The Metformin HCL Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non Effervescent system) and The Sodium Bicarbonate is responsible for
the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test, friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug (99.25) with in end of 8 Hours.
Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination and also for controlled release tablet in which one layer is for immediate release as initial dose and the second layer is for controlled release or maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is an improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the monolayer tablet. This technology avoids frequent administration of dosage form. Now a days such technology is used for co-administration of two drugs like anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory to the patients. Conventional solid oral dosage forms are a traditional approach, but bilayer tablet is a novel approach that requires new machinery for manufacturing. The technique is cost effective, safe and reproducible.
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non Effervescent system) and The Sodium Bicarbonate is responsible for
the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test, friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug (99.25) with in end of 8 Hours.
Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination and also for controlled release tablet in which one layer is for immediate release as initial dose and the second layer is for controlled release or maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is an improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the monolayer tablet. This technology avoids frequent administration of dosage form. Now a days such technology is used for co-administration of two drugs like anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory to the patients. Conventional solid oral dosage forms are a traditional approach, but bilayer tablet is a novel approach that requires new machinery for manufacturing. The technique is cost effective, safe and reproducible.
Controlled Release Oral Drug Delivery System
Controlled drug delivery is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systemically, for a specified period of time.
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
Factors affecting sustained release drug delivery system.Kavya S
contented and precise , Drug delivery system , sustained release preparation.factors like absorption, distribution ,metabolism , therapeutic window , absorption window.
This slide outlines the evaluation methods of various Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) used in the pharmaceutical industry. The controlled Drug Delivery Systems release the drug to the plasma at a controlled, pre-determined level to ensure prolonged and adequate drug supply for a longer time. The slide analyses the various evaluation methods, its pharmacokinetic properties and applications of the evaluation methods in various scenario.
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tabletsSURYAKANTVERMA2
The concept of mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) or fast dissolving tablets emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance.
These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate and/or dissolve to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Floating Drug Delivery System(FDDS).pptxAkiBur Akash
The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. Drug delivery systems are those that float immediately upon contact with gastric fluids present promising approaches for increasing the bioavailability of drugs with absorption windows in stomach or upper small intestine, unstable in the intestinal or colonic environment, and exhibit low solubility at high pH values. It is new drug delivery system maximize effectiveness and compliance.
Description about a type of activation modulated drug delivery system, which a type of control drug delivery system.
Also, give a detailed description about each subclassification.
CrDDS is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systematically, for a prolong period of time.
Controlled Release Oral Drug Delivery System
Controlled drug delivery is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systemically, for a specified period of time.
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
Factors affecting sustained release drug delivery system.Kavya S
contented and precise , Drug delivery system , sustained release preparation.factors like absorption, distribution ,metabolism , therapeutic window , absorption window.
This slide outlines the evaluation methods of various Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) used in the pharmaceutical industry. The controlled Drug Delivery Systems release the drug to the plasma at a controlled, pre-determined level to ensure prolonged and adequate drug supply for a longer time. The slide analyses the various evaluation methods, its pharmacokinetic properties and applications of the evaluation methods in various scenario.
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tabletsSURYAKANTVERMA2
The concept of mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) or fast dissolving tablets emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance.
These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate and/or dissolve to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Floating Drug Delivery System(FDDS).pptxAkiBur Akash
The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. Drug delivery systems are those that float immediately upon contact with gastric fluids present promising approaches for increasing the bioavailability of drugs with absorption windows in stomach or upper small intestine, unstable in the intestinal or colonic environment, and exhibit low solubility at high pH values. It is new drug delivery system maximize effectiveness and compliance.
Description about a type of activation modulated drug delivery system, which a type of control drug delivery system.
Also, give a detailed description about each subclassification.
CrDDS is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systematically, for a prolong period of time.
Floating drug delivery approach uses low-density systems that have sufficient buoyancy to flow over the
gastric contents and remains buoyant in the stomach without affecting the stomachic emptying rate for a
chronic period of time. This result is increased gastric retention time and better control of the fluctuations
in plasma drug concentration with a low risk of toxicity. Drugs, which are locally active in the stomach,
drugs having narrow absorption window and unstable in the intestine, and colonic environment, are the
potential drug candidates. The approach not only improves drug absorption but also minimizes the mucosal
irritation of drugs. As the approach requires a high fluid level in the stomach to float and work efficiently,
it makes the approach limited up to some extent. Many buoyant systems have been developed based on
granules, powders, capsules, tablets, laminated films, and hollow microspheres and few formulations have
been commercialized in the market at the present time. This review gives an overview of the approach of
floating drug delivery at present with sequential demystification thus enabling a greater understanding of
their role in medicine and drug delivery
Open access plays a pivotal role in propagating scientific information globally. It is completely user friendly and is open for all to access easily. Its salient features are, that it covers 50 worlds’s leading languages and have the facility of audio versions too. It invites every individual to share as well as explore scientific knowledge and research in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. It enhances scientific skills of the authors, readers, reviewers, editors and advisors by providing scientific credits. On whole it encourages each and everyone and attracts all towards the majestic world of science.
Gastric emptying is a complex process, one that is highly variable and makes in vivo performance of drug delivery systems uncertain. A controlled drug delivery system with prolonged residence time in the stomach can be great practical importance for drugs with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. The main limitations are attributed to the inter- and intra-subject variability of gastrointestinal (GI) transit time and to the non-uniformity of drug absorption throughout the alimentary canal. Floating drug delivery systems are useful in such applications. Floating microspheres have been gaining attention due to the uniform distribution of these multiple-unit dosage forms in the stomach, which results in more reproducible drug absorption and reduced risk of local irritation. The present research briefly addresses the physiology of the gastric emptying process with respect to floating drug delivery systems. Floating microsphere were prepared by solvent evapouration method, using hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethyl cellulose (EC), Eudragit S 100 polymer in varying ratios. The shape and surface morphology of the microspheres were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Bilayer Floating Tablet Technology: An Overview
By
Dipanjoy Ghosh(11700828)
Under the guidance of
Mr. Narendra Kumar Pandey
(Associate Professor, Pharmaceutical Sciences)
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,LPU
2. Introduction
Basic GIT physiology
Process of gastric emptying
Mechanism of FDDS
Approaches for prolonging the gastric residence time
Classification
Importance of FDDS
Factor affecting floating time
Advantage of FDDS
Disadvantage of FDDS
Evaluation tests
Examples
Conclusion
Reference
2
3. Bilayer tablets can be a primary option to avoid chemical
incompatibilities between API by physical separation, and to enable
the development of different drug release profiles (immediate
release with control release).
Floating drug delivery system or hydro dynamically balance systems
have a bulk density lower than gastric fluid and thus remains buoyant in
the stomach for a prolonged period of time.
3
Patel Mehul, Challenges in the formulation of bilayered tablets: a review.
IJPRD; Vol. 2; 2010, 30-42.
4. BASIC GIT PHYSIOLOGY
• Reservoir for ingested
material.
fundus
• Reservoir for ingested
material.
body
•Major site of mixing motion.
•Acting as pump to propel gastric
contents for gastric emptying.pylorus
4
Asha S, Senthil K, Parthiban S. “Bilayer Floating Tablet – A Review”. Indian Journal
of Pharmaceutical Science & Research. 2013, 3, 1-8.
5. PROCESS OF GASTRIC EMPTYING
Gastric emptying occurs in both fasting and fed states.
Fasting state
Interdigestive
series of electric
event take place.
It cycles both
through stomach
and intestine every
2-3 hrs
It called as
interdigestive
myoelectric cycle
Its having 4
phases Phase 1
Phase2
Phase3
Phase4
ingestion of a mixed
meal
fed state
(digestive motility
pattern)
5
Asha S, Senthil K, Parthiban S. “Bilayer Floating Tablet – A Review”. Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Science & Research. 2013, 3, 1-8.
6. •last from 30-60 minutes with rare
contractions.
Phase 1-(Basic
phase)
•last for 20-40 minutes with
intermittent action potentialand
contractions.
Phase 2-
(Preburst
phase)
•last for 10-20 minutes which
includes intense and regular
contractions for short period.
Phase 3-(Burst
phase)
•last for 0-5 minutes and occurs
between phase 2 and 1 of 2
consecutive cycles.Phase 4
6
Desai, S., Bolton, S. “A floating controlled release drug delivery system: in vitro- in vivo
evaluation”. Pharm Res. 1993,10(9), 1321-1325.
7. Floating Drug Delivery System
Effervescent
System
Gas generating
system
Volatile liquid/
vacuum containing
system
Non-Effervescent
System
Single Layer
Floating
Tablet
Bilayer
Floating
Tablet
Alginate
Beads
Hollow/
floating
Microspheres
7Rouge N, Buri P, Doelker E. “Drug absorption sites in the gastrointestinal tract and dosage
forms for site specific delivery”. Int J Pharm. 1996, 136, 117-139.
8. Non Effervescent
System
Single Layer Floating Tablet or
hydrodynamically balanced system
Bilayer Floating Tablet
Alginate Beads
Hollow Microspheres/ Microballoons
8Rouge N, Buri P, Doelker E. “Drug absorption sites in the gastrointestinal tract and dosage
forms for site specific delivery”. Int J Pharm. 1996, 136, 117-139.
9. Granulation 1
Homogeneous Type: Same
drug with different release
pattern
Bilayer
Tablet
Press
COMPRESSION
Granulation 2
Heterogeneous Type: Different
drugs with same or different
release pattern
Sustained release (homogeneous) tablet in which one layer is immediate
release (IR) as initial dose and the second layer is controlled release (CR)
as maintenance dose .
Drug 1 (IR)
Drug 1 (CR)
Drug 1
Drug 2
9
Reddy P, Rao D, Kumar R. 2013. Bilayer technology- an emerging trend: A review.
International Journal of Research and
10. 1
• Effect of Dosage Form Size& Shape
2
• Gender, Posture & Age
3
• Effect of Food & Specific Gravity
4
• Type of Formulation
5
• Nature of Meal & Frequency of Food
10
Sowmya C, Suryaprakash Reddy C, Tabasum SG, Varma V. “An overview on bilayer tablets”.
IJPT, 2012, 2(4), 2143-2156.
11. Enhanced bioavailability
Sustained drug delivery/reduced frequency of dosing
Targeted therapy for local ailments in the upper GIT
Reduced fluctuations of drug concentration Improved
selectivity in receptor activation
Reduced counter-activity of the body
Extended effective concentration.
Minimized adverse activity at the colon
11Reddy P, Rao D, Kumar R. 2013. Bilayer technology- an emerging trend: A review.
International Journal of Research and
12. The drug substances that are unstable in the acidic environment of the
stomach are not suitable candidates to be incorporated in the systems.
These systems require a high level of fluid in the stomach for drug delivery
to float and work efficiently.
Not suitable for drugs that have solubility or stability problem in GIT.
12Reddy P, Rao D, Kumar R. 2013. Bilayer technology- an emerging trend: A review.
International Journal of Research and
13. 13Reddy P, Rao D, Kumar R. 2013. Bilayer technology- an emerging trend: A review.
International Journal of Research and
14. Suitable dosage forms for the drugs those are primarily absorbed in the
stomach.
Beneficial in the treatment of gastric diseases.
Lower dosing and less side effects
To separate incompatible active pharmaceutical ingredients from each other,
to control the release of API from one layer by utilizing the functional
property of other layer (such as osmotic property).
14Naisarg D Pujara, Ronak K Gokani, Jalpa S Paun. “Bilayer tablet – An Emerging Trend”. IJPRD,
2012, 4(4), 102-111
15. MECHANISM OF FDDS
BUOYANCY
FDDS has a bulk density less than gastric fluids
and so remain buoyant in the stomach with out
affecting the gastric emptying rate for a
prolonged period of time.
F = F buoyancy - F gravity = (Df - Ds) gv
Where, F= total vertical force,
Df = fluid density,
Ds = object density,
v = volume and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
15
Desai, S., Bolton, S. “A floating controlled release drug delivery system: in vitro- in vivo
evaluation”. Pharm Res. 1993,10(9), 1321-1325.
16. Compaction
Sieving
Granulates of
API 1/2
Preblending
Blending (API 1)
Lubrication
Blend Layer 1
Compression
layer 1
Dry
granulatio
n
Blendin
g
Tablettin
g
Preblending
Lubrication
Blend Layer 2
Compression layer
2 on layer 1
BILAYER TABLET
HETEROGENEOUS BILAYER TABLET
Simple Compaction and
Ejection
Blending (API 2)
API 1/2
Multiple Compaction and
Ejection
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1
A B C D E
16
Naisarg D Pujara, Ronak K Gokani, Jalpa S Paun. “Bilayer tablet – An Emerging Trend”. IJPRD, 2012, 4(4), 102-111
17. 1.DUREDAS™ TECHNOLOGY (1 Immediate
Release & 1 Controlled Release Layer)
Controlled
release
hydrophilic
swellable matrix
The
controlled
release layer
remain intact
Hydrophilic
polymer start
to swell up by
taking water
from GI fluid
After swelling up,
drug release
occurs in a
controlled release
manner
Immediate
release
layer
Release of the
drug from the
immediate layer
by diffusion
Controlled
release
matrix
DUREDAS™
TECHNOLOGY
(2 Controlled
Release Layers)
[2]
Solvent Influx
Hydrophilic
Polymer
Mixture of
Hydrophilic &
Hydrophobic
Polymer
Hydrophilic
polymer start to
swell up by taking
water from GI fluid
Rate of
swelling is
different for
two layers
Drug release occurs at a
slower rate from the
swollen polymer mixture
Drug
Molecule
17Naisarg D Pujara, Ronak K Gokani, Jalpa S Paun. “Bilayer tablet – An Emerging Trend”. IJPRD, 2012, 4(4), 102-
111
18. 2. OROS® PUSH-
PULL TECHNOLOGY
3. DUROS
TECHNOLOGY
4. PRODAS
TECHNOLOGY [2]
Drug
Layer 1
Drug
Layer 2
Delivery Orifice
Push Layer
Drug
Layer
18Naisarg D Pujara, Ronak K Gokani, Jalpa S Paun. “Bilayer tablet – An Emerging Trend”. IJPRD, 2012, 4(4), 102-
111
19. EVALUATION TESTS
IN-VITRO TEST IN-VIVO TEST
• Floating lag time
• Floating time
• Dissolution study
• Resultant weight test
• X ray method
• Gamma-scintigraphy
• Gastroscopy
• Ultra sonography
19
Panchan HA, Tiwari AK. “A Novel Approach of Bilayer Tablet Technology: A Review”. International
Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012, 3, 44-49.
20. 20
PRE-COMPRESSION TESTS POSTCOMPRESSION TESTS
Panchan HA, Tiwari AK. “A Novel Approach of Bilayer Tablet Technology: A Review”. International
Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012, 3, 44-49.
21. 21
Drugs Patent application number
Ciprofloxacin, Acyclovir, Ofloxacin US Patent Appln 2006013876
Heparin and Insulin US Patent Appln 2008153779
Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Ritonavir, Minocycline, Cimetidine,
Ranitidine, Captopril, Methyldopa, Selegiline, Fexofenadine, US Patent 6120803
Bupropion, Orlistat & Metformin
Ciprofloxacin US Patent Appl 2003232081
Calcitriol, combined with delayed release of a bisphosphonate
calcium resorption inhibitor such as alendronic acid and its salts US Patent Appl 2007104786
and hydrates
PATENT ON FLOATING BILAYER TABLET
Doshi MM, Joshi MD, Mehta .P, inventors, JB. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd Pharmaceutical
composition for controlled drug delivery system. US Patent Appl US 2003232081, 2003.
23. floating drug delivery systems have an efficient
means of enhancing the bioavailability and
controlled delivery of many drugs.
Dosage forms with a prolonged GRT will bring
about new and important therapeutic options
The currently available polymer-mediated Non
effervescent and effervescent FDDS, designed on the basis
of delayed gastric emptying and buoyancy principles,
appear to be a very much effective approach to the
modulation of controlled oral drug delivery.
23