The document provides biographical information on four prominent figures: Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, and Julian Assange. It discusses their early lives, careers founding major technology companies (Microsoft, Apple, Facebook, and WikiLeaks), and contributions to the technology industry. Key events and roles for each person are summarized, such as Gates founding Microsoft, Jobs' roles at Apple and Pixar, Zuckerberg launching Facebook, and Assange's work as editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks.
History of social media from 1970 to present day. Includes information about Robert Metcalfe and the invention of ethernet, innovation and technology adoption cycles, social media interaction, Steve Wozniak, Google, The Huffington Post, Steve Jobs, and an introduction to Internet.org (If anyone is involved with internet.org and sees this post, please email me at susanchesley@gmail.com as I'm very interested in learning more about this initiative.) Slides also include excellent Saved by the Bell Zack Morris 90s cell phone references.
Brief overview of social media tools followed by application: community building, social media policy development, and PR/Crisis management. All from the perspective of schools and education.
In 2000, Bran Ferren and fellow Disney R&D executive Danny Hillis left to found a design and invention firm called Applied Minds. Hillis was also a renowned entrepreneur; among other accomplishments, he had founded Thinking Machines, the first company to make parallel architecture supercomputers. Based in Los Angeles, Applied Minds soon gained an enviable track record of successful projects. In 2014, Applied Minds spun out another atelier-style company, called Applied Inventions, which is based in Boston and works on startup and commercial inventions. Applied Minds continues to focus on projects for government and large-scale businesses. Now run by Ferren, it is dedicated to assembling creative minds in a wide variety of disciplines, including gaming software, biotechnology, materials science, specialized exploration vehicles, and satellite and space technology. The researchers at Applied Minds collaborate continually across disciplines to produce game-changing innovations.
The significance of Ferren’s ideas about innovation is not limited to design and technology. His enterprises have attracted, empowered, and nurtured dozens of remarkable artists, inventors, and engineers. They produce breakthrough innovations in record time, with an extraordinarily consistent track record and in a variety of industrial and consumer areas. He has, in other words, created a company that routinely creates miracles.
Ferren spoke with strategy+business at the Applied Minds rapid prototyping facility in Burbank, Calif. The conversation cut to the heart of a key aspiration for many business leaders: fostering greatness, in the form of new products, services, and technologies, within the context of an established company or institution.
These are the questions asked in the main round of Cybermania - a computer quiz held at Loyola School, Jamshedpur, India. The quiz was for students of standard 6 to 10.
If you have any doubts or further questions, contact the quizmaster at Twitter: @divyekapoor or on Google+ at http://gplus.to/divyekapoor
I'll be happy to share the slides with you if you ask me politely on any of these social networks. :)
PDF, audio, and voiceover are now available on designintechreport.wordpress.com
Today’s most beloved technology products and services balance design and engineering in a way that perfectly blends form and function. Businesses started by designers have created billions of dollars of value, are raising billions in capital, and VC firms increasingly see the importance of design. The third annual Design in Tech Report examines how design trends are revolutionizing the entrepreneurial and corporate ecosystems in tech. This report covers related M&A activity, new patterns in creativity × business, and the rise of computational design.
History of social media from 1970 to present day. Includes information about Robert Metcalfe and the invention of ethernet, innovation and technology adoption cycles, social media interaction, Steve Wozniak, Google, The Huffington Post, Steve Jobs, and an introduction to Internet.org (If anyone is involved with internet.org and sees this post, please email me at susanchesley@gmail.com as I'm very interested in learning more about this initiative.) Slides also include excellent Saved by the Bell Zack Morris 90s cell phone references.
Brief overview of social media tools followed by application: community building, social media policy development, and PR/Crisis management. All from the perspective of schools and education.
In 2000, Bran Ferren and fellow Disney R&D executive Danny Hillis left to found a design and invention firm called Applied Minds. Hillis was also a renowned entrepreneur; among other accomplishments, he had founded Thinking Machines, the first company to make parallel architecture supercomputers. Based in Los Angeles, Applied Minds soon gained an enviable track record of successful projects. In 2014, Applied Minds spun out another atelier-style company, called Applied Inventions, which is based in Boston and works on startup and commercial inventions. Applied Minds continues to focus on projects for government and large-scale businesses. Now run by Ferren, it is dedicated to assembling creative minds in a wide variety of disciplines, including gaming software, biotechnology, materials science, specialized exploration vehicles, and satellite and space technology. The researchers at Applied Minds collaborate continually across disciplines to produce game-changing innovations.
The significance of Ferren’s ideas about innovation is not limited to design and technology. His enterprises have attracted, empowered, and nurtured dozens of remarkable artists, inventors, and engineers. They produce breakthrough innovations in record time, with an extraordinarily consistent track record and in a variety of industrial and consumer areas. He has, in other words, created a company that routinely creates miracles.
Ferren spoke with strategy+business at the Applied Minds rapid prototyping facility in Burbank, Calif. The conversation cut to the heart of a key aspiration for many business leaders: fostering greatness, in the form of new products, services, and technologies, within the context of an established company or institution.
These are the questions asked in the main round of Cybermania - a computer quiz held at Loyola School, Jamshedpur, India. The quiz was for students of standard 6 to 10.
If you have any doubts or further questions, contact the quizmaster at Twitter: @divyekapoor or on Google+ at http://gplus.to/divyekapoor
I'll be happy to share the slides with you if you ask me politely on any of these social networks. :)
PDF, audio, and voiceover are now available on designintechreport.wordpress.com
Today’s most beloved technology products and services balance design and engineering in a way that perfectly blends form and function. Businesses started by designers have created billions of dollars of value, are raising billions in capital, and VC firms increasingly see the importance of design. The third annual Design in Tech Report examines how design trends are revolutionizing the entrepreneurial and corporate ecosystems in tech. This report covers related M&A activity, new patterns in creativity × business, and the rise of computational design.
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT & RETENTION: A REVIEW OF LITERATUREIJBBR
The other objective is to analyze the critical factor which can affect the level of retention & engagement of
employees with the help of literature review. For the current article the researchers reviewed 30 relevant
research papers/ literature comprising employee retention& engagement concepts and practices amply.
The findings of the study like good training & development, compensation structures, autonomy, quality of
work life, work polices and arrangements will lead the managers and management to a new dimension with
holistic approach in the field of employee retention & engagement.
DATA SCIENCE IS CATALYZING BUSINESS AND INNOVATION Elvis Muyanja
Today, data science is enabling companies, governments, research centres and other organisations to turn their volumes of big data into valuable and actionable insights. It is important to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other useful business information. According to the McKinsey Global Institute, the U.S. alone could face a shortage of about 190,000 data scientists and 1.5 million managers and analysts who can understand and make decisions using big data by 2018. In coming years, data scientists will be vital to all sectors —from law and medicine to media and nonprofits. Has the African continent planned to train the next generation of data scientists required on the continent?
Big Data Meets Learning Science: Keynote by Al EssaSpark Summit
How do we learn and how can we learn better? Educational technology is undergoing a revolution fueled by learning science and data science. The promise is to make a high-quality personalized education accessible and affordable by all. In this presentation Alfred will describe how Apache Spark and Databricks are at the center of the innovation pipeline at McGraw Hill for developing next-generation learner models and algorithms in support of millions of learners and instructors worldwide.
In this session, you'll learn what’s new and hot with AWS Lambda. Come learn about what we’ve been working on and what we are planning for the future. You'll get a hands-on demonstration of some our newest features.
Machine Learning is the new buzz word and AI is the slang word these days. What does happen in this exiting field in Europe? Is AI common ground for all businesses or the exclusive territory for a few? Who has managed to validate a business model for autonomous vehicles or chatbots? What does data-driven or API-first business models look like?
Youth Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San .docxdanielfoster65629
Youth
Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco,
California. His unwed biological parents, Joanne Schieble and Abdulfattah
Jandali, put him up for adoption. Steve was adopted by Paul and Clara
Jobs, a lower-middle-class couple, who moved to the suburban city of
Mountain View a couple of years later.
Paul Jobs and his son
The Santa Clara county, south of the Bay Area, became known as Silicon
Valley in the early 1950s after the sprouting of a myriad of semi-conductor
companies. As a result, young Steve Jobs grew up in a neighborhood of
engineers working on electronics and other gizmos in their garages on
weekends. This shaped his interest in the field as he grew up. At age 13,
he met one the most important persons in his life: 18-year-old Stephen
Wozniak, an electronics wiz kid, and, like Steve, an incorrigible prankster.
Five years later, when Steve Jobs reached college age, he told his parents
he wanted to enroll in Reed College — an expensive liberal arts college up
in Oregon. Even though the tuition fees were astronomical for the poor
couple, they had promised their son's biological parents he would get a
college education, so they relented. Steve spent only one semester at
Reed, then dropped out, as he was more interested in eastern philosophy,
fruitarian diets, and LSD than in the classes he took. He moved to a hippie
commune in Oregon where his main activity was cultivating apples.
A few months later, Steve returned to California to look for a job. He was
hired at the young video game maker Atari, and used his wages to make a
trip to India with one of his college friends, in order to 'seek
enlightenment'. He came back a little disillusioned and started to take
interest in his friend Woz's new activities.
Apple's origins
The Jobses garage
Woz, whose interest in electronics had grown stronger, was regularly
attending meetings of a group of early computer hobbyists called the
Homebrew Computer Club. They were the real pioneers of personal
computing, a collection of radio jammers, computer professionals and
enlightened amateurs who gathered to show off their latest prowess in
building their own personal computer or writing software. The club started
to gain popularity after the Altair 8800 personal computer kit came out in
1975.
The knowledge that Woz gathered at the Homebrew meetings, as well as
his exceptional talent, allowed him to build his own computer board —
simply because he wanted a personal computer for himself. Steve Jobs
took interest, and he quickly understood that his friend's brilliant invention
could be sold to software hobbyists, who wanted to write software
without the hassle of assembling a computer kit. Jobs convinced Wozniak
to start a company for that purpose: Apple Computer was born on April 1,
1976.
The following months were spent assembling boards of Apple I computers
in the Jobses' garage, and selling them to independent computer dealers
in .
Download the file to view the presentation properly, as many animations cannot be viewed here including those on the first slide itself. You might need AC3 filter to listen to the video in the second last slide.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their English first part NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Submitted to. Sir. Aftab.
Prepared By. Bilal Maqbool.
Department SE-I
Roll no. 10
University University of Azad Jammu
And Kashmir.
Date: 31/10/2011
Topics:-
Bill Gates
( Former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft )
Steve Jobs
( Co-founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive officer of Apple Inc.)
Mark Zuckerberg.
( Chief executive and president social networking site Facebook )
Julian Assange
(Editor in chief of WikiLeaks )
1/6
2. William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate,
investor, philanthropist, author, and former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software
company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest
people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked
third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software
architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock.
He has also authored or co-authored severalbooks.
Early life
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His
parents are of English, German, and Scotch-Irish descent.[10][11]
His father was a prominent
lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the
United Way. Gates's maternal grandfather was J. W. Maxwell, a national bank president.
Microsoft
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair
8800, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).
IBM partnership
In 1980, IBM approached Microsoft to write the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal
computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating
system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M
operating system.
Windows
Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in
August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2.
Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system,
mounting creative differences undermined the partnership. Gates distributed an internal memo on
May 16, 1991, announcing that the OS/2 partnership was over and Microsoft would shift its
efforts to the Windows NT kernel development.
Post-Microsoft
Since leaving Microsoft, Gates continues his philanthropy and, among other projects, purchased
the video rights to the Messenger Lectures series called The Character of Physical Law, given at
Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are
available online to the public at Microsoft's Project Tuva.
In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
where he asked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures.
2/6
3. StevenPaul "Steve" Jobs February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American inventor and businessman
widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief
executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs was co-founder and previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation
Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of the Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the
acquisition of Pixar by Disney.
In the late 1970s, Jobs—along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula and others—designed, developed,
and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s,
Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led
to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh.
Early life
Jobs was born in San Francisco and adopted at birth by Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian).
They moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when he was five years old. His adoptive mother
was an accountant, who taught him to read before he went to school.
Career
Apple Computer
In 1976, Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded Apple, with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel
product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. "Mike" Markkula, Jr. Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an
electronics hacker. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-
driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh.
NeXT Computer
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of
money and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of
billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company. NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at
$9,999.
Return to Apple
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy neXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs
back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He
was formally named interim chief executive in September. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to
profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc.
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of
the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into
consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the
introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own
mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees
that "real artists ship".
Death
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from relapse of his previously
treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer.
3/6
4. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is best
known for co-creating the social networking site Facebook, of which he is chief executive and president. It was co-founded
as a private company in 2004 by Zuckerberg and classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while
they were students at Harvard University. In 2010, Zuckerberg was named Time magazine's Person of the Year. As of 2011,
his personal wealth was estimated to be $17.5 billion.
Personal life
Zuckerberg was born in 1984 in White Plains, New York to Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward Zuckerberg, a dentist. He and
his three sisters, Randi, Donna, and Arielle, were brought up in Dobbs Ferry, New York. Zuckerberg was raised Jewish and
had his bar mitzvah when he turned 13; he has since described himself as an atheist.
At Ardsley High School, Zuckerberg had excelled in the classics before transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy in his
junior year, where he won prizes in science (math, astronomy and physics) and Classical studies.
Software developer
Early years
Zuckerberg began using computers and writing software as a child in middle school. His father taught him Atari BASIC
Programming in the 1990s, and later hired software developer David Newman to tutor him privately. Newman calls him a
"prodigy," adding that it was "tough to stay ahead of him." Zuckerberg also took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy
College near his home while he was still in high school.
Harvard years
By the time he began classes at Harvard, he had already achieved a "reputation as a programming prodigy," notes Vargas.
He studied psychology and computer science as well as belonging to Alpha Epsilon Pi, a Jewish fraternity. In his sophomore
year, he wrote a program he called CourseMatch, which allowed users to make class selection decisions based on the
choices of other students and also to help them form study groups. A short time later, he created a different program he
initially called Facemash that let students select the best looking person from a choice of photos. According to Zuckerberg's
roommate at the time, Arie Hasit, "he built the site for fun." Hasit explains:We had books called Face Books.
Facebook
Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room on February 4, 2004. An earlier inspiration for Facebook
may have come from Phillips Exeter Academy, the prep school from which Zuckerberg graduated in 2002. It published its
own student directory, “The Photo Address Book,” which students referred to as “The Facebook.” Such photo directories
were an important part of the student social experience at many private schools. With them, students were able to list
attributes such as their class years, their proximities to friends, and their telephone numbers.
In 2010, Steven Levy, who authored the 1984 book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, wrote that Zuckerberg
"clearly thinks of himself as a hacker." Zuckerberg said that "it's OK to break things" "to make them better." Facebook
instituted "hackathons" held every six to eight weeks where participants would have one night to conceive of and complete a
project.
4/6
5. Julian Paul Assange (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian publisher, journalist, computer programmer and Internet activist.
He is the editor in chief of WikiLeaks, a whistleblower website and conduit for worldwide news leaks, with the stated
purpose of creating open governments. Assange was a hacker in his youth, before becoming a computer programmer. He
has lived in several countries and has made public appearances in many parts of the world to speak about freedom of the
press, censorship, and investigative journalism.
Early life
Assange was born in Townsville, Queensland, and spent much of his youth living on Magnetic Island.
His biological father was John Shipton, and his mother Christine was the daughter of Scottish-born principal of Northern
Rivers College, Warren Hawkins. Assange claims that his "grandfather was a Taiwanese pirate". When Julian was one year
old, Christine married theatre director Brett Assange, who gave him his surname.
Hacking and conviction
In 1987, after turning 16, Assange began hacking under the name "Mendax" (derived from a phrase of Horace: "splendide
mendax", or "nobly untruthful"). He and two other hackers joined to form a group they named the International Subversives.
Assange wrote down the early rules of the subculture: "Don't damage computer systems you break into (including crashing
them); don't change the information in those systems (except for altering logs to cover your tracks); and share information".
Child custody issues
In 1989, Assange started living with his girlfriend and they had a son, Daniel Assange. They split up during the period of
Assange's arrest and conviction. They subsequently engaged in a lengthy custody struggle and did not agree on a custody
arrangement until 1999.
Computer programming and university studies
In 1993, Assange was involved in starting one of the first public internet service providers in Australia, Suburbia Public
Access Network. Starting in 1994, he lived in Melbourne as a programmer and a developer of free software. In 1995, he
wrote Strobe,the first free and open source port scanner. He contributed several patches to the PostgreSQL project in 1996.
He helped to write the book Underground: Talesof Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997),
which credits him as a researcher and reports his history with International Subversives.
After founding WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks was founded in 2006. That year, Assange wrote two essays setting out the philosophy behind WikiLeaks: "To
radically shift regime behavior we must think clearly and boldly for if we have learned anything, it is that regimes do not
want to be changed. We must think beyond those who have gone before us and discover technological changes that
embolden us with ways to act in which our forebears could not."
On 10 June 2010, it was reported that Pentagon officials were trying to determine his whereabouts. Based on this, there were
reports that U.S. officials wanted to apprehend Assange. Ellsberg said that the arrest of Bradley Manning and subsequent
speculation by U.S. officials about what Assange may be about to publish "puts his well-being, his physical life, in some
danger now."
5a/6
6. Public appearances
In addition to exercising great authority and editorial control within WikiLeaks, Assange acts as its public face. He has
appeared at media conferences such as New Media Days '09 in Copenhagen, the 2010 Logan Symposium in Investigative
Reporting at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, and at hacker conferences, notably the 25th and 26th Chaos
Communication Congress. In the first half of 2010, he appeared on Al Jazeera English,MSNBC,and Democracy Now!, RT,
and the Colbert Report to discuss the release of the Baghdad air strike video by WikiLeaks. On 3 June he appeared via
videoconferencing at the Personal Democracy Forum conference with Daniel Ellsberg.
Release of U.S. diplomatic cables
On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks began releasing some of the 251,000 American diplomatic cables in their possession, of
which over 53 percent are listed as unclassified, 40 percent are "Confidential" and just over six percent are classified
"Secret". The following day, the Attorney-General of Australia, Robert McClelland, told the press that Australia would
inquire into Assange's activities and WikiLeaks. He said that "from Australia's point of view, we think there are potentially a
number of criminal laws that could have been breached by the release of this information. The Australian Federal Police are
looking at that". McClelland would not rule out the possibility that Australian authorities will cancel Assange's passport, and
warned him that he might face charges should he return to Australia. The Federal Police inquiry found that Assange had not
committed any crime.
The United States Department of Justice launched a criminal investigation related to the leak. U.S. prosecutors are
reportedly considering charges against Assange under several laws, but any prosecution would be difficult. In relation to its
ongoing investigations of WikiLeaks, on 14 December 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a subpoena ordering
Twitter to release information relating to Assange's account, amongst others.
Recognition as a journalist
Assange received the 2009 Media award from Amnesty International for Kenya: The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings
and Disappearances, and he has been recognized as a journalist by the Centre for Investigative Journalism. Assange has
been a member of the Australian journalist union, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, for several years, and in
2011, was made an honorary member. Alex Massie wrote an article in The Spectator called "Yes, Julian Assange is a
journalist", but acknowledged that "newsman" might be a better description of Assange.
Financial developments
On 6 December, the Swiss bank, PostFinance, announced that it had frozen assets of Assange's totalling 31,000
euros, because he had "provided false information regarding his place of residence" when opening the account.
MasterCard, Visa Inc., and Bank of America also halted dealings with WikiLeaks. Assange described these actions
as "business McCarthyism". The English-language Swedish newspaper web-site "Local" quoted Assange on 27
December 2010, as saying that legal costs for the whistleblowing website and his own defence had reached
£500,000. The decisions to halt donations to WikiLeaks by Visa, MasterCard and PayPal had cost it £425,000, the
same amount it costs the website to publish for six months. Assange said WikiLeaks had been receiving as much
as £85,000 a day at its peak.
Political and economic views
According to Assange, "It’s not correct to put me in any one philosophical or economic camp, because I’ve
learned from many. But one is American libertarianism, market libertarianism. So as far as markets are concerned
I’m a libertarian, but I have enough expertise in politics and history to understand that a free market ends up as
monopoly unless you force them to be free."
Awards
He won the 2009 Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media), for exposing extrajudicial assassinations in Kenya
by distributing and publicizing the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)'s investigation The Cry of
Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances. Accepting the award, Assange said, "It is a reflection of the courage
and strength of Kenyan civil society that this injustice was documented."
He also got awards in 2010, FEB 2011, April 2011 & June 2011.
6b/6