This document provides information on three types of panel boards: binderless wood particle board, cement bonded particle board, and gypsum board. It discusses the history, manufacturing process, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each type. For binderless board, it focuses on how temperature, compression, and particle composition affect the binding properties and final density profile. Cement bonded board and gypsum board are summarized with regards to their production levels globally and various applications.
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
MDF, Medium Density Fiberboard (Interior-use Engineered Wood Panel Product, M...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. Medium density fibreboard is made basically the same way as particle board which is by gluing the fibres together with a resin and then compressing the board under heat, later the board is cut into appropriate lengths after it has dried.
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Business guidance for Medium Density Fiberboard MDF making business, Detailed Project Report on Medium Density Fiberboard production unit, Download free project profile on Medium Density Fiberboard, Feasibility report on Medium Density Fiberboard MDF plant, Fiberboard manufacturing process, Free Project Profile on Medium Density Fiberboard industry, Great Opportunity for Startup, How fiberboard is made, How Is MDF Made?, How MDF is made step by step, How MDF is made, How to make Medium Density Fiberboard MDF, How to start a successful Medium Density Fiberboard business, How to Start MDF Production Industry in India, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard business, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard MDF Making Business, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard Production Business, Manufacture of MDF and Fibreboards, Manufacturing Process of Medium Density Fibreboard, MDF Based Small Scale Industries Projects, MDF manufacturing Business Plan, MDF manufacturing process, MDF manufacturing process, MDF production line, MDF production process, MDF Project Plan, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Manufacturing Plant, Medium Density Fiberboard Applications, Medium Density Fiberboard Based Profitable Projects, Medium density fiberboard Business Plan, Medium Density Fiberboard Business, Medium Density Fiberboard making Industry in India, Medium Density Fiberboard making machine factory, Medium Density Fiberboard Making Small Business Manufacturing, Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing, Medium Density Fiberboard MDF production, Medium Density Fiberboard production Projects, Medium density fiberboard projects, Medium Density Fibreboard Design Technology, Medium Density Fibreboard Properties & Uses, Medium-density fiberboard business, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Medium Density Fiberboard Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Medium Density Fiberboard industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Medium Density Fiberboard, Preparation of Project Profiles, Profitable Small Scale Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing, Project consultancy, Project consultant, Project profile on Medium Density Fiberboard production, Project report on Medium Density Fiberboard industries, Project Report on Medium Density Fiberboard manufacturing plant
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
MDF, Medium Density Fiberboard (Interior-use Engineered Wood Panel Product, M...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. Medium density fibreboard is made basically the same way as particle board which is by gluing the fibres together with a resin and then compressing the board under heat, later the board is cut into appropriate lengths after it has dried.
See more
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Business guidance for Medium Density Fiberboard MDF making business, Detailed Project Report on Medium Density Fiberboard production unit, Download free project profile on Medium Density Fiberboard, Feasibility report on Medium Density Fiberboard MDF plant, Fiberboard manufacturing process, Free Project Profile on Medium Density Fiberboard industry, Great Opportunity for Startup, How fiberboard is made, How Is MDF Made?, How MDF is made step by step, How MDF is made, How to make Medium Density Fiberboard MDF, How to start a successful Medium Density Fiberboard business, How to Start MDF Production Industry in India, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard business, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard MDF Making Business, How to Start Medium Density Fiberboard Production Business, Manufacture of MDF and Fibreboards, Manufacturing Process of Medium Density Fibreboard, MDF Based Small Scale Industries Projects, MDF manufacturing Business Plan, MDF manufacturing process, MDF manufacturing process, MDF production line, MDF production process, MDF Project Plan, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Manufacturing Plant, Medium Density Fiberboard Applications, Medium Density Fiberboard Based Profitable Projects, Medium density fiberboard Business Plan, Medium Density Fiberboard Business, Medium Density Fiberboard making Industry in India, Medium Density Fiberboard making machine factory, Medium Density Fiberboard Making Small Business Manufacturing, Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing, Medium Density Fiberboard MDF production, Medium Density Fiberboard production Projects, Medium density fiberboard projects, Medium Density Fibreboard Design Technology, Medium Density Fibreboard Properties & Uses, Medium-density fiberboard business, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Medium Density Fiberboard Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Medium Density Fiberboard industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Medium Density Fiberboard, Preparation of Project Profiles, Profitable Small Scale Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing, Project consultancy, Project consultant, Project profile on Medium Density Fiberboard production, Project report on Medium Density Fiberboard industries, Project Report on Medium Density Fiberboard manufacturing plant
INTRODUCTION -BENEFITS OF TIMBER, USES OF TIMBER ,DEFECTS IN TIMBER ,PLANTATIONS ,HARVESTING TIMBER ,
TIMBER IS CELLULAR,TIMBER FLOWS THROUGH ECONOMY ,DURABILITY ISSUES
Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN Hiran Amarasekera
P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya and H S Amarasekera
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2010 Annual Symposium organized by Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka http://fesympo.sjp.ac.lk/
Full Paper
http://staff.sjp.ac.lk/hiran/publications/factors-affecting-seasoning-timber-using-sawdust-operated-kiln
INTRODUCTION -BENEFITS OF TIMBER, USES OF TIMBER ,DEFECTS IN TIMBER ,PLANTATIONS ,HARVESTING TIMBER ,
TIMBER IS CELLULAR,TIMBER FLOWS THROUGH ECONOMY ,DURABILITY ISSUES
Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN Hiran Amarasekera
P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya and H S Amarasekera
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2010 Annual Symposium organized by Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka http://fesympo.sjp.ac.lk/
Full Paper
http://staff.sjp.ac.lk/hiran/publications/factors-affecting-seasoning-timber-using-sawdust-operated-kiln
This presentation was held when the ASSA ABLOY Group released its interim report first quarter January-March 2014 on Tuesday 29 April 2014. The presentation was held at the combined investors’ and analyst meeting and web conference at Operaterrassen in Stockholm, Sweden.
Drywall sanding should be done in a perfect way so that you will get a perfect finishing at the end of the steps. to know more details and tips about drywall sanding visit the above slide
Construction Documents Required by the Connecticut Building CodeMilton Grew
This is the PowerPoint presentation for a seminar I conducted for Litchfield Country Building Officials and the CT Professional Chapter of BOCA in 2003.
Design, manufacture and installation of high quality; relocatable and demountable partition systems including glass partitions, wood coatings for wall and pillar and door systems have been developing since 1988 with ease of relocation and flexibility in mind while maintaining a streamlined and contemporary look and feel.
Wilson is a premium brand of flooring produced by Wilson Hoa Binh specializing in manufacturing and trading Laminate Flooring, SPC Flooring and Accessories, a subsidiary of Wilson Group in Vietnam. Based in Hoa Binh Province, the factories boast over 100,000 m2 of land, with space to hold up to German full production lines and projected capacity of up to 500,000 m2 of Laminate Flooring and 70,000 m2 of SPC Flooring per month by the end of 2019.
Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks Machine- Manufacturers & Suppliers
Our proficient and dedicated professionals make the utmost use of these facilities and work round the clock with a client centric approach to meet the industrial requirements. These professionals are well versed and have updated knowledge on the latest technology which ensures hassle free and efficient procurement and storage. We have been highly benefited by our facilities, this being one of the reasons for establishing ourselves as a prominent organization.
www.clcblockmachine.in, www.clcplant.com
Cement Bonded Particle Board Manufacturer in India -Bison Panel Product Guide...BisonPanel1
Bison Panel or also known as Bison Board is a Cement Bonded Particle Board made out of Cement and Mineralised wood particles.
As Bison Panels are extremely Durable, Flexible, Fire and Water resistant in nature, these multi – purpose boards can be used for both Interior and Exterior applications ranging from False Ceiling, Partitions, Internal and External Wall Cladding, Furniture, Wardrobes etc.
Bison Panels / Bison boards are Eco – friendly and Non – Toxic in Nature. It is a Non-carcinogenic material and 100% asbestos free.
https://bisonpanel.com
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. FWT- 3203
Panel Products, Adhesion, Adhesive and Finishes
Cement Bonded Particle Board,
Gypsum Board,
Binder less Board, Other board
Md. Sajjad Hossain Tuhin
Student ID: 100510
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University
8/14/2014 Group 5 1
2. Presentation outline
2. Cement Bonded Particle Board
History
Manufacturing Process
Production
Uses
Advantages and Disadvantage
3. Gypsum Wood Particle Board
History
Manufacturing Process
Uses
Types
Advantages and Disadvantage8/14/2014 Group 5 2
1. Binderless Wood Particle Board
Advantages and Dis-advantages
Uses
Manufacturing Process
Density profile
3. Binderless Wood Particle Board
A panel of wood particles (e.g., cellulosic fibers) formed by using only
water, heat and pressure and without any adhesives.
Binder less particle Board is the type of panel where no external adhesives
are used and in wood lignin and hemicelluloses acts as adhesives.
Hot pressing Temperature can be 150°C- 250°C and for cold pressing it is
pressed with water and 20-25°C
Compression rate is depends on particle type and pressing system usually it
is 0.1-3Mpa
Density is around 450 kg/m3 - 1350 kg/m3
Heat and pressure is depends upon the particles properties.(e.g. density, MC)
8/14/2014 Group 5 3
6. Influence of temperature
By increasing of temperature MOR of the produced panel is increased ,
Water absorption and roughness is decreased. Internal board strength is
increasing but decreasing after 190°C
8/14/2014 Group 5 6
7. Binding Properties
In wood 38-50% Cellulose, Hemicellulose 23-32% and Lignin 15-25%
Around 50-55% is Hemicellulose 23-32% and Lignin 15-25%
Hemicellulose and Lignin are much more thermoplastic than Cellulose
Lignin shows thermal softening at 127-235°C
Hemicellulose shows thermal softening at 167-217°C
Cellulose shows thermal softening at 231-253°C
In 20% MC Lignin thermal softening point at 72-128°C and Hemicellulose
is 54-142°C
Cellulose shows decreasing thermal softening point only 6-9°C
So binding temperature used at 170-180°C with 20% MC
8/14/2014 Group 5 7
9. FIG.1 shoes a density profile for a binderless fiberboard having uniform density
throughout the thickness of the panel.
Density Profile
8/14/2014 Group 5 9
10. Uses of Binderless wood particle board
Decorative use
Light construction
Internal use
Sound insulation
Partition wall making
8/14/2014 Group 5 10
11. Produce thick board of medium density.
Density profile significantly more uniform
Supplementary particle can be used,
Good appearance
Environmentally friendly.
Less costly
Can be recycled
Good insulating properties
Less water absorption
Advantages and Dis-advantages of Binderless wood panel
Dis-advantages
Not much durable
Require more pressure
Difficult to prepare
Low MOR and MOE
Advantages
8/14/2014 Group 5 11
12. Cement Bonded Particle Board
Also known as Wood- Cement Board (WCB)
First commercially manufactured in the early nineteen seventies (1970)
It is a mixture of wood particles and Portland cement together with some
additives
Ratio: Cement 50-60%, Wood 20-25%, Water 25-30%. (2.2:1:1-1.1)
It is very good sound insulator and dimensionally stable
Density is around 1100 kg/m3 - 1200 kg/m3
Density can be decreased at 850 kg/m3 in Oriented-wood-cement
Boards(OWCB)
8/14/2014 Group 5 12
13. 1900 - The first mineral bonded board was produced by an Austrian carpenter
using wood shavings and gypsum.
1920 - The first Wood Wool Cement Board (WWCB) is produced in Austria.
Several others in Europe followed.
1930 - Wooden lath reinforced WWCB roofing boards produced in Holland,
along with the first Cement Bonded Wood Chips (Durisol) boards.
1950 - Velox boards produced in Austria from course wood particles and
cement.
1970 - The first Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB), called Duripanel,
was produced in Switzerland.
2000 - Eltomation developed a fully automatic plant for Wood Strand Cement
Board with approx. 1100 kg/m³, called EltoBoard
History
8/14/2014 Group 5 13
15. It is manufactured by 43 companies world wide.
CBPB is currently produced by 16 manufacturers around the world
18% of world-wide cement board production.
Most of the major cement board producers are privately owned companies that do not
publish financial reports, limiting the analysis of company progress
0 2 4 6 8
Developed
countries
Global
2011
2012
2013
2014
Production
Percentages
8/14/2014 Group 5 15
Source: http://www.globalcement.com
16. Uses of WCB
Exterior and partition walls
Coating of the wall
Decoration
Acoustic and thermal insulation.
Flooring
Large size prefabricated elements for permanent shuttering of concrete walls
The production of complete prefabricated houses.
Roofing, shingles and shades.
Ceilings and architraves.
Fire resistant construction.
8/14/2014 Group 5 16
18. High fire resistance
Wet and dry rot resistance because of its high alkalinity (pH 11)
Freeze-thaw resistance
Termite and vermin resistance
Excellent workability
Exceptional insulation and acoustic performance
Low cost and ease of manufacture
Can be used in both exterior and interior purposes
Advantages of WCB
8/14/2014 Group 5 18
19. Disadvantage of WCB
High Density
For high density it is very difficult to handle in manufacturing and use. Need
more transportation cost and can not used in light constructions like
furniture.
For long curing time manufacturing process is more complex and time
consuming. Needed extra care and attention in hydration process of
cement. Need more labor.
Long curing time
8/14/2014 Group 5 19
20. Solution of the problems
Density Problem: Oriented wood-cement boards (OWCB)
Oriented wood-cement boards (OWCB) were manufactured with wood/cement
(w/w) ratio of 1:1 and SiO2 used as cement replacement up to 20%. Specific
gravity 850 kg/m3 and MOR 2.1 to 2.8 Mpa.
Time problem: Mainly reduction of alkalinity from 13-17 to around 10.
1. Using additives: CaCO3, CaSO4,Calcium Salfoaluminate (CSA). etc.
2. Carbon-di- oxide treatment.
3. Converting manufacturing temperature( 1500°C to 1200°C)
8/14/2014 Group 5 20
21. Gypsum
Gypsum is a mineral found in sedimentary rock formations in a crystalline
form known as calcium sulfate di-hydrate CaSO4•2H2O
Gypsum Wood Particle Board (Drywall)
Gypsum Particle board
Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that
consist of a noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a
paper surfacing on the face, back and long edges.
Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or plasterboard.
8/14/2014 Group 5 21
22. The first plasterboard plant in the UK was opened in 1888.
Rochester Kent Sackett Board was invented in 1894 by Augustine Sackett and
Fred Kane.
The first mineral bonded board was produced by an Austrian carpenter using
wood shavings and gypsum in 1900
In 1910 United States Gypsum Corporation bought Sackett Plaster Board
Company and by 1917 came out with a product they called Sheetrock.
Gypsum Board evolved between 1910 and 1930 beginning with wrapped
board edges, and elimination of the two inner layers of felt paper in favor of
paper-based facings.
History
8/14/2014 Group 5 22
23. Manufacturing Zones Sizes
Canada and the United States Width : 48-inch (1.2 m),54-inch (1.4 m) and
96-inch (2.4 m)
Thicknesses: 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) , 5⁄8-inch (16
mm), and 1⁄4-inch.
Europe Width: 20 cm ,90 cm and 60 cm
Lengths: 250, 260, 270, 280, 300 cm
Thicknesses: 9.5 mm to 25 mm
Australia and New Zealand Thicknesses:10mm, 13mm, and 16mm, and
up to 25mm.
Mainly Produced in U.S.A, Canada, Europe, Australia and New Zealand
Over 8 Billion Pounds of Drywall Scrap Annually in the U.S.A.
Production
8/14/2014 Group 5 23
25. Uses of Drywall
Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing.
It can be applied to masonry and concrete surfaces.
To overcome dampness in exterior walls.
Use for decorative purpose
Use pattern of Drywall from 1995-2008
8/14/2014 Group 5 25
26. Abuse-resistant gypsum board (Greater resistance to surface friction)
Eased edge gypsum board (Has a tapered and slightly rounded)
Exterior gypsum soffit board (Use on the undersides of eaves)
Foil-backed gypsum (Aluminum foil laminated to the surface)
Gypsum base for veneer plaster (Coats with gypsum veneer plaster)
Mold-resistant board
Non-paper-faced gypsum (has a facing other than paper)
Regular gypsum board
Sag-resistant board
Types of used Drywall
8/14/2014 Group 5 26
27. Ease of installation
It can also be adhesively attached to many substrates.
Lightweight material.
It is an excellent fire-resistive building material.
Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound .
Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality
walls and ceilings.
Cheap manufacturing cost
Advantages of Gypsum Board
8/14/2014 Group 5 27
28. Drywall may become damaged when exposed to water.
Water mold damage.
Environmentally not sound
Harmful for health produce toxic SO2 gas
High wastage in use and manufacturing 2,000 Square Foot
House = 1 Ton of Waste
High density about 1.1-1.4
Disadvantages of Drywall
8/14/2014 Group 5 28
30. References
Almeida, R. R.; Del Menezzi, C. H. S.; Teixeira, D. E. 2002. Utilization of the coconut shell of
Babaçu (Orbignya sp.) to produce cement-bonded particleboards. Bioresource Technology 85
(2): 159-163.
Hashim R ,Hamid SHA , Sulaiman O, Ismail N, Ibrahim M H, Jais H, et al. 2009, Extractable
formaldehyde from waste medium density fibreboard .J Trop ForestSci2009;21:25–33
Hermawan D (2001). Manufacture of cement-bonded particleboard using carbon dioxide
curing technology. A Dissertation present to the Department of Forest and Biomass Science,
Graduate School of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
http://books.google.com.bd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_board
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Binderless+particleboard+resistance+to+termite+attack.-
a0318492657
M. Sato, 2002 “Study on manufacture and mechanical properties of kenaf binderless
board”,Timber construction in the new millennium, World Conference on Timber Engineering,
vol.2, 2002, pp.262-268.
Mobarak F,Fahmy Y,Augustin H.1982, Binderless lignocelluloses composite from bagasse and
mechanism of self bonding. Holzforshung 1982;36:131–5
Viswanathan, R., and Gothandapani, L., 1999. Pressure density relationships and stress
relaxation characteristics of coirpith". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 73
,pp.217-225.
Widyorini R, XuJ, Watanabe T, Kawai S. 2005, Chemical changes in steam-pressed kenaf core
binderless particleboard. J Wood Sci 2005;51:26–32.
8/14/2014 Group 5 30