excellent appearance in outdoor
and indoor decorations.
4
5. Different agro-techniques play an important role in
growth and development of various flower crops, among
them nutrition is one of the most important aspects which
directly influences the flower yield and quality.
Flowers grown by organic methods have longer vase life.
For edible flowers which are used in drinks, jellies,
salads, soups, syrups and many other dishes should be
grown organically, no chemical fertilizers should be
used.
5
6. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the
world (after China and USA) accounting for 12% of world
production of N & P nutrients and 12.6% of world consumption of
NPK nutrients.
Fertilizers supply essential plant nutrients, mainly Nitrogen(N),
Potash (K) and Phosphorous (P).
use of more chemical fertilizers has left our soils degraded,
polluted, less productive and posed severe health hazards.
6
7. Need for bio fertilizers
Use of chemical fertilizers leads to the pollution and
contamination of soil
Demand is much higher than the availability
Energy crisis and increasing cost of fertilizers
Bio fertilizers are economical, eco-friendly, more
efficient, productive and accessible to marginal and
small farmers
7
8. Biofertilizers (living fertilizer) are a mixture of micro
organisms which are capable of mobilizing nutritive
elements through biological process.
They are also called as Bio-inoculants.
Biofertilizers can be supplement to chemical fertilizers.
They contribute plant nutrients through N2 fixation,
phosphate solubilization, maintenance of soil reaction
and improvement of soil fertility. 8
Bio-inoculants or Biofertilizers
9. Biofertilizers are effective strains of micro-organisms like
bacteria, algae, fungi alone or in combination.
In commercial scale, biofertilizers are available in the form of
Rhizobium , Azotobacter , Azospirillum , Azolla, Blue Green
Algae (BGA), Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and
Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM).
9
10. When microorganisms are incorporated in soil, they
increase crop production by Biological Nitrogen Fixation,
solubilization of fixed phosphate, mobilizing unavailable
Potash & other mineral nutrients.
They also increase synthesis of growth promoting
substances such as auxins and gibberellins etc.
10
11. Biofertilizers Contribution
Rhizobium Fixes 50-200 kg N/ha. Increases yield by 10 – 30%.
Azotobacter Fixes 20-25 kg N/ha. Increase by yield10-15%.
Azospirillum Fixes 20-40 kg N/ha. Increases yield by 10-20%.
Phosphate
Solubilizers
Increases yield by 5-30%.
Blue Green
Algae {BGA}
Fixes20-30 kg N/ha.
Azolla Fixes 40-80 kg N/ha.
VAM Increases yield by 30-50%. enhances uptake of P, Zn,
S and Water.
11
Common microorganisms as Bio-
fertilizers
12. The name Rhizobium was established by Frank
in 1889.
It is symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterial.
This genus has seven distinct species based on
"Cross Inoculation Group Concept".
12
Rhizobium
13. Types of Rhizobia
1.Fast growing rhizobia is called Rhizobium
2.Slow growing rhizobia is called Bradyrhizobium
13
14. Isolated and described by Beijerinck in
1901.
Azotobacter is a free-living aerobic nitrogen
fixing bacterium.
It is used as a Bio-Fertilizer for all non
leguminous plants especially rice, cotton,
vegetables and flower crops.
Important species are
1. Azotobacter chrococcum
2. Azotobacter beijerinckii.
14
Azotobacter
15. 15
Used in crops:-
Food Crops, Oil Seeds, Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers like
marigold, rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum and dahlia.
It Promotes synthesis of growth substances like auxins,
gibberellins and vitamins,
16. AZOTOBACTER
Contribute 20-
25kg N / ha
Enhance
Seed
germination
Produce
Antibiotics
Produce
growth
promoting
substances
Stimulate soil
micro
organisms
Phosphate
solubilization
Fungicidal
property
N2
Fixation
BENEFITS OFAZOTOBACTER
16
17. Azospirillum was identified by Beijerinck.
It is first named as Spirillum lipeferum
(Dobrienier) in 1975.
Important species are
1. Azospirillum lipoferum
2. . Azospirillum brasilense
17
Azospirillium
18. Functions:
Production of growth promoting substances
Increase yield 10-20 %.
Increase vegetative growth and root development.
Increases uptake of mineral and water.
Secretes certain phytohormones like
GA3, IAA, IBA, Cytokinins etc…
Used in crops:
Food Crops, Oil Seeds, Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers like
marigold, rose, tuberose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum and
dahlia. 18
19. AZOLLA
Azolla is a free-floating water fern.
It is regarded as “Live Nitrogen Manufacturing
Factory” because, it harbors nitrogen fixing
Cyanobacteria (Anabaena azollae).
Important species are
Azolla pinnata
Azolla nilotica
Azolla mexicana
19
20. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISMS
• Many bacteria belonging to Bacillus, Pseudomonas
Micrococcus and Streptomyces and fungi belonging to
Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma efficiently
solubilize insoluble phosphate of rock phosphate
groups.
• These organisms secrete organic acids that
solubilize insoluble phosphorus added to the soil.
20
21. Types of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
Spore Rod shape
Rod shape FlagellaPigmentation
Colony
BACILLUS
PSEUDOMONAS
Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi
Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus colony Penicillium Trichoderma viridi
21
22. VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE (VAM)
The term mycorrhiza was taken from Greek language meaning
'fungus root'.
This term was coined by Frank in 1885.
VAM is an endotrophic (live inside) mycorrhiza formed by the
fungi.
VAM help in nutrient transfer mainly of phosphorus, zinc and
sulfur.
22
23. It also mobilize Cu, K, Al, Mn, Fe and Mg from the soil
to the plant roots.
Species :-
• Glomus fasciculatum
• Gigaspora nigra.
• Sclerocystis clavispora.
• Endogene increseta.
23
24. Functions :-
• Promotes more uniform crop, increases growth and
yield.
• Reduces stunting on fumigated soil.
• VAM increases root surface and improve plant water
uptake in arid Areas.
24
26. MECHANISM
The VAM forms an association with plant roots.
As the name indicates, they posses sac like structure
called vesicules which stores food materials.
The other structure called arbuscule helps bringing the
distant nutrients to the vesicules and root.
26
27. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
The group of bacteria that colonize roots or rhizosphere soil and
beneficial to crops are referred to as plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR).
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonise plant roots
and stimulate plant growth.
Species of Pseudomonas and Bacillus can produce well
characterized phytohormones or growth regulators 27
28. ROLE OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Contribute plant nutrients through biological
nitrogen fixation and solubilization of fixed
phosphate.
Cheaper in cost and reduce chemical fertilizer
consumption.
Provide atmospheric nitrogen directly to the plants.
Release of vitamins, hormones like auxins and
gibberellins etc. 28
29. Increases 10-20 per cent of crop yield.
Controls and suppress soil borne diseases.
Improve soil properties and sustain soil fertility.
Convert plant nutrients in available form.
They are eco- friendly and pollution free.
29
30. PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizers should be in good quality which
containing minimum 107/gm viable microbial count.
Preserve the biofertilizers away from sunlight, heat and
moisture.
Store them in cool and dry place at room temperature of
25-280C.
Chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers should not be
applied together as there are possibilities of the
microorganisms being killed by them. 30
31. Use only packets or bottles on which batch no, name of
manufacturer and expiry date is mentioned.
Do not mix biofertilizer in warm or hot water.
Seed coated with biofertilizers should not be treated
with fungicides and pesticides.
31
32. Sl. Method of
Application
Crops Dose/Acre Water Ratio BF
& water
1 Seed
application
All crops sown through
seeds
200g 400 ml 1:2
2 Setts treatment Setts of sugarcane , base
of banana suckers
1 or 2kg 50 -100
litres
1:50
3 Seedling
method
Rice, tomato, chilly,
cabbage, cauliflower &
flower crops
1 kg 10 litre 1:10
4 Soil application All crops 2 kg for
wetting
***
32
Methods for application of bio-fertilizers
BF – Biofertilizers
33. S.No State Production of biofertilizers in MT ( Metric Ton )
during years
2011 - 12 2012 - 13 2013 - 14 2014 - 15
1. Andhra Pradesh 1126.35 1335.74 2714.22 2668.80
2. Karnataka 5760.32 7683.72 9907.33 16462.62
3. Tamil Nadu 3373.81 11575.7 14104.83 15373.29
4. Uttar Pradesh 8695.08 1310.02 2862.221 4099.06
5. Himachal Pradesh 1.29 0 26.147 0.768
6. Kerala 904.17 1045.64 3520.66 4916.97
7. Delhi 1617.00 0 396 104.50
33
Bio fertilizer production in India during the period from
2011 - 12 to 2014-15
Source: Compiled by NCOF (Data as provided by Production Units / State
Govt)
49. 49
Chauhan (2005)
Effect of biofertilizers and chemical
nitrogenous fertilizer on growth, yield and
quality of chrysanthemum
50. 50
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
Flower
yield
(t/ha)
Vase
life
(days)
Keeping
life without
pedicel
(days)
Keeping
life with
pedicel
(days)
T1 : 200 kg N/ha (control) 63.47 9.66 12.03 6.68 10.35
T2 : 200 kg N/ha + Azotobacter 65.50 9.94 11.91 6.62 10.14
T3 : 175 kg N/ha + Azotobacter 61.27 9.42 12.40 6.73 10.58
T4 : 150 kg N/ha + Azotobacter 60.00 9.22 13.72 7.51 11.70
T5 : 200 kg N/ha + Azospirillum 65.70 9.81 11.74 6.61 10.15
T6 : 175 kg N/ha + Azospirillum 61.90 9.60 12.38 6.74 10.40
T7 : 150 kg N/ha + Azospirillum 59.60 5.91 11.37 6.21 8.48
T8 : 200 kg N/ha + Azotobacter + Azospirillum 68.70 10.84 11.40 6.24 8.50
T9 : 175 kg N/ha + Azotobacter +
Azospirillum
70.93 11.76 13.90 7.72 12.00
T10 : 150 kg N/ha + Azotobacter + Azospirillum 60.73 9.02 12.40 7.30 11.58
Table : 7 Effect of biofertilizers and chemical nitrogenous fertilizer on
growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum
Chauhan (2005)
51. 51
FUTURE THRUST
• Identification and isolation of efficient strains of
biofertilizers for flower crops.
• Strains that increase N2 fixing ability should be
identified and selected.
• Recommendations regarding type of inoculums, time, dose and
mode of application are needed to be specified and standardized.
52. 52
Financial and technical support.
Establishment of new RBD’c (Regional Biofertilizers
Development Centers).
Encouragement to private sectors, Volunteers
organization for production, distribution and marketing.
Publicity programmes through mass media.
To bring all production units under control of DAC
(Department of Agriculture and Co-operation).
Training for farmers, extension workers, producers and traders
on various aspects of technology.
GOVT. STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF
BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION
53. CONCLUSION
With the changing scenario of Indian floriculture, the
biofertilizers play an important role in modern
technology through nitrogen fixation, phosphate
solubilization and decomposition of organic matter.
The response of biofertilizers varies with flower species.
The application of biofertilizers like Azotobacter,
Azospirillum and PSM @ 2-3 kg/ha. and VAM @
2g/plant and it’s combination found effective.
53
