The Cold War in the Middle East saw increasing tensions and proxy conflicts between the United States and Soviet Union from the 1950s to late 1970s. There were four main episodes: the 1956 Suez Crisis, the 1967 Six Day War, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and the 1978 Camp David Accords. These events were driven by superpower competition for influence in the region, efforts to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict, and ideological battles between secular nationalism and Islamic movements. Key leaders like Nasser of Egypt and various Israeli prime ministers were central figures during this volatile period in the region.
Gamal Abdel Nasser was an Egyptian army officer who became president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, provoking the Suez Crisis where Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt but were forced to withdraw by the US and Soviet Union. Nasser emerged as a hero of Arab nationalism. He pursued pan-Arab unity and formed the United Arab Republic with Syria from 1958 to 1961. Nasser was widely popular for his anti-imperialism and vision of uniting the Arab world.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
This document provides background information on the Vietnam War and discusses the development of US Army and Marine Corps sniper programs during the war. It describes how the failure of search and destroy tactics led the military to recognize the need for snipers. It then summarizes the establishment of sniper training schools and discusses the roles and challenges of snipers in Vietnam, highlighting how they helped compensate for limitations of other infantry weapons and tactics against an elusive enemy.
The document discusses several notable events and people from the late Cold War and post-Cold War eras:
- Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
- The US invaded Panama in 1989 to remove Manuel Noriega from power and capture him on drug charges.
- The Iran-Contra affair involved the Reagan administration covertly selling arms to Iran and diverting proceeds to fund anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua.
- Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the US-led
The document provides a detailed timeline of key events during the Persian Gulf War from July 1990 to June 1991, including Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the buildup of US and allied forces in Saudi Arabia, the UN authorization to use force to remove Iraq from Kuwait in November 1990, the start of aerial bombing campaigns in January 1991, and the ground offensive beginning in February 1991 that led to a ceasefire on February 28th and the liberation of Kuwait.
The document discusses the events leading up to the US entry into World War 2. It describes how Roosevelt revised neutrality laws to allow "cash and carry" arms sales and increased military spending in response to Nazi victories. Congress also passed the first peacetime draft. Britain was struggling and broke, so Roosevelt proposed lend-lease to supply any country vital to the US defense. On December 7th, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, killing over 2,400 Americans and destroying numerous ships and aircraft, which led Congress to declare war on Japan and ally with Britain against the Axis powers.
The documents discuss the major events and battles of World War II in both Europe and Asia, from the rise of Nazi Germany and the start of the war in 1939 to the Allied victories and conclusion in 1945. Key turning points discussed include the Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, Normandy, Midway, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The role of women on the home front during the war is also examined.
Anwar Sadat became president of Egypt after Nasser's death, inheriting a country with economic and diplomatic problems from its ongoing conflict with Israel. Sadat broke from Nasser's policies by expelling Soviet advisers and making diplomatic overtures to the US and Israel. However, these initial efforts failed to change the stalemate. In 1973, Sadat launched the October War against Israel in an attempt to regain Egyptian prestige and break the deadlock, which brought the US and USSR into negotiations. The subsequent oil embargo increased Western incentives to broker peace. The 1975 Sinai Interim Agreement strengthened Egypt's ties with the West but hurt relations with other Arab states. Sadat then pursued domestic economic reforms but faced opposition to cuts
Gamal Abdel Nasser was an Egyptian army officer who became president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, provoking the Suez Crisis where Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt but were forced to withdraw by the US and Soviet Union. Nasser emerged as a hero of Arab nationalism. He pursued pan-Arab unity and formed the United Arab Republic with Syria from 1958 to 1961. Nasser was widely popular for his anti-imperialism and vision of uniting the Arab world.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
This document provides background information on the Vietnam War and discusses the development of US Army and Marine Corps sniper programs during the war. It describes how the failure of search and destroy tactics led the military to recognize the need for snipers. It then summarizes the establishment of sniper training schools and discusses the roles and challenges of snipers in Vietnam, highlighting how they helped compensate for limitations of other infantry weapons and tactics against an elusive enemy.
The document discusses several notable events and people from the late Cold War and post-Cold War eras:
- Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
- The US invaded Panama in 1989 to remove Manuel Noriega from power and capture him on drug charges.
- The Iran-Contra affair involved the Reagan administration covertly selling arms to Iran and diverting proceeds to fund anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua.
- Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the US-led
The document provides a detailed timeline of key events during the Persian Gulf War from July 1990 to June 1991, including Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the buildup of US and allied forces in Saudi Arabia, the UN authorization to use force to remove Iraq from Kuwait in November 1990, the start of aerial bombing campaigns in January 1991, and the ground offensive beginning in February 1991 that led to a ceasefire on February 28th and the liberation of Kuwait.
The document discusses the events leading up to the US entry into World War 2. It describes how Roosevelt revised neutrality laws to allow "cash and carry" arms sales and increased military spending in response to Nazi victories. Congress also passed the first peacetime draft. Britain was struggling and broke, so Roosevelt proposed lend-lease to supply any country vital to the US defense. On December 7th, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, killing over 2,400 Americans and destroying numerous ships and aircraft, which led Congress to declare war on Japan and ally with Britain against the Axis powers.
The documents discuss the major events and battles of World War II in both Europe and Asia, from the rise of Nazi Germany and the start of the war in 1939 to the Allied victories and conclusion in 1945. Key turning points discussed include the Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, Normandy, Midway, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The role of women on the home front during the war is also examined.
Anwar Sadat became president of Egypt after Nasser's death, inheriting a country with economic and diplomatic problems from its ongoing conflict with Israel. Sadat broke from Nasser's policies by expelling Soviet advisers and making diplomatic overtures to the US and Israel. However, these initial efforts failed to change the stalemate. In 1973, Sadat launched the October War against Israel in an attempt to regain Egyptian prestige and break the deadlock, which brought the US and USSR into negotiations. The subsequent oil embargo increased Western incentives to broker peace. The 1975 Sinai Interim Agreement strengthened Egypt's ties with the West but hurt relations with other Arab states. Sadat then pursued domestic economic reforms but faced opposition to cuts
80 Years Ago - The Real Story Behind the Attack on Pearl HarbourPeter Hammond
1) The attack on Pearl Harbor was not unexpected or unprecedented as some claim. The British Royal Navy had previously attacked naval ships at anchor through surprise air attacks using torpedoes launched from aircraft carriers.
2) US military intelligence had intercepted communications indicating Japan would attack somewhere in the Pacific on December 7th, 1941 but President Roosevelt failed to warn military commanders or take other precautions.
3) Some argue Roosevelt deliberately allowed the attack on Pearl Harbor to occur in order to draw the reluctant US public into World War 2 to aid Britain against Germany. Classified documents from the time continue to be withheld from the public.
The document discusses the nuclear arms race between the United States and Soviet Union from the late 1940s through the 1980s. It describes how both nations engaged in an escalating arms buildup, developing new weapons like ICBMs, SLBMs, and MIRVs. It also discusses key events and agreements that shaped the arms race, such as the Soviet testing of nuclear weapons in 1949, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, and arms limitation treaties like SALT I and SALT II. Throughout this period, both superpowers pursued policies of deterrence based on the threat of mutually assured destruction.
The document discusses US foreign policy and involvement in various conflicts over several decades. It summarizes the US's two-track policy of supporting both Iran and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war to prolong the conflict. It also discusses the US initially giving Saddam Hussein the impression it would not intervene in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait but then leading a coalition against Iraq. The document provides timelines of US involvement in Afghanistan, including supporting mujahideen groups and the emergence of the Taliban, as well as interventions in other countries like Indonesia, Philippines and Venezuela.
The document provides details about key events leading up to and during World War II. It describes Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, starting WWII. It then discusses the Allied and Axis powers and leaders like Churchill, FDR, and Stalin on the Allied side and Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo on the Axis side. It provides military details of key battles like the Battle of Britain and Germany's blitzkrieg tactics. It also summarizes America's entry into the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor and key domestic policies like rationing and the internment of Japanese Americans. Lastly, it discusses major turning point battles in 1944-1945 and the Manhattan Project that led to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima
1) The document provides a historical overview of the events leading up to World War II, including the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s and their acts of aggression.
2) It describes the fall of France in 1940 and Winston Churchill becoming prime minister of Britain. Britain received aid from the U.S. through deals like "destroyers for bases" while the U.S. remained officially neutral.
3) On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the U.S. into the war against Japan and Germany.
The document provides details about key events and individuals in the American Revolution from Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense advocating independence to the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776. It then discusses the early military victories of the British forcing the Continental Army to retreat across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania as well as the turning point American victory at Saratoga that led France to form an alliance. In closing, it notes some of the obstacles the British faced in trying to retain control over the large territory of the thirteen colonies from across the Atlantic.
the most comprehensive and concise presentation on world war 2.It is written in very complex English By qCet Sahiwal a group of excellence and knowledge .
The document summarizes the Gulf War that began in January 1991 when stealth fighters bombed targets in Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. It provides background on Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath party. A timeline details key events starting with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the US deployment of troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it. The air war began on January 17, 1991 and the ground war started on February 24, 1991, ending on April 6, 1991 when Iraq accepted UN resolutions.
American revolution by Samantha Umphreysam umphrey
The document summarizes key battles and military leaders of the American Revolution. It describes Francis Marion's military career leading up to the Revolutionary War. It also discusses Samuel Nicholas' role in establishing the Continental Marines and Daniel Morgan's marksmanship skills that helped defeat the British. Finally, it provides brief overviews of Henry Knox's artillery expertise, Arthur St. Clair's political involvement, and key details of several major battles including Fort Ticonderoga, Trenton, King's Mountain, and Yorktown.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, starting World War II in Europe. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin, dividing Poland between them. The United States initially remained neutral but increasingly aided the Allies through acts like Lend-Lease. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, bringing the U.S. into the war. The U.S. and Allies fought major battles across Europe and the Pacific, gradually turning the tide against Germany and Japan. The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II.
The document outlines the major foreign policy initiatives and events during the Eisenhower administration. It discusses Eisenhower's continuation of Truman's policies of containment and mutual security agreements. It also examines the major foreign policy "hot spots" that emerged in Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, and the Far East, including the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the Hungarian Revolution, the Berlin Crisis, the U-2 spy incident, the CIA-sponsored coup in Iran, the Suez Crisis, and the French departure from Indochina following the Geneva Accords.
15th Army Air Corps in WWII-Mansions of the Lord & Destination~Vienna-origina...Kevin Edwards
This book summarizes a World War 2 mission over Vienna in March 1945 from the perspective of the navigator, William W. Edwards, through a narrative written by his son. It describes the 465th Bomb Group's 166th mission from their base in Italy. Their B-24 bomber was hit by enemy fire, and the navigator and several crew members were listed as missing in action. The book provides historical context about the events leading up to WWII and the 15th Air Force in Italy. It is dedicated to the crew who sacrificed their lives to fight Nazi Germany.
The United States and Soviet Union dealt with increased tensions during the Cold War in the 1950s-1960s through several proxy conflicts and crises. Key events included the division of Germany and Berlin Wall, Korean War, overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran, Vietnam War, Cuban Revolution and Missile Crisis. Both sides engaged in arms buildups and space races to demonstrate military and technological superiority.
Glenn Miller Army Air Force in WWII-Destination~Vienna by Kevin W. EdwardsKevin Edwards
This book summarizes a World War 2 mission by retracing the events experienced by the crew of a B-24 bomber on a March 1945 mission over Vienna. The book is based on the first-hand account of the navigator, William W. Edwards, the author's father, and other members of the 783rd Squadron. It provides historical context about the buildup to WWII and the 465th Bomb Group's role in the 15th Air Force in Italy. The narrative focuses on the 166th mission of the group, when the plane carrying Edwards and his crew was hit over Vienna, and the fates of the individual crew members.
The document discusses the history of Iraq from the rise of Saddam Hussein to the 2003 U.S. invasion. It describes how Saddam rose through the Baath Party and took power in 1979, establishing a brutal dictatorship. It outlines Saddam's oppression of the Kurds, the 1990 invasion of Kuwait which led to the Gulf War, and U.S. claims in the early 2000s that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the U.S. invasion and toppling of Saddam's regime.
This document provides biographical information about several pioneering war photographers:
- Roger Fenton was one of the first war photographers and documented the Crimean War in 1855, though his equipment limited his shots. One of his photos from the war was included in Life magazine's "100 Photographs that Changed the World."
- Mathew Brady studied photography in the 1840s and opened studios in New York and Washington D.C. He is renowned for documenting the American Civil War, bringing a mobile studio directly to battlefields despite financial risks and dangers. His work helped document the war itself.
- Other photographers mentioned include Margaret Bourke-White who covered World War II, Larry Burrows who documented the Vietnam War while working for
The document summarizes key events of World War 2 in Europe. It describes how in May 1940, Germany launched a surprise attack on France and quickly defeated French forces, occupying Paris by June. Over 300,000 French troops were then evacuated from Dunkirk in June 1940. France officially surrendered later that month. The Battle of Britain and subsequent German bombing campaign, known as the Blitz, are also mentioned. Major battles and turning points discussed include Stalingrad, North Africa, Monte Cassino, and the Allied invasion of Italy. D-Day and the massive Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944 by Allied forces from the US, Britain, and Canada is summarized, with over 150,000 troops storming the beaches in northern
Major Events of WWII [power point] 1942 43William Hogan
The Japanese had great success in 1942, capturing Singapore, the Philippines, and advancing through Southeast Asia. However, Allied codebreakers helped predict a Japanese attack on Midway Island in June 1942. In the resulting Battle of Midway, the US destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers, marking a turning point in the Pacific War. Fighting continued in New Guinea and Guadalcanal through 1943 as the Allies pushed back against Japan. Meanwhile, the Germans advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1942 but became overextended, leading to their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad later that year.
The Cold War began after World War 2 and lasted from 1945-1991. It involved geopolitical tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. Key events included the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the Berlin Blockade, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and a nuclear arms race. Important leaders during this time included Nikita Khrushchev, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Mikhail Gorbachev, whose reforms helped bring an end to the Cold War.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked a turning point in international relations. Egypt's President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, angering Britain and France who owned it. They secretly plotted with Israel to retake the canal by force. However, the US opposed this plan and used economic and diplomatic pressure to resolve the crisis, establishing America's dominance over Europe. The event demonstrated the declining influence of European colonial powers and rise of the US and USSR as global superpowers during the Cold War era. It also increased tensions in the Middle East.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 involved a conflict over nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In response, Israel, Britain, and France secretly plotted to retake the canal by force. However, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower opposed the military action, believing it would undermine Western interests in the region. Despite initial success in retaking the canal, the allies were forced to withdraw under international pressure led by the U.S. The crisis marked the decline of European colonialism and growing American influence in the Middle East.
80 Years Ago - The Real Story Behind the Attack on Pearl HarbourPeter Hammond
1) The attack on Pearl Harbor was not unexpected or unprecedented as some claim. The British Royal Navy had previously attacked naval ships at anchor through surprise air attacks using torpedoes launched from aircraft carriers.
2) US military intelligence had intercepted communications indicating Japan would attack somewhere in the Pacific on December 7th, 1941 but President Roosevelt failed to warn military commanders or take other precautions.
3) Some argue Roosevelt deliberately allowed the attack on Pearl Harbor to occur in order to draw the reluctant US public into World War 2 to aid Britain against Germany. Classified documents from the time continue to be withheld from the public.
The document discusses the nuclear arms race between the United States and Soviet Union from the late 1940s through the 1980s. It describes how both nations engaged in an escalating arms buildup, developing new weapons like ICBMs, SLBMs, and MIRVs. It also discusses key events and agreements that shaped the arms race, such as the Soviet testing of nuclear weapons in 1949, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, and arms limitation treaties like SALT I and SALT II. Throughout this period, both superpowers pursued policies of deterrence based on the threat of mutually assured destruction.
The document discusses US foreign policy and involvement in various conflicts over several decades. It summarizes the US's two-track policy of supporting both Iran and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war to prolong the conflict. It also discusses the US initially giving Saddam Hussein the impression it would not intervene in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait but then leading a coalition against Iraq. The document provides timelines of US involvement in Afghanistan, including supporting mujahideen groups and the emergence of the Taliban, as well as interventions in other countries like Indonesia, Philippines and Venezuela.
The document provides details about key events leading up to and during World War II. It describes Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, starting WWII. It then discusses the Allied and Axis powers and leaders like Churchill, FDR, and Stalin on the Allied side and Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo on the Axis side. It provides military details of key battles like the Battle of Britain and Germany's blitzkrieg tactics. It also summarizes America's entry into the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor and key domestic policies like rationing and the internment of Japanese Americans. Lastly, it discusses major turning point battles in 1944-1945 and the Manhattan Project that led to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima
1) The document provides a historical overview of the events leading up to World War II, including the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s and their acts of aggression.
2) It describes the fall of France in 1940 and Winston Churchill becoming prime minister of Britain. Britain received aid from the U.S. through deals like "destroyers for bases" while the U.S. remained officially neutral.
3) On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the U.S. into the war against Japan and Germany.
The document provides details about key events and individuals in the American Revolution from Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense advocating independence to the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776. It then discusses the early military victories of the British forcing the Continental Army to retreat across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania as well as the turning point American victory at Saratoga that led France to form an alliance. In closing, it notes some of the obstacles the British faced in trying to retain control over the large territory of the thirteen colonies from across the Atlantic.
the most comprehensive and concise presentation on world war 2.It is written in very complex English By qCet Sahiwal a group of excellence and knowledge .
The document summarizes the Gulf War that began in January 1991 when stealth fighters bombed targets in Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. It provides background on Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath party. A timeline details key events starting with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the US deployment of troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it. The air war began on January 17, 1991 and the ground war started on February 24, 1991, ending on April 6, 1991 when Iraq accepted UN resolutions.
American revolution by Samantha Umphreysam umphrey
The document summarizes key battles and military leaders of the American Revolution. It describes Francis Marion's military career leading up to the Revolutionary War. It also discusses Samuel Nicholas' role in establishing the Continental Marines and Daniel Morgan's marksmanship skills that helped defeat the British. Finally, it provides brief overviews of Henry Knox's artillery expertise, Arthur St. Clair's political involvement, and key details of several major battles including Fort Ticonderoga, Trenton, King's Mountain, and Yorktown.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, starting World War II in Europe. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin, dividing Poland between them. The United States initially remained neutral but increasingly aided the Allies through acts like Lend-Lease. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, bringing the U.S. into the war. The U.S. and Allies fought major battles across Europe and the Pacific, gradually turning the tide against Germany and Japan. The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II.
The document outlines the major foreign policy initiatives and events during the Eisenhower administration. It discusses Eisenhower's continuation of Truman's policies of containment and mutual security agreements. It also examines the major foreign policy "hot spots" that emerged in Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, and the Far East, including the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the Hungarian Revolution, the Berlin Crisis, the U-2 spy incident, the CIA-sponsored coup in Iran, the Suez Crisis, and the French departure from Indochina following the Geneva Accords.
15th Army Air Corps in WWII-Mansions of the Lord & Destination~Vienna-origina...Kevin Edwards
This book summarizes a World War 2 mission over Vienna in March 1945 from the perspective of the navigator, William W. Edwards, through a narrative written by his son. It describes the 465th Bomb Group's 166th mission from their base in Italy. Their B-24 bomber was hit by enemy fire, and the navigator and several crew members were listed as missing in action. The book provides historical context about the events leading up to WWII and the 15th Air Force in Italy. It is dedicated to the crew who sacrificed their lives to fight Nazi Germany.
The United States and Soviet Union dealt with increased tensions during the Cold War in the 1950s-1960s through several proxy conflicts and crises. Key events included the division of Germany and Berlin Wall, Korean War, overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran, Vietnam War, Cuban Revolution and Missile Crisis. Both sides engaged in arms buildups and space races to demonstrate military and technological superiority.
Glenn Miller Army Air Force in WWII-Destination~Vienna by Kevin W. EdwardsKevin Edwards
This book summarizes a World War 2 mission by retracing the events experienced by the crew of a B-24 bomber on a March 1945 mission over Vienna. The book is based on the first-hand account of the navigator, William W. Edwards, the author's father, and other members of the 783rd Squadron. It provides historical context about the buildup to WWII and the 465th Bomb Group's role in the 15th Air Force in Italy. The narrative focuses on the 166th mission of the group, when the plane carrying Edwards and his crew was hit over Vienna, and the fates of the individual crew members.
The document discusses the history of Iraq from the rise of Saddam Hussein to the 2003 U.S. invasion. It describes how Saddam rose through the Baath Party and took power in 1979, establishing a brutal dictatorship. It outlines Saddam's oppression of the Kurds, the 1990 invasion of Kuwait which led to the Gulf War, and U.S. claims in the early 2000s that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the U.S. invasion and toppling of Saddam's regime.
This document provides biographical information about several pioneering war photographers:
- Roger Fenton was one of the first war photographers and documented the Crimean War in 1855, though his equipment limited his shots. One of his photos from the war was included in Life magazine's "100 Photographs that Changed the World."
- Mathew Brady studied photography in the 1840s and opened studios in New York and Washington D.C. He is renowned for documenting the American Civil War, bringing a mobile studio directly to battlefields despite financial risks and dangers. His work helped document the war itself.
- Other photographers mentioned include Margaret Bourke-White who covered World War II, Larry Burrows who documented the Vietnam War while working for
The document summarizes key events of World War 2 in Europe. It describes how in May 1940, Germany launched a surprise attack on France and quickly defeated French forces, occupying Paris by June. Over 300,000 French troops were then evacuated from Dunkirk in June 1940. France officially surrendered later that month. The Battle of Britain and subsequent German bombing campaign, known as the Blitz, are also mentioned. Major battles and turning points discussed include Stalingrad, North Africa, Monte Cassino, and the Allied invasion of Italy. D-Day and the massive Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944 by Allied forces from the US, Britain, and Canada is summarized, with over 150,000 troops storming the beaches in northern
Major Events of WWII [power point] 1942 43William Hogan
The Japanese had great success in 1942, capturing Singapore, the Philippines, and advancing through Southeast Asia. However, Allied codebreakers helped predict a Japanese attack on Midway Island in June 1942. In the resulting Battle of Midway, the US destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers, marking a turning point in the Pacific War. Fighting continued in New Guinea and Guadalcanal through 1943 as the Allies pushed back against Japan. Meanwhile, the Germans advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1942 but became overextended, leading to their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad later that year.
The Cold War began after World War 2 and lasted from 1945-1991. It involved geopolitical tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. Key events included the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the Berlin Blockade, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and a nuclear arms race. Important leaders during this time included Nikita Khrushchev, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Mikhail Gorbachev, whose reforms helped bring an end to the Cold War.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked a turning point in international relations. Egypt's President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, angering Britain and France who owned it. They secretly plotted with Israel to retake the canal by force. However, the US opposed this plan and used economic and diplomatic pressure to resolve the crisis, establishing America's dominance over Europe. The event demonstrated the declining influence of European colonial powers and rise of the US and USSR as global superpowers during the Cold War era. It also increased tensions in the Middle East.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 involved a conflict over nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In response, Israel, Britain, and France secretly plotted to retake the canal by force. However, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower opposed the military action, believing it would undermine Western interests in the region. Despite initial success in retaking the canal, the allies were forced to withdraw under international pressure led by the U.S. The crisis marked the decline of European colonialism and growing American influence in the Middle East.
The Cold War expanded globally through the 1950s as tensions rose between the United States and Soviet Union. They engaged in an arms race, stockpiling nuclear weapons on a massive scale in a strategy of mutually assured destruction. President Eisenhower pursued containment of communism through nuclear deterrence rather than conventional forces. Conflicts erupted in areas like Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and were met with new policies like massive retaliation and the Eisenhower Doctrine. The space race began as the Soviets launched Sputnik, worrying Americans and leading to the creation of NASA.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the early Cold War period between the United States and Soviet Union, including the nuclear arms race, brinkmanship foreign policy, crises like the Suez Crisis, and the space race. It discusses how the Soviet Union gaining nuclear weapons and launching Sputnik created fear and a drive for technological superiority in the US, leading to the creation of organizations like NASA and investments in education and defense. The period was characterized by an escalating arms race between the two superpowers and proxy conflicts and influence operations around the world.
During Eisenhower's presidency from 1953 to 1961, he pursued several Cold War policies focused on containing the spread of communism. These included developing nuclear weapons through the Strategic Air Command to support a policy of massive retaliation. Eisenhower also engaged in brinkmanship, threatening nuclear attacks to end conflicts like the Korean War and Taiwan Crisis. Covert CIA operations overthrew governments in Iran and Guatemala that were becoming aligned with the Soviet Union. Eisenhower also established the Eisenhower Doctrine to contain Soviet influence in the Middle East.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the Western bloc led by the United States and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. It discusses the two opposing military alliances of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as well as events and crises that defined the Cold War such as the Berlin Blockade, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Cold War ended in the late 1980s as reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev took power in the USSR and could no longer sustain the economic competition with the West.
1. The Middle East is a crossroads for three major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and key religious sites lie in Jerusalem, causing ongoing religious and territorial conflicts over the land of Israel and Palestine.
2. The ongoing conflict centers around disputes over land and control of territories like the West Bank and Gaza Strip following the establishment of Israel in 1948 and its occupation of additional territories in 1967.
3. Achieving peace in the region is challenging given the religious and cultural clashes between groups like Jews, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries over the past decades as well as ongoing territorial disputes and histories of violence and dictatorship.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
The document provides background information on the Middle East region and the Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the creation of Israel in 1948 which displaced Palestinian Arabs and created tensions. Major events covered include the Arab-Israeli Wars, the Suez Crisis, the Six Day War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Iran-Iraq War. It also summarizes the Gulf War where Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 leading to a US-led coalition forcing its withdrawal.
The document summarizes several Arab-Israeli conflicts between 1949-1982. It discusses the 1956 Suez Crisis where Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt after Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. This showed the weakness of European powers and accelerated independence of other colonies. It also describes the 1967 Six Day War where Israel launched a surprise attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan, quickly gaining control of the Sinai, Gaza, Golan Heights and West Bank. The Arab-Israeli conflicts led to further territorial disputes, refugee crises and remained unresolved borders.
The document provides a historical overview of Zionism and the establishment of Israel in 3 paragraphs. It discusses how Zionism arose in the late 19th century as a movement to unite Jews in Palestine in response to rising anti-Semitism in Europe. It then covers key events leading up to the establishment of Israel in 1948, including the Balfour Declaration and the creation of the state amid the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The summary concludes with a brief mention of Israel's nuclear program being revealed in the 1980s.
Following WWII, tensions rose between the US and Soviet Union as they emerged as superpowers with competing economic and political ideologies. This led to a Cold War characterized by proxy conflicts in other nations as the two nuclear powers avoided direct military engagement. Key events of the Cold War included the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and arms race demonstrating brinkmanship between the US and USSR as they sought to contain the influence of the other.
- The document discusses the 1956 Suez Crisis and the tensions between Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden.
- Nasser wanted to strengthen Egypt's independence and unite the Arab world while also wanting to retaliate against Israel for previous losses. To achieve his goals, he nationalized the Suez Canal and secured weapons from Czechoslovakia.
- Eden worried that Nasser's actions would reduce Western European access to Middle Eastern oil. Eden distrusted Nasser and feared he wanted to spread revolution across the Arab world. Ultimately, Eden planned an attack against Nasser but it failed.
- The document discusses the 1956 Suez Crisis which began when Israel, Britain, and France invaded Egypt after Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.
- British Prime Minister Anthony Eden was concerned about Nasser's push for Egyptian independence and attempts to unite Arab states under Egyptian leadership.
- Nasser signed a secret deal with Czechoslovakia to obtain weapons, angering Western nations who had previously promised funding for the Aswan Dam project. Britain and the US withdrew funding after learning of the weapons deal.
- Eden worried Nasser would deny oil exports to Western Europe, so Britain and France conspired to attack Egypt but their plan failed and damaged their international reputation.
- The Middle East region has been a strategic area due to its large oil resources, fueling tensions between various powers seeking influence in the region. Britain and France previously dominated the area prior to World War 2 through a mandate system.
- The creation of Israel as a Jewish state in 1948 and the displacement of Palestinian Arabs led to ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict over claims to the territory. Subsequent wars in 1956, 1967, 1973, and conflicts between Israel and Palestinian groups intensified tensions.
- Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 in an attempt to control more of the Persian Gulf's oil resources, leading to the Gulf War international coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in 1991. Regional conflicts and competition for influence
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
Deleted the second part of it, and added some slides, but the full pp can be found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pptpalooza.net%2FPPTs%2FEHAP%2FColdWar.ppt&ei=3CpqU7TWMM3LsQThqYDoBQ&usg=AFQjCNHwHCZ_WYShLBeVpCSeaaQsg9S0CQ&sig2=Nk5s89hNhjibdkLd5HtFcg
The document discusses the methods used by the United States to contain communism during the Cold War. It describes how the Cold War began in Europe and expanded to Asia and other parts of the world. The US and Soviet Union engaged in proxy conflicts and competed for influence over newly independent nations. This competition eventually led to a dangerous nuclear arms race between the two superpowers, with both sides developing powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and missiles. The strategy of deterrence, also called Mutual Assured Destruction, emerged to describe the policy of maintaining a balance of nuclear terror.
The document discusses the phases of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1946 to 1987. It was divided into 7 phases: 1) 1946-1949, characterized by distrust and the establishment of communism in Eastern Europe. 2) 1949-1953, saw conflicts in Korea and an arms race. 3) 1953-1957, was marked by the division of Germany and inclusion of new countries in military alliances on both sides. 4) 1957-1962 featured tensions over crises in Berlin and Cuba. 5) 1962-1969 saw continued mutual suspicion and involvement in Vietnam. 6) 1969-1978 brought periods of détente with arms agreements. 7) 1979-1987 was a renewed competition influenced by events in Afghanistan
19 जून को बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट ने विवादित फिल्म ‘हमारे बारह’ को 21 जून को थिएटर में रिलीज करने का रास्ता साफ कर दिया, हालांकि यह सुनिश्चित करने के बाद कि फिल्म निर्माता कुछ आपत्तिजनक अंशों को हटा दें।
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
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projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
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Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
विवादास्पद फिल्म के ट्रेलर से गाली-गलौज वाले दृश्य हटा दिए गए हैं, और जुर्माना लगाया गया है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट और बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट दोनों ने फिल्म की रिलीज पर रोक लगा दी है और उसे निलंबित कर दिया है। पहले यह फिल्म 7 जून और फिर 14 जून को रिलीज होने वाली थी, लेकिन अब यह 21 जून को रिलीज हो रही है।
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
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3. EPISODES OF COLD WAR IN
MIDDL-EAST
There were four main episodes of Cold war in middle east.
1. The Suez Crises 1956.
2. The Six Day war 1967.
3. The October War 1973.
4. Camp David Accord 1978.
4. THE COLD WAR IN MIDLE-EAST: SUEZ CRISES TO CAMP
DAVID ACCORDS
THE COLD WAR saw a deepening Soviet-American rivalry in the Middle-
East, from the mid 1950’s to the late 1970’s on three levels.
1.A geopolitical struggle to recruit allies and secure access to strategic
resources(oil).
2. Diplomatic maneuvers to prevent the Arab-Israeli conflict from
escalating into a super power confrontation.
3. Ideological competition for the future of the Muslim world, where
secular nationalists and Islamic radicals shook the foundations of colonial
empires and absolute monarchies throughout the region.
5. Precursors of War
1. American involvement in Eastern Europe and Asia prompted
Truman to vest the cause of protecting Western interests in
Middle-East to English.
2. Creation of Israel May 1948.
3.US recognition of Israel.
4. Nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company(AIOC) By
Mohammad Mossadiq 1951.
5. Ouster of Mossadiq, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi assumed the
power.
7. The Suez Canal Affair
1. Suez canal served as imperial life line,
facilitating the flow of oil, trade and troops
towards East-West.
2. The canal was operated by Anglo-French
company & was protected by 30,000 British
Tommies stationed at the Suez base.
3. The base served as home to Royal Air Force
squadron in early years of Cold war against Soviet
union
9. Challenge to Anglo-French
control
1.Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Cairo.
2. Nasser pressed British in 1954 to withdraw
from its Suez base.
3. Israeli attack on Egypt and Washington’s refusal
to provide arms.
4. Arms from Czechoslovakia in September 1955.
5. Nasser the “Poster Boy” opposes CENTO and
other western defense organizations and supports
NAM, fit well with SOVIET plans.
10. ASWAN DAM PROJECT
Determined to prevent Russian encroachments in the
Middle East, USA and Britain Premiers employed
economic aid to draw Egypt back toward the West.
2. The
United States, Britain, and the World Bank offered
Nasser $200 million to
build a high dam on the Upper Nile at Aswan under
following promises;
a. Nasser should tone down his anti-Israeli rhetoric.
b. He must take part in secret peace negotiations with Israeli premier David Ben
Gurion.
c. He must distance himself from Kremlin.
11.
12. NASSER’S RESPONSE
1.Nasser’s actions during the spring of 1956 gave
neither the White House nor Whitehall much cause for
optimism.
2. The Egyptian leader refused face-to-face talks with
Ben-Gurion.
3.He encouraged Jordan’s King Hussein to expel British
military advisers from
Amman, and recognized the People’s Republic of China.
4. By the summer of 1956, the Aswan Dam project was
dead on arrival both
in Washington and London.
13. US RESPONSE
1. On July 19, Eisenhower decided that “we should
withdraw
the U.S. offer.
2. After alerting Whitehall, John Foster Dulles informed the
Egyptian ambassador that “no single project was as
unpopular today as the Aswan Dam.”
3. On the other side of the
Atlantic, Prime Minister Anthony Eden and Foreign
Secretary Selwyn Lloyd questioned Nasser’s bona fides and
promoted pro-Western moderates like Iraqi
prime minister Nuri Said to curtail the spread of Pan-
Arabism throughout
the region.
15. SUEZ CRISES 1956
1.Nasser was not surprised by America’s decision, but he did resent the abrupt
and condescending manner in which it was communicated.
2. He secured $400 million commitment from the Kremlin in early June 1956.
3. Bolstered by Soviet military and economic aid,
on July 26 Nasser announced that Egypt was expropriating the Anglo-French
company that operated the Suez Canal and would use the tolls to finance the
Aswan Dam.
4. British officials were annoyed and discarded Nasser's statement and "agreed
that our essential interests in this area must, if necessary, be safeguarded by
military action.”
5. Eisenhower also
regarded Nasser’s actions as outrageous, but he worried that armed
intervention would backfire and instructed Dulles to seek a diplomatic
solution.
6. While
the diplomats talked, the Egyptians made certain not to disrupt the oil tankers
passing through the canal, reinforcing the American view that any resort to
military force would be misguided and premature.
16.
17. SUEZ CRISES CONTINOUES……..
7. Eisenhower directed Eden to resolve issue by
diplomacy and covert action.
8. “The Americans’ main contention,” Eden
remarked privately on September 23, “is that we
can bring Nasser down by degrees rather on the
Mossadeg lines.”
9. Unbeknown to Eisenhower and
Dulles,however,Britain and France were
conspiring to regain control of the Suez Canal by
force with help from Israel.
10. Britain was desperate to show his iron, France
wanted to avoid hurdle in Algeria and Israel eyed
on Straits of Tiran.
18. CULMINATION OF FINAL
ASSAULT
1. Tripartite meeting at Sevres(France) and deciding
of ‘war plan” on 23 October 1956.
2.On 30 October Israel staged a lightening attack on
Egypt.
3. Eden and Mollet issued their ultimatums.
4. Nasser scuttled several Egyptian freighters to
block the Suez Canal.
5. Nasser’s Syrian allies blew up a British-owned
pipeline that carried Iraqi petroleum to the
Mediterranean, the oil crisis that Britain and France
had hoped to avoid suddenly materialized.
19.
20. SOVIET-US RESPONSE TO
TRIPARTE INVASION.
1.The American response was clear and consistent from the
very outset. Washington sought an immediate ceasefire under
UN auspices, warned London and Paris not to send in troops,
and worked to prevent Moscow from intervening.
2. Soviet leaders were
eager to divert attention from their own impending military
intervention to depose a reformist regime in Hungary.
3.Khrushchev embraced Nasser, issued thinly veiled nuclear
threats against Britain and France,
and offered to send in Russian “peacekeepers” to guarantee
regional stability.
21. US’S CONCERN
1.Despite America’s pressure Whitehall pressed on and tried to retake
the canal with gunboats, bombers and paratroops.
2.The White House employed
financial leverage to force the British to stop shooting and start
withdrawing from Egypt.
3. America halted Britain’s armed intervention and removed the specter
of Soviet troops in the Middle East.
4. The biggest challenge the United States faced, however, was Israel,
which refused to pull its troops out of the Sinai and Gaza.
5. Eisenhower
threatened to impose economic sanctions in February 1957.
6. Ben-Gurion did not budge until the UN agreed to station blue-
helmeted
observers along the Egyptian frontier and the United States guaranteed
Israel’s right of free passage through the Straits of Tiran.
22. POST WAR CONCERNS
1.Seriously at odds with its friends in London
and Tel Aviv and deeply mistrustful of the
nationalist regime in Cairo, Washington
worried that Moscow might move into the
vacuum in early 1957.
2. US feared of soviet eyeing on Middle-East
“to seize the oil, to cut the Canal and pipelines
…, and thus seriously to
weaken Western civilization.
3. The formal membership in Baghdad Pact.
23. EISENHOWER’S DOCTRINE
1.The preferred option at the White house to contain
soviet union come to be known as ”Eisenhower’s
Doctrine”
2. Based on a joint resolution
approved by Congress in March 1957, providing up to
$200 million in US economic aid and authorizing the
use of American troops to assist any Middle Eastern
nation threatened by armed aggression from any
country controlled by international communism.
3. Washington backed pro-western moderates like
King Saud of KSA and Jordan’s king Husain as
counterweights to Nasser
24. KRIMLAN’S CONCERN
1. Khrushchev rejected Syrian
request for Soviet MIGs, and
pilots to fill them in March 1957.
2. Kremlin's threat that Eisenhower
might use force to protect
American interests in middle-
east.
3. Kremlin suspects Nasser’s Pan-
Arabism plan.
25. Political turmoil in middle-east
1. Syria joined United Arab Republic(UAR)
IN FEBRUARY 1958.
2. Pro-Nasser Muslims in Lebanon
challenged the authority of President
Camille Chamoun.
3. Left-wing Iraqi officers overthrew Nuri
Said on july14 1958.
4. Camille Chamoun was threatened and
requested USA for help.
5. White House send 14,000 US Marines to
Beirut.
27. 6. Soviet Union alarmed at US intervention in
Lebanon and supported Iraq revolution.
7.” The Destruction of Iraq”(Khrushchev's
concern)
8. Dull’s hypothesis. “Turkey, Iran and Pakistan
would feel – if we do not act – that our
inaction is because we are afraid of the
Soviet Union,”
9. “Americas involvement is necessary”.
10. ‘Nationalism against Communism’
28. US Accommodates to Pan-Arabism
1. From 1959-1960 Eisenhower
sought an accommodation with
Nasser, the most vocal advocate of
Pan-Arabism.
2. US distances from Israel.
3.”Food Peace Program.
4.Eisenhower-Nasser meet in
September 1960 at UNGA Session.
5. Eisenhower promised to respect
UAR position as neutral unless it will
not come under Soviet domination.
6. Nasser headed home hoping better
relations with Washington.
29. TOWARDS SIX DAY WAR
1. JFK inherited Oval office in 1960.
2. He was determined to expand Eisenhower’s
rapprochement with Nasser.
3.Kennedy administration offered Egypt a three-year
$500million aid package.
4. As grateful
as he was for US economic assistance, however,
Nasser was not about to abandon Pan-Arabism,
especially after Syria seceded from the UAR and Crown
Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the heir apparent to King
Saud, challenged Egypt’s leadership of the Arab world.
30. • 5.In summer of 1962, Nasser hired West German
scientists to develop short range missiles, asked the
Soviet Union for
medium-range bombers, and stepped up his long-
distance exhortations for revolutionary change in
Riyadh.
6. In late September 1962, pro-Nasser officers seized
power in Yemen.
7.Crown prince Faisal of KSA supported royalist
guerrillas with men money and material.
8. Nasser sent 60,000 troops and several squadrons of
soviet made aircraft to support new Yemen Arabic
Republic(YAR).
9.White House publically recognized the YAR.
31. SAUDI-EGYPT TUSSLE
1.Egyptian bombers struck royalist base camps
inside Saudi Arabian early 1963.
2. Kennedy agreed to provide Faisal with a
squadron of US air force jets as a deterrent.
3. American and
Egyptian pilots were playing a high-altitude game
of cat and mouse along the Saudi–Yemeni border
and Congress was on the verge of banning PL-480
wheat shipments to Egypt.
33. Breaking of Relations
1. Relations between Cairo and Washington deteriorated
rapidly once Lyndon B. Johnson moved into the White
House.
2.Irritated by what he regarded as
American economic blackmail, Nasser tilted toward the
Soviet Union in 1964,welcomingKhrushchev to Cairo in
May to celebrate the completion of the
Aswan Dam.
3. Kremlin calls for “wars of national liberation” from
Southeast Asia to the Middle East, and heralding the
creation of the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) in Jerusalem in 1964.
34.
35. 4. Egyptian mob sacked the offices of the US Information Agency in Cairo
in December.
5. Johnson froze American grain deliveries. Nasser responded by inviting
the Vietcong to open an embassy in Egypt in the spring of 1965 and
requesting more
military hardware from Moscow.
6. Hafez al-Assad, a pro-Nasser leader seized power in Damascus in
February 1966.
7. He concluded an arms deal with the Kremlin that would bring Syria
hundreds of tanks and a squadron of MIG-21 jet fighters.
8. While the Soviets were moving closer to Nasser and the Arab radicals,
the
Americans were moving closer to the Israelis.
9.USA started armament of Israel.
10. Johnson approved the sale of 210 tanks to Israel in April 1965 and 48
A-4 Sky hawk jet fighters a year later.
37. ARAB-ISRAIL CONFLECT: THE
BIGNING
1. PLO guerrillas
attacked Israeli villages from base camps in Jordan, Israel
struck back, destroying
the town of Samua in the Jordanian controlled West Bank in
November1966.
2. Syrian artillery began to shell northern Israel in solidarity
with the PLO early in the new year.
3.Israel eyed on coup d'état Syria for regime change.
4. USSR vowed to
defend its new friends in Damascus and warned Nasser that
the Israelis had actually mobilized fifteen brigades for an
attack on the Golan Heights.
38. 4. Israel denied the charges of invading Syria
and in turn accused Kremlin for exaggerated
the threat.
5. Based on what was at best misinformation
and at worst disinformation, Nasser
mobilized the Egyptian army in mid-May.
6. He demanded that UN should withdraw
the observers it had stationed in Gaza and
the Sinai valley.
7. He closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli
shipping.
39. 8. Israel regarded Nasser’s act as a war.
9. For three weeks, the Johnson
administration pressed Israel not to attack
and urged
the Kremlin to help persuade Egypt to reopen
the straits.
40. ISRAIL LAUNCHED ATTACK
1. on June 5, when dozens of jets marked with the Star of David
knocked out Nasser’s air force on the tarmac while hundreds of
Israeli tanks smashed through Egyptian front lines in the Sinai,
seized Gaza, and raced west through sand dunes and scrub
brush toward the Suez Canal.
2.Nasser angrily appealed to the Soviet Union and to other Arab
states for help.
3. Kremlin condemned Israel as an aggressor and called
for a ceasefire.
4. Jordan’s King Hussein sent his army into action against the
Jewish state.
5. The combined forces suffered and Israel seized east Jerusalem and
the rest of west bank.
6. Pro-Nassern protests in Kuwait and Libya forced these two pro-
western regimes to halt oil exports to United States.
41. 7.Eager to avert a more serious crisis, the Johnson
administration pressed Israel to accept a UN sanctioned
ceasefire on June 10.
8. With Israeli forces
just forty miles from Damascus, Aleksei Kosygin, Khrushchev’s
successor as Soviet premier, used the “hot line” to warn the
White House that Soviet intervention was imminent.
9. Lyndon Johnson decided to call the Kremlin’s bluff
and sent the US Sixth Fleet into the war zone in the Eastern
Mediterranean.
10. Israel accepted the ceasefire, Kosygin backtracked, and
as one White House aide put it, “everyone relaxed a bit as it
became clear that the fighting was petering out.
42. 11. Israelis controlled Gaza, the Sinai, East
Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Golan
Heights while Nasser was thoroughly
humiliated.
43.
44. POST WAR DEVELOPMENTS
1.On 10 June 1967 Kosygin and Johnson met in
Glassboro, New Jersey, to discuss how best to
avoid another crisis in the Middle East.
2. On June 19,
Johnson had unveiled a five-point peace plan
whose chief ingredients were Israeli withdrawal
from the occupied territories and an Arab to a
formal peace treaty.
45.
46. THE DECIDING THREE NO’S
1. Israeli troops dug
in for a long stay from the Golan Heights to the
Suez Canal, prompting Nasser to issue his
infamous “Three No's” in late August at an Arab
summit held in Khartoum, Sudan.
a. “no recognition of”,
b. “no negotiations with”,
and “no peace for
Israel.”
47. UN RESOLUTION
1. US officials worked behind the scenes to secure
support for UN Security Council Resolution 242, which
called for the Israelis to
withdraw from the occupied territories, for the Arabs
to respect the sovereignty
of all states in the Middle East, and for both sides to
sit-down together at the negotiating table.
2. Resolution
242 was adopted unanimously by the Security Council
on November 22,1967, and UN Secretary-general U
Thant sent Gunnar Jarring, a Swedish diplomat, to the
Middle East in December to discuss its implementation
48. THE 1973 OCTOBER WAR
• Oct. 6, 1973 - Egypt and Syria launch a coordinated attack on Israeli
positions along the Suez Canal and in the Golan Heights. Egyptian troops
cross the canal, secure a beachhead in the eastern portion of the Sinai
Desert, breaching Israel's Bar-Lev line. Syrian troops defeat Israeli forces
on Mt. Hermon in northern Israel.
• Oct. 7 - Syria captures most of the southern portion of the Golan Heights
• Oct. 8 - Israel launches its first counterattack against Egypt, which is
unsuccessful. The Soviet Union supplies additional arms to Syria and
Egypt.
• Oct. 9 - Against orders, reserve Maj. Gen. Ariel Sharon launches a
counterattack against Egyptian forces in the canal area. Sharon's actions
lead to moves for his dismissal.
• Oct. 9 - U.S. Jewish leader Max Fisher urges President Richard Nixon in a
meeting at the White House to "please send the Israelis what they
need." That night, Nixon tells Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir that "all
your aircraft and tank losses will be replaced."
49. CONTINOUES……………
*Oct. 10 - Washington authorizes an airlift of military supplies to Israel
after the Soviet Union sends additional arms to Egypt. Israel
successfully attacks Egyptian troops that had moved out of range of
their protective surface-to-air-missile umbrella. Israel has recaptured
most of the territory in the southern Golan.
*Oct. 11 - Israel attacks Syria from its positions on the Golan Heights.
The Soviet Union's ambassador to the United States, Anatoly
Dobrynin, tells U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger that Soviet
airborne forces are on the alert to defend Damascus. Kissinger warns
Dobrynin that if the Soviets send troops to the Middle East, the United
States would as well.
* Oct. 12-13 - The United States sends additional arms shipments to
Israel.
* Oct. 14 - In one of the largest tank-to-tank battles ever fought, Israel
is estimated to have lost 10 tanks, the Egyptians anywhere from 250
to 300. Iraq and Jordan send troops to the Golan, in response to
appeals for assistance from Syria.
50.
51. •Oct. 16 - The first Israeli troops cross the Suez Canal. Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat asks the Soviet Union to convene the United Nations and seek
a cease-fire.
•Oct. 17 - Ten Arab member-nations of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries announce they will cut oil production until Israel
withdraws from Arab territory captured during the 1967 Six-Day War and
the rights of the Palestinian people were "restored." The embargo was not
completely lifted until March 1974.
•Oct. 20 - Israeli forces reach within 10 miles of Damascus.
•Oct. 21 - Israeli forces, led by reserve Maj. Gen. Avraham Adan, encircle
the Egyptian Third Army. Forces led by Sharon take up positions less than
40 miles from Cairo.
•Oct. 22 - Israel overtakes all Syrian positions on Mt. Hermon. The United
Nations adopts Security Council Resolution 338, which calls for an
immediate cease-fire, the implementation of Security Resolution 242,
which called for an exchange of land for peace, and negotiations between
the "parties concerned" aimed at establishing a "just and durable peace.“
•
52.
53. • Oct. 23 - Fighting continues despite the cease-fire. The United
Nations Security Council passes Resolution 339, which restated
the group's call for an immediate cease-fire and called for the
dispatch of U.N. observers to the area.
•Oct. 24 - A second cease-fire is put into effect, but fighting
continues between Egypt and Israel. As a result, the Soviet
Union threatens the United States that it will send troops to
support the Egyptians. The United States puts its nuclear forces
on a higher alert. The Soviet Union withdraws its threat the
following day.
•Oct. 28 - Israeli and Egyptian military leaders meet to
implement the cease-fire at Kilometer 101 marker in the Sinai.
It is the first meeting between military representatives of the
two countries in 25 years. By the end of the war, Israel has lost
roughly 2,500 soldiers, Syria 3,500. Egyptian casualties are
unknown.
54. CAMP DAVID ACCORD
• The Camp David Accords had their origin in Sadat’s unprecedented visit to
Jerusalem Sadat’s on November 19-21, 1977, to address the Israeli Knesset,
the first visit by an Arab head of state to Israel. Sadat was named “Man of
the Year for 1977″ by Time Magazine.
• Sadat’s visit initiated peace negotiations between Israel and Egypt that
went on sporadically through 1977 and into 1978. Reaching a deadlock,
both Sadat and Begin accepted President Carter’s invitation to a US –
Israeli – Egyptian summit meeting at the Presidential retreat, Camp
David (in Maryland) on September 5, 1978.
• From September 5 through September 17, 1978, twelve days of
secret negotiations were conducted at Camp David between Sadat
and Begin, mediated by US President Jimmy Carter
55.
56. •The Israeli-Egyptian negotiations were concluded by
the signing of two agreements at the White House.
•The agreements were based on UN resolutions 242
and 338, and were meant to constitute a basis for
peace between Egypt and Israel, as well as to reach
“a just, comprehensive, and durable settlement of
the Middle East conflict” for all neighbors willing to
negotiate with Israel.
•The first dealt with the future of the Sinai and peace
between Israel and Egypt, to be concluded within
three months. Israel agreed to withdraw from all of
the Sinai
57. •The second agreement was a framework establishing a format for the
conduct of negotiations for the establishment of an autonomy regime
in the West Bank and Gaza to settle the question of the Palestinians.
•The Israel-Egypt agreement clearly defined the future relations
between the two countries, all aspects of withdrawal from the Sinai,
military arrangements in the peninsula such as demilitarization and
limitations, as well as the supervision mechanism
•The framework agreement regarding the future of Judea, Samaria and
Gaza was less clear and was later interpreted differently by Israel,
Egypt, and the US.
•President Carter witnessed the Accords which were signed by
Egyptian President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin.
•The two agreements between Israel and Egypt led to a negotiated
peace between those two nations in 1979, the first between Israel and
any of its Arab neighbors. Sadat and Begin shared the 1978 Nobel
Peace Prize for their historic agreements.