CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REASONS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REASONS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF WAR. Contains: the assassination in Sarajevo, Britain in 1914, the invasion of Belgium, key politicians, declarations of war, the first world war.
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman appointed as Minister President of Prussia in 1862. As Minister President, Bismarck worked to strengthen Prussia by stopping a crisis in the kingdom, building a stronger Prussian army, and engaging in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Historians debate whether Bismarck engineered events that made German unification inevitable or simply responded to existing situations. This document provides background on Bismarck and outlines differing historical views of his importance in German unification.
The Japanese army invaded Manchuria in 1931 claiming China had sabotaged the Manchurian railway. They established the puppet state of Manchukuo. The League of Nations appointed a commission that reported Japan was the aggressor and should withdraw from Manchuria. However, Japan ignored the League's demands and resigned from the League in 1933, continuing their expansion by invading Jehol. The League's failure to enforce its rulings discredited it and showed that countries could ignore the League if they were powerful enough.
The document outlines a series of events in 1914 that led major European powers to make decisions that ultimately resulted in World War 1. It presents hypothetical scenarios where different countries must choose their next actions. Their choices narrowed the options of other countries and escalated tensions, as protective alliances were invoked and military mobilizations began in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists. Within a month, Germany and Russia were at war, followed by France and eventually Britain due to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium.
The Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1894-1895 over control of Korea. While smaller incidents contributed, the primary cause was the Tonghak Rebellion in Korea and China and Japan's decision to send troops to respond. Japan had a military advantage due to recent modernization. They defeated Chinese land and naval forces, culminating in the Treaty of Shimonoseki where China ceded control of Korea and paid war indemnities. Although brief, the war established Japan as an emerging power and weakened Chinese influence in the region.
Reasons for german unification prussian militarymrmarr
1) Prussia built a strong economy and army, allowing it to defeat Denmark and gain control of German territories.
2) Bismarck further strengthened Prussia's army against parliament's wishes and engineered a war against Austria to remove them from the German Confederation.
3) Bismarck then provoked France into war, leading the northern and southern German states to unite against France. Prussia's victory established a unified German empire under Prussian leadership.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REASONS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REASONS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF WAR. Contains: the assassination in Sarajevo, Britain in 1914, the invasion of Belgium, key politicians, declarations of war, the first world war.
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman appointed as Minister President of Prussia in 1862. As Minister President, Bismarck worked to strengthen Prussia by stopping a crisis in the kingdom, building a stronger Prussian army, and engaging in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Historians debate whether Bismarck engineered events that made German unification inevitable or simply responded to existing situations. This document provides background on Bismarck and outlines differing historical views of his importance in German unification.
The Japanese army invaded Manchuria in 1931 claiming China had sabotaged the Manchurian railway. They established the puppet state of Manchukuo. The League of Nations appointed a commission that reported Japan was the aggressor and should withdraw from Manchuria. However, Japan ignored the League's demands and resigned from the League in 1933, continuing their expansion by invading Jehol. The League's failure to enforce its rulings discredited it and showed that countries could ignore the League if they were powerful enough.
The document outlines a series of events in 1914 that led major European powers to make decisions that ultimately resulted in World War 1. It presents hypothetical scenarios where different countries must choose their next actions. Their choices narrowed the options of other countries and escalated tensions, as protective alliances were invoked and military mobilizations began in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists. Within a month, Germany and Russia were at war, followed by France and eventually Britain due to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium.
The Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1894-1895 over control of Korea. While smaller incidents contributed, the primary cause was the Tonghak Rebellion in Korea and China and Japan's decision to send troops to respond. Japan had a military advantage due to recent modernization. They defeated Chinese land and naval forces, culminating in the Treaty of Shimonoseki where China ceded control of Korea and paid war indemnities. Although brief, the war established Japan as an emerging power and weakened Chinese influence in the region.
Reasons for german unification prussian militarymrmarr
1) Prussia built a strong economy and army, allowing it to defeat Denmark and gain control of German territories.
2) Bismarck further strengthened Prussia's army against parliament's wishes and engineered a war against Austria to remove them from the German Confederation.
3) Bismarck then provoked France into war, leading the northern and southern German states to unite against France. Prussia's victory established a unified German empire under Prussian leadership.
The document summarizes the key causes and events leading up to World War 1. Militarism and nationalism in European powers increased tensions, as did imperial and ethnic disputes in the Balkans. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain reaction of diplomatic failures and military mobilizations that escalated into a continental war by August 1914. Major powers formed the Allied and Central Power alliances and fought brutal trench warfare for four years until Germany's defeat in November 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
The document summarizes key events around America's entry into World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. It outlines the major theaters of the war in both Europe and the Pacific, including important turning point battles like Midway, Stalingrad, and North Africa. It also discusses major Allied conferences like Casablanca and Yalta, and Allied operations in Europe such as D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the system of alliances between European powers. It describes how nationalist sentiments led countries to build up their militaries in an arms race. Competing colonial interests exacerbated tensions. By 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied against Russia, France, and Britain in a complex network that caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to trigger a chain reaction leading those countries to declare war on each other.
1) Napoleon was a young artillery officer who gained fame for his role in liberating the port city of Toulon from British forces in 1793.
2) Over the next decade, through a series of victories over Austria and others, Napoleon rose to power in France becoming the First Consul in 1799 and later crowning himself Emperor in 1804.
3) Napoleon conquered much of Europe but his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous, contributing to his eventual defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and exile to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
The document discusses the factors that led to the 1918 revolution in Germany. It describes how Germans initially supported World War 1 but became disillusioned as the war dragged on. The blockade imposed severe food shortages and high casualties damaged morale. Soaring war expenditures also strained the economy. Growing unrest over these hardships caused by the war eventually sparked the revolution in late 1918 that overthrew the Kaiser.
The presentation is about First World War. it's causes, devastation and name and force of the central powers and allied powers. The consequences and peace treaties which came into force through world war 1 in world history. It will be helpful for students of political science, public administration and international relations.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination. It discusses key events that led to the outbreak of war in 1914, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Germany declaring war on Russia and France, and the invasion of Belgium. It also summarizes some major battles of WWI on the Western and Eastern Fronts, including the First Battle of the Marne in 1914, the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, the Battles of Verdun and the Somme in 1916, and the German offensives and breaking of the Hindenburg Line in 1918.
The leaders of Italian unification faced significant obstacles, as the Italian states were divided and Austria dominated much of the region, making unification seem impossible. However, Piedmont-Sardinia was able to gain allies by joining the Crimean War, and then Napoleon III agreed to aid their fight against Austria if certain territories were surrendered. This allowed Piedmont-Sardinia, with French support, to defeat Austria and gradually unite the other Italian states through military campaigns and uprisings led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles signed after World War 1. It examines what each of the Big Three allied leaders - Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, and Wilson of the US - wanted to achieve from the peace treaty with Germany. Lloyd George wanted just punishment for Germany but not too harsh, while also weakening Germany's military. Clemenceau wanted to severely weaken Germany to prevent future threats. Wilson wanted a fair treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations to promote peace. The document goes on to outline some of the key terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty.
In 1914, Europe was divided into two opposing alliances: the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Each country had military capabilities and reasons for distrusting others. This system of alliances and military buildup created rising tensions that led Europe toward war.
AS History - British Foreign Policy III 1914kirstyodair
Britain entered WWI in 1914 primarily due to security and strategic interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe. While Britain had no formal alliances, the invasion of Belgium and prospect of a German victory threatening British control of the seas and nearby coastlines led Britain to join the war to prevent German domination of Europe. Foreign Secretary Grey's policy of informal agreements with France allowed cooperation without binding alliances, but left Britain's course unclear, dragging it into war once its interests were threatened.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in the late 19th century. It discusses the debates between a "Greater Germany" including Austria and a "Lesser Germany" without Austria. Bismarck used victories in the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars to consolidate the German states under Prussian leadership and proclaim William I as the first emperor of a unified German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes how World War 1 changed everything by discussing how a period of optimism in Europe was disrupted by rising tensions between nations due to new threats and alliances. New technologies enabled total war on an unprecedented scale and the war resulted in unprecedented casualties across Europe and beyond before ending in 1918. However, the aftermath created new instability and resentment that made another global war more likely in the future.
World War 1 was caused by long-term tensions between European nations such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. This triggered a series of declarations of war between European powers with secret alliances that led all major European powers to enter the war.
The document summarizes Japan's transition from the Tokugawa period to the Meiji Restoration. During the Tokugawa period, Japan was ruled by shoguns in a feudal system. In 1853, Commodore Perry forced Japan to open trade with the United States through gunboat diplomacy. Dissatisfaction with the unequal treaties led to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, which overthrew the shogunate and transferred power to the Emperor. The new Meiji government embarked on rapid modernization and industrialization by adopting Western political, economic, and military systems while maintaining Japanese cultural traditions.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: LONG/SHORT TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1George Dumitrache
The Great War was caused by long term tensions between European powers as well as short term events that sparked the war. In the long term, Germany's growing power threatened other countries and an arms race increased tensions. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems. The short term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to attack Serbia, drawing in the other powers. Germany backed Austria-Hungary and invaded neutral Belgium, bringing Britain into the war against Germany and its allies.
The 1st World War had devastating consequences for Europe. Over 10 million soldiers died and 20 million were wounded. The Treaty of Versailles established harsh terms for Germany, including war guilt, loss of territory, military limitations, and heavy reparations. This caused outrage in Germany and contributed to economic and political instability. Overall, the peace settlements redrew the maps of Europe but failed to achieve a lasting peace, as many were unhappy with the outcomes.
The document summarizes the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1848. Known as the "Springtime of Peoples," the revolutions were sparked by various economic, social, and political tensions in the years leading up to 1848. Revolutions broke out in key areas like France, the German states, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, though they had varying levels of success and most were ultimately crushed by conservative forces. The revolutions failed to achieve long-lasting change and instead strengthened conservative rule across Europe.
The long term causes of World War 1 included militarism, nationalism, the alliance system, and imperialism. Militarism refers to increased military spending and an arms race between European powers like Germany, Britain, and France. Nationalism encouraged people to view other nations as the source of problems and supported the use of violence to achieve independent nationhood. The alliance system divided Europe into two opposing teams through alliances like the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance, increasing tensions. Imperialism involved the acquisition of overseas colonies and competition for resources and markets between colonial powers like Britain and Germany. These long term factors heightened rivalry and laid the groundwork for global war.
Australia at war world war 2- year 9 historyApril Shorrock
Germany, under Hitler, sought to expand its power and territory in Europe in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France initially pursued a policy of appeasement by allowing Germany to annex parts of other countries in hopes of avoiding war. However, this failed to stop German aggression. Meanwhile, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and established a puppet state there, demonstrating the League of Nations' inability to restrain expansionist countries. These events by Germany, Italy, and Japan weakened international order and set the stage for World War 2.
The document summarizes the key causes and events leading up to World War 1. Militarism and nationalism in European powers increased tensions, as did imperial and ethnic disputes in the Balkans. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain reaction of diplomatic failures and military mobilizations that escalated into a continental war by August 1914. Major powers formed the Allied and Central Power alliances and fought brutal trench warfare for four years until Germany's defeat in November 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
The document summarizes key events around America's entry into World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. It outlines the major theaters of the war in both Europe and the Pacific, including important turning point battles like Midway, Stalingrad, and North Africa. It also discusses major Allied conferences like Casablanca and Yalta, and Allied operations in Europe such as D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the system of alliances between European powers. It describes how nationalist sentiments led countries to build up their militaries in an arms race. Competing colonial interests exacerbated tensions. By 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied against Russia, France, and Britain in a complex network that caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to trigger a chain reaction leading those countries to declare war on each other.
1) Napoleon was a young artillery officer who gained fame for his role in liberating the port city of Toulon from British forces in 1793.
2) Over the next decade, through a series of victories over Austria and others, Napoleon rose to power in France becoming the First Consul in 1799 and later crowning himself Emperor in 1804.
3) Napoleon conquered much of Europe but his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous, contributing to his eventual defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and exile to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
The document discusses the factors that led to the 1918 revolution in Germany. It describes how Germans initially supported World War 1 but became disillusioned as the war dragged on. The blockade imposed severe food shortages and high casualties damaged morale. Soaring war expenditures also strained the economy. Growing unrest over these hardships caused by the war eventually sparked the revolution in late 1918 that overthrew the Kaiser.
The presentation is about First World War. it's causes, devastation and name and force of the central powers and allied powers. The consequences and peace treaties which came into force through world war 1 in world history. It will be helpful for students of political science, public administration and international relations.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination. It discusses key events that led to the outbreak of war in 1914, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Germany declaring war on Russia and France, and the invasion of Belgium. It also summarizes some major battles of WWI on the Western and Eastern Fronts, including the First Battle of the Marne in 1914, the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, the Battles of Verdun and the Somme in 1916, and the German offensives and breaking of the Hindenburg Line in 1918.
The leaders of Italian unification faced significant obstacles, as the Italian states were divided and Austria dominated much of the region, making unification seem impossible. However, Piedmont-Sardinia was able to gain allies by joining the Crimean War, and then Napoleon III agreed to aid their fight against Austria if certain territories were surrendered. This allowed Piedmont-Sardinia, with French support, to defeat Austria and gradually unite the other Italian states through military campaigns and uprisings led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles signed after World War 1. It examines what each of the Big Three allied leaders - Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, and Wilson of the US - wanted to achieve from the peace treaty with Germany. Lloyd George wanted just punishment for Germany but not too harsh, while also weakening Germany's military. Clemenceau wanted to severely weaken Germany to prevent future threats. Wilson wanted a fair treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations to promote peace. The document goes on to outline some of the key terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty.
In 1914, Europe was divided into two opposing alliances: the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Each country had military capabilities and reasons for distrusting others. This system of alliances and military buildup created rising tensions that led Europe toward war.
AS History - British Foreign Policy III 1914kirstyodair
Britain entered WWI in 1914 primarily due to security and strategic interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe. While Britain had no formal alliances, the invasion of Belgium and prospect of a German victory threatening British control of the seas and nearby coastlines led Britain to join the war to prevent German domination of Europe. Foreign Secretary Grey's policy of informal agreements with France allowed cooperation without binding alliances, but left Britain's course unclear, dragging it into war once its interests were threatened.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in the late 19th century. It discusses the debates between a "Greater Germany" including Austria and a "Lesser Germany" without Austria. Bismarck used victories in the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars to consolidate the German states under Prussian leadership and proclaim William I as the first emperor of a unified German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes how World War 1 changed everything by discussing how a period of optimism in Europe was disrupted by rising tensions between nations due to new threats and alliances. New technologies enabled total war on an unprecedented scale and the war resulted in unprecedented casualties across Europe and beyond before ending in 1918. However, the aftermath created new instability and resentment that made another global war more likely in the future.
World War 1 was caused by long-term tensions between European nations such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. This triggered a series of declarations of war between European powers with secret alliances that led all major European powers to enter the war.
The document summarizes Japan's transition from the Tokugawa period to the Meiji Restoration. During the Tokugawa period, Japan was ruled by shoguns in a feudal system. In 1853, Commodore Perry forced Japan to open trade with the United States through gunboat diplomacy. Dissatisfaction with the unequal treaties led to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, which overthrew the shogunate and transferred power to the Emperor. The new Meiji government embarked on rapid modernization and industrialization by adopting Western political, economic, and military systems while maintaining Japanese cultural traditions.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: LONG/SHORT TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1George Dumitrache
The Great War was caused by long term tensions between European powers as well as short term events that sparked the war. In the long term, Germany's growing power threatened other countries and an arms race increased tensions. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems. The short term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to attack Serbia, drawing in the other powers. Germany backed Austria-Hungary and invaded neutral Belgium, bringing Britain into the war against Germany and its allies.
The 1st World War had devastating consequences for Europe. Over 10 million soldiers died and 20 million were wounded. The Treaty of Versailles established harsh terms for Germany, including war guilt, loss of territory, military limitations, and heavy reparations. This caused outrage in Germany and contributed to economic and political instability. Overall, the peace settlements redrew the maps of Europe but failed to achieve a lasting peace, as many were unhappy with the outcomes.
The document summarizes the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1848. Known as the "Springtime of Peoples," the revolutions were sparked by various economic, social, and political tensions in the years leading up to 1848. Revolutions broke out in key areas like France, the German states, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, though they had varying levels of success and most were ultimately crushed by conservative forces. The revolutions failed to achieve long-lasting change and instead strengthened conservative rule across Europe.
The long term causes of World War 1 included militarism, nationalism, the alliance system, and imperialism. Militarism refers to increased military spending and an arms race between European powers like Germany, Britain, and France. Nationalism encouraged people to view other nations as the source of problems and supported the use of violence to achieve independent nationhood. The alliance system divided Europe into two opposing teams through alliances like the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance, increasing tensions. Imperialism involved the acquisition of overseas colonies and competition for resources and markets between colonial powers like Britain and Germany. These long term factors heightened rivalry and laid the groundwork for global war.
Australia at war world war 2- year 9 historyApril Shorrock
Germany, under Hitler, sought to expand its power and territory in Europe in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France initially pursued a policy of appeasement by allowing Germany to annex parts of other countries in hopes of avoiding war. However, this failed to stop German aggression. Meanwhile, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and established a puppet state there, demonstrating the League of Nations' inability to restrain expansionist countries. These events by Germany, Italy, and Japan weakened international order and set the stage for World War 2.
KOKODA: So it was at Kokoda? [Humanities]Yaryalitsa
General Vernon Sturdee warned in 1933 that Japan would pose a major threat to Australian security and predicted that in the event of war, Australian troops would be hastily assembled civilians with little training compared to battle-hardened Japanese soldiers. However, he was ignored. By late 1941 when war loomed in the Pacific, the only troops available to defend Australia were training with broomsticks because they lacked rifles. The document discusses Australia's lack of preparedness for the threat of Japan prior to World War 2 and the difficulties Australian forces faced in the early days of the Pacific War due to insufficient training and equipment.
The German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles (1)Mr Halligan
The document summarizes the German reaction to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Germans were shocked at the severity of the terms, which took 10% of Germany's land and industries. Germans felt the treaty unjustly blamed them solely for starting the war and imposed punishing reparations. They viewed it as a "dictated peace" rather than a negotiated settlement, since Germany had not been defeated on the battlefield. The document suggests if Germany had won the war, they would have imposed an even harsher treaty on the allies, as evidenced by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk imposed on Russia.
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919 after World War 1, imposed harsh terms on Germany including war guilt, territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations. While the Allied leaders felt it adequately weakened Germany, Germans felt the terms were extremely unjust and punitive, fueling resentment that some argue contributed to the rise of Hitler and the start of World War 2.
World War 2 was caused by rising nationalism, imperialism, and militarism in Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s. These fascist regimes were led by dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo who took control of their nations, built up their militaries, and sought to expand their territories, ignoring international treaties. They took advantage of economic troubles to promise national renewal through aggression. The Western democracies failed to effectively counter the aggression and Germany, Italy, and Japan became emboldened, ultimately leading to World War 2.
Prezentare A.O Parlamentul European al Tinerilor.EYP Moldova
Parlamentul European al Tinerilor reprezintă un proiect educațional independent care se pliază nevoilor specifice a tinerilor cetățeni europeni.
EYP (European Youth Parliament) încurajează gândirea independentă și inițiativa socio-politică în rândul tinerilor precum și facilitează practicarea și dezvoltarea abilităților profesionale și sociale de bază. De la inaugurarea programului în 1987, mai multe zeci de mii de tineri au participat în cadrul sesiunilor regionale, naţionale şi internaţionale, au format prietenii şi au extins rețeau de contacte atât la nivel național cât și dincolo de granițele țărilor de origine.
Astăzi, Parlamentul European al Tinerilor este una dintre cele mai mari platforme europene pentru dezbatere politică care presupune întâlniri interculturale, activitate politică educaţională şi schimb de idei în rândul tinerilor din Europa. EYP este o reţea formată din 36 de asociaţii şi organizaţii europene, în care mii de tineri sunt voluntari activi.
Este documento explica a diferença entre "there is" e "there are" em inglês. "There is" é usado para uma única coisa ou pessoa, enquanto "there are" é usado no plural para mais de uma coisa ou pessoa. Exemplos são fornecidos para ilustrar corretamente quando usar "there is" e "there are" em frases afirmativas e negativas.
The document discusses how the Internet can be a valuable resource for Bangladeshi people if they have the proper skills to utilize it. It describes how the Internet can help students learn subjects like math and science more easily, as well as be a source of knowledge to get good grades. However, it notes that many do not take advantage of these opportunities and instead try to find ready-made homework answers. The document encourages people to connect with a global audience, leave comments on international news articles about Bangladesh, share creative content online, and make the most of what the Internet has to offer.
ALIA New Librarians' Symposium NLS7 Slides 2015Sue Hutley
Full slide deck from the NLS7 Career Planning Workshop held in Sydney in July 2015. http://nls7.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/nls7-program-and-presentations.pdf Accompanied by Contributed Slides (see this slide deck also on Slideshare) with advice from library colleagues around the world. #NLS7
The OWWL Catalog will be offline this weekend for upgrades and will return with a new look and features. It will include lists & dashboard views as well as batch holds and optional checkout history. Users are encouraged to explore the new catalog when it returns online.
NBT in the CT_Baseline Analysis_Jan 2016 Summary (LOW-RES)Richard Plumpton
This document provides a summary of a baseline analysis report on the potential for nature-based marine tourism in the Coral Triangle region. Some of the key findings include:
- Nature-based tourism in the marine and coastal areas of the Coral Triangle countries could provide significant socioeconomic benefits while helping protect the natural environment.
- Tourism is forecasted to grow substantially globally and in the Coral Triangle region, but this growth also risks accelerating environmental degradation if not managed carefully.
- Developing low-impact, high-value nature-based marine tourism could harness growing interest in sustainable tourism to benefit local communities and incentivize environmental protection in the Coral Triangle.
- Realizing this opportunity requires
Allocative Efficiency in Individual's LifeDr Nahin Mamun
The document discusses how to lead an efficient life by focusing on a specific area rather than trying to do everything. It recommends identifying a focus area by age 25, becoming efficient in that area by age 35, and achieving success by age 40 through dedicating over 24,000 hours of hard work. Being a generalist who knows many subjects but nothing deeply is seen as inefficient, while being an expert in one area but open to diversity is ideal. The key is becoming very efficient in a small domain through focused effort and teamwork.
Pemerintah Indonesia berencana memperluas program vaksinasi COVID-19 ke seluruh provinsi. Target vaksinasi akan dicapai dengan melibatkan tenaga kesehatan di puskesmas dan rumah sakit untuk membantu proses vaksinasi. Vaksinasi diharapkan dapat mempercepat pemulihan ekonomi dan aktivitas masyarakat.
The document summarizes the history of Bristol Bay Red King Crab and Bering Sea Snow Crab fisheries. It describes how the Red King Crab fishery began in the 1930s with Japanese and Russian fleets and expanded with the US trawl fleet in the late 1940s-1980s. It then discusses management changes over time, including the implementation of crab rationalization in 2005. For snow crab, it notes the fishery began as incidental catch in 1977 and increased until peaking in 1991, then decreasing dramatically by 1996 before stabilizing in the late 1990s.
El documento describe un juego llamado "Chikifriends" que consiste en 15 niños que suben juntos a 5 sillas moviéndose al ritmo de la música para enseñar valores como la unión y el trabajo en equipo. La empresa que lo promueve busca crear un ambiente alegre y divertido para los niños mientras resalta la importancia de la unión sin distinción de clases sociales o razas.
A brief overview of the causes of World War 1. The powerpoint starts with key terms my students were required to know (these could be deleted if not needed)
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It also discusses the initial neutrality of the US before its entry into the war in 1917 due to events like the sinking of the Lusitania passenger ship and the Zimmerman Telegram. After joining the Allies, the US mobilized its economy and military under President Wilson. Though Wilson advocated for post-war peace through the League of Nations, the US ultimately adopted a policy of isolationism and rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
Woodrow Wilson strongly opposed imperialism and wanted honesty and unselfishness in international affairs. Tensions in Europe were rising in the early 1900s due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist triggered World War I. Though the U.S. remained neutral at first, events like the sinking of the Lusitania and attacks on American ships drew the country into the war on the side of the Allies in 1917.
Woodrow Wilson strongly opposed imperialism and wanted honesty and unselfishness in international affairs. Tensions in Europe were rising in the early 1900s due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist triggered World War I. Though the U.S. remained neutral at first, events like the sinking of the Lusitania and attacks on American ships drew the country into the war on the side of the Allies in 1917.
Woodrow Wilson strongly opposed imperialism and wanted honesty and unselfishness in international affairs. Tensions in Europe were rising in the early 1900s due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist triggered World War I. Though the US remained neutral at first, events like the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram drew the US into the war on the side of the Allies in 1917.
Woodrow Wilson advocated for neutrality and honesty in international affairs as tensions rose in Europe prior to WWI. The main causes of the war included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist triggered Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia and aligned nations, starting WWI. While the US initially remained neutral, events like the sinking of the Lusitania and revelations in the Zimmerman Telegram turned American public opinion against Germany and led to the US entering the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies.
Woodrow Wilson was the US President during WWI. Tensions in Europe led to war in 1914 due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists triggered the war. Though the US remained neutral at first, events like the sinking of passenger ships like the Lusitania by German U-boats and the Zimmerman Telegram eroded American neutrality and led the US to enter the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies.
Woodrow Wilson was the US President during WWI. Tensions in Europe led to war in 1914 due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists triggered Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and drew other European powers into the growing conflict. While the US aimed to remain neutral, events like the sinking of passenger liners like the Lusitania by German U-boats and the Zimmerman Telegram drew the US into the war on the side of the Allies in 1917.
The Gallipoli campaign was a major military failure that began on April 25, 1915. The original Allied plan was to take three landmarks but confusion led boats to the wrong areas, sabotaging the plan from the start. By 2pm, the plan had failed due to lack of intelligence about the terrain and fierce Turkish resistance. While a military failure, Gallipoli became significant in Australian history and the origin of the Anzac legend of Australian and New Zealand bravery and sacrifice.
British exploration, colonization, & independenceesample458
Lieutenant James Cook explored Australia's east coast in 1770 and claimed it for Britain. Due to overcrowded prisons, Britain established the first penal colony in Australia in 1788. Over time, British settlers took land from Aboriginal people, spreading disease and conflict. The British assimilation policies devastated Aboriginal culture and population. By 1901, Australia became a self-governing British dominion, gaining full independence over time.
This document contains information about several topics:
1. It discusses working conditions in factories in the late 19th century Australia, noting issues like lack of ventilation, long hours, and lack of basic facilities. It led to the growth of unions seeking better conditions.
2. It provides an overview of the key events leading up to World War 1 in Europe, including the network of alliances between countries and the assassination that sparked the war.
3. It outlines Australia's involvement in World War 1, including the failed Gallipoli campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and the divisive conscription referendums in Australia in 1916.
The document summarizes Ireland's policy of neutrality during World War 2. It discusses how Ireland declared neutrality in 1939 to avoid taking sides in the conflict and angering either side. The policy emphasized Ireland's independence but also caused economic hardships as imports were cut off. The government established rationing and departments to increase self-sufficiency. There were also threats to neutrality from the IRA and German spies. Overall neutrality helped Ireland avoid direct involvement in the war but also led to international isolation and stagnation in the postwar years.
1. In 1901, the British colonies in Australia federerated to form the Commonwealth of Australia, which remained a dominion of the British Empire.
2. In the early 1900s, laws were passed that restricted Aboriginal people and led to some children being removed from their families and culture.
3. Australia fought in World War I as part of the British Empire and the defeat at Gallipoli is seen as an important event in developing Australia's national identity.
On January 1, 1901, the colonies of Australia were federates as the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing it as a dominion within the British Empire. In the early 20th century, Australia established its capital Canberra and willingly fought for Britain in World War I. The country's security was threatened for the first time during World War II when Japan invaded Papua New Guinea. Australia has since transitioned from a "White Australia" immigration policy of the 1970s to becoming fully independent from Britain in 1986, though it remains a constitutional monarchy.
On January 1, 1901, the colonies of Australia were federates as the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing it as a dominion within the British Empire. In the early 20th century, Australia established its capital Canberra and willingly fought for Britain in World War I. The country's security was threatened for the first time during World War II when Japan invaded Papua New Guinea. Australia has since transitioned from a "White Australia" immigration policy of the 1970s to becoming fully independent from Britain in 1986, though it remains a constitutional monarchy.
This document provides an overview of key events in Australian history from the Great Depression through World War 2 and into the postwar period. It discusses the causes and impact of the Depression in Australia, as well as the country's involvement in World War 2 in North Africa, the Pacific, and on the home front. It then summarizes the emergence of the Cold War and rise of anti-communist sentiment in Australia during the Menzies era of the 1950s. Key figures discussed include Prime Ministers Menzies, Chifley, and Curtin.
The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
The document provides information about the key events and causes that led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the alliance system between European powers which divided Europe into two armed camps. It also describes the naval arms race between Britain and Germany, the rivalry over colonial empires, and the assertive personalities of European leaders like the German Kaiser, all of which increased tensions. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914, setting off a series of diplomatic and military events that led the major powers into war by early August.
World War 1 PowerPoint (US Perspective)Cassidy Baker
World War 1 was caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling the other European powers into the war through their alliance obligations. The United States initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war by Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram. American involvement on the side of the Allies helped tip the balance, and Germany surrendered in November 1918, ending World War 1.
Here are the key points of Wilson's 14 Points:
- Open diplomacy between nations and reduction of arms
- Freedom of the seas and open trade
- Self-determination for colonial peoples and adjustment of colonial claims
- Evacuation of occupied territories and restoration of territories like Belgium and France
- Adjustment of borders in Italy and Balkan states along ethnic lines
- Autonomous development for Austria-Hungary's peoples
The 14 Points laid out Wilson's vision for a just post-war world order based on self-determination and collective security through the League of Nations.
The Importance of affective domain in language learning: Studies on self-esteemKin Susansi
This document summarizes a presentation on the importance of affective domain, specifically self-esteem, in language learning. It begins with an introduction to affective domain and how emotions and cognition are interconnected. It then discusses how negative self-concept and low self-esteem can inhibit language learning by increasing students' anxiety and lowering their motivation. The presentation proposes using Reasoner's model of self-esteem, which includes developing students' sense of security, identity, belonging, purpose and competence, to foster a healthy self-esteem in the classroom and improve language learning outcomes.
Extensive reading involves reading large amounts of material for general understanding rather than close analysis. It aims to promote reading as a habit and create positive attitudes toward reading. Extensive reading exposes students to different types of materials and genres to prepare them for more intensive reading. However, it faces challenges like limited book availability, lack of awareness of its importance, and engaging classroom activities. While often done outside of class, extensive reading has a big impact in developing student literacy and is the beginning of their learning journey. Without extensive reading, students will lack motivation to read which can undermine foreign language learning.
This document discusses how to specify the purpose and research questions or hypotheses for a study. It distinguishes between purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives. Purpose statements state the overall goal of the study, research questions focus the purpose into specific areas of inquiry, and hypotheses make predictions about relationships between variables. Both purpose statements and research questions are important to identify the scope and methods of a study. The document provides guidelines for writing quantitative purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses by specifying variables and participants. It also contrasts quantitative and qualitative approaches, noting that qualitative research focuses on a central phenomenon through open-ended questions rather than testing hypotheses.
ICT refers to information and communication technology. While there is no universal definition, it generally involves the scientific knowledge and skills used to transfer processed and meaningful data, ideas, emotions, skills and knowledge between parties. Technology plays a role in supporting information and communication processes, especially in education. Some benefits of ICT in education include exposure to authentic language, access to wider sources of information, opportunities to communicate with those outside the classroom, a learner-centered approach, and the development of learner autonomy.
1. The document defines ICT as information and communication technology, including technologies that support conveying information and communication in education.
2. ICT in language learning provides advantages like exposure to authentic language, access to wider sources of information, opportunities for international communication, and development of learner autonomy.
3. Hypertext and hypermedia are described as electronic documents that non-sequentially link information to associated materials like graphics, video, and sound, providing benefits like ease of tracing references and modular information but also potential problems like disorientation.
Alternative assessment, portfolios, journals, interviewsKin Susansi
The document discusses alternative assessments such as portfolios, journals, and interviews. It explains that alternative assessments allow teachers more flexibility in evaluating student proficiency compared to conventional tests. Types of alternative assessments are described, including their advantages over traditional testing. Specifically, portfolios track student growth, journals encourage student expression and responsibility for learning, and interviews assess oral skills and provide feedback. The conclusion states that a combination of traditional and alternative assessments gives teachers a more accurate view of student proficiency.
This document discusses different types of language assessment tests, including aptitude tests, proficiency tests, placement tests, diagnostic tests, and achievement tests. It provides details on popular proficiency tests like TOEFL and IELTS, describing their purpose, format, and international recognition. The document also explains the goals and characteristics of placement tests, diagnostic tests, and short-term and long-term achievement tests. It concludes that tests serve important purposes for students by helping teachers evaluate their proficiency, identify strengths and weaknesses, and ensure continued progress.
This document discusses how understanding films through their contexts is important. It provides examples of how societal attitudes, politics, censorship, artistic conventions, financial constraints, and technological developments have influenced filmmaking. Understanding these contextual factors helps viewers more accurately comprehend and judge the films.
The document provides a detailed psychoanalytic analysis of William Shakespeare's play King Lear. It discusses various characters and their motivations through a Freudian lens. Key points include:
- King Lear's madness is triggered by his unresolved Oedipus complex and desire to keep his daughter Cordelia from marrying. This damages his and Cordelia's lives.
- Lear's psyche can be understood through Freud's tripartite model of the Id, Ego, and Superego. His selfish Id is provoked by his evil daughters, and his weakening Ego fails to control his impulses, leading to madness.
- Other characters like Edmund and Gloucester experience similar psychological
The poem "Vultures" by Chinua Achebe uses vivid imagery to describe vultures and draw parallels to cruel human behavior. It depicts a pair of vultures nestled together after eating a corpse. In a later section, it compares the vultures' behavior to that of the Commandant of the Belsen concentration camp, who murders Jews but still buys his child sweets. Though capable of cruelty, even the worst creatures can feel love. The poem suggests there is a thin line between love and hate.
Post-colonialism is the study of the effects of colonial subjugation by Western powers on Third and Fourth World nations that emerged in the 1970s. It examines various forms of injustice, domination of culture and gender, and the experiences of subaltern groups. In literature, post-colonialism analyzes the interaction and reaction between colonial societies and the impact of colonialism on literary works. The document then defines and discusses several key post-colonial concepts like mimicry, hybridity, orientalism, and universalism and how they are applied in literary analysis and critique works from a post-colonial perspective.
I made this for Sociolinguistics class..about Kinds of Languange Varieties..such as what is dialect, accent, lingua franca, slang, argot, African American Vernacilar English, etc
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
• Australia recommended the importance of world peace through
diplomatic measure instead of military combats. However, to look for
military alliances for national security was also needed.
• World War 1 started mid 1914 and ended 11 November 1918. It is also
known as the Great War and the First World War, fought between the
Allied Forces and Central Powers.
• Australia didn’t have any concern in it but war initiated to form self-
governing colonies to federate as one nation and resulted the Defence
Act.
• First World War began when Britain and Germany went to war (August
1914). Prime Minister Andrew Fisher pledged full support for Britain.
Alliances: partnership among countries Allied Forces: troops of the alliances
3. • Although there was opposition to Australia entering this
European war, but British patriotic fervour resulted thousands
of men volunteering to help their ‘Mother Country’. The
outbreak of war was greeted with great enthusiasm.
• Besides, the need to support Britain fulfilled the agreement to
help defend each other. It was significant since German and
Japanese imperialism had spread widely and getting closer.
They had colonized parts of Australia’s nearest neighbors.
• Australia’s military contribution was extremely high.
Approximately 420 000 men joined AIF, the Australian
Imperial Force in which entirely a volunteer army. In
combination with New Zealand troops, the military force
known as ANZAC.
4. • Australia suffered enormous casualties in the First World War especially
at the battle in the Western Front. From a population of fewer than five
million, over 400 000 men joined military service, over 60,000 were
killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner.
• Despite the brutalities of war in Europe, Australians are more familiar
with the battle at Gallipoli, Turkey (April to December 1915) to capture
the peninsula from the Turks to open the Dardanelle Straits to Allied
shipping. This campaign gave birth to the ‘Anzac Legend’.
• After the battle of Gallipoli the number of volunteers fell away. There
was conscription issue that divided the country bitterly into ‘pro’ and
‘anti-conscription’.
Casualties: people injured, killed, captured or missing in a military engagement Gassed: Attack with gas
Shipping: moving goods and materials by ship to one country conscription: compulsory military service
5. • The federal government made a propaganda campaign to raise
support for the British Empire, led by the Labour Prime Minister,
William ‘Billy’ Hudges. However , it was victories for the anti-
conscriptionists because of the female vote such as mothers, wives and
sweethearts who supported the ‘No” campaign.
• The effects of World War I and the conscription issue resulted in social
and political turmoil. There were class differences and sectarian divides
between Irish Catholics and Protestants that became extremely bitter.
• It also splits the labour party. Pro-British or pro-conscriptionists
formed the ‘Nationalist Party’. On the other hand, the Labour Party
that anti-conscriptionists attracted more socialists, pacifists and
Catholics.
Sectarian: a member of religious group Pacifist: who Opposed to war
6. • Along with Irish-Catholics and unionists, the Labour Party became more
outspoken against the war and argued that it was a ‘trade’ war amongst
imperialist nations of Europe.
• Even though Bill Hudges support for the empire, he strictly defended
Australia’s right to be treated as an independent nation at the Versailles
Peace Conference in Paris (January 1919).
• Significantly, Hudges was able to gain the German colonies in the Pacific,
which were mandated to Australia. Australia also became one of a
founding member of the League of Nations.
• After World War I, Australia started to loosen its ties with ‘Mother
England’. However, patriotic imperial sentiments were still part of the
complex issue in Australian society.
Sectarian: a member of religious group Pacifist: who Opposed to war
7. WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
WAR IN EUROPE AND WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• The war was fought between the Allied Nations (a group of
countries that included Great Britain, the United States of
America, Australia and New Zealand) against the Axis powers –
spearheaded by Germany, Italy and Japan.
• Although Australia gained ‘separate nation status’ as a member
of the League of Nations, it has no option but to accept and
follow the foreign policy of Britain. So that when Britain declared
war on Germany ( 3 September 1939 ), Australia is also at war.
• The First World War was still fresh in Australian memories,
resulted great loss of life and also reduction in money spent on
defence. So, they were ill-prepared for this new war and less
enthusiastic about fighting Britain’s war.
8. • However, as Japan’s moves in Southeast Asia, Australia
decided to support Britain and to assure stability in the
Pacific. Australia's involvement in the Second World War
announced on every national and commercial radio station
in Australia by Prime Minister Robert Gordon Menzies (3
September 1939).
• Almost a million Australians, both men and women, served
in the Second World War. They fought in campaigns against
Germany and Italy in Europe, the Mediterranean and North
Africa, also against Japan in south-east Asia and other parts
of the Pacific.
9. Australia at war 3 September 1939
Libya and the Siege of Tobruk 1941
Greece and Crete April-May 1941
Syria and Lebanon June 1941
Malaya December 1941
to Moresby May 1942
Australia under attack 1940-1945
Coral Sea, Kokoda,
Milne Bay May-Sept 1942
El-Alamein Oct-Nov 1942
The Australian Homefront 1939-1945
The Coastwatchers 1941-1945
Australian Prisoners at War
1940-1945
Little-known Operations 1939-1945
Papua 1942-1943
The Japanese Retreat
March 1943-Jan 1944
War at Sea 1939-1945
Air War Europe 1939-1945
Last Battles: Bougainville, Borneo,
New Britain, New Guinea 1944-
1945
Victory: 8 May 1945/15 August 1945
10. • As Japan bombing of Pearl Harbour and attacks on the other Pacific
islands, Australia tried to avoid war with Japan through diplomacy but
it against Britain’s wishes. Therefore, Australia had no option but to
seek alliance with the United States of America.
• This decision was timely because after the fall of Singapore Japan began
the air raids on Northern Australia bombing Darwin and Broome and
used submarines to attack Sidney Harbour.
• Australia traditional family life changed dramatically when a large
numbers of females involved in civilian and military occupations.
• Although Australians did not undervalue the military importance of the
American, there were tensions developed between them as thousands of
young women fell into short affairs or marriages with American they
hardly knew.
11. • Australians also disliked Americans received a higher salary than them.
Australian felt that their war efforts were not as well-known as
American for their behaviour.
• The social conflict between Australians and Americans developed into
violent brawls, such as the ‘Battle of Brisbane’ (November 1942).
However, both countries had to unite in their fight against Japan.
• In 1942 Australia adopted the statue of Westminster that gave the
country greater control of its foreign policy. This Act is a major turning
point in British and Australian relations.
• The military campaign in Papua and New Guinea, the battle along the
Kokoda Track that lost many young conscripts has become a national
legend.
12. • 8 000 Australian soldiers and civilians who became Japanese prisoners-
of –war (POWs) died at the hands of Japanese. The World War II have
had the largest impact on society in Australia history.
• Post-World War II Australia reinforced its defence ties with Britain and
The United States of America from the spread of communism and the
Cold War.
• The ANZUS Treaty was formed in 1951 when united Australia, New
Zealand, and the United States joined to establish security in the Asia-
Pacific to promote pro-Western, non-communist countries in the
region.
• Australian’s willingness to cooperate that allowed Britain to carry out
atomic tests in remote region in this country devastated so many
Aboriginal groups and Australian servicemen.
13. • Australia troops have also been sent to British and American operations to fight
Japanese such as in Malayan, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Gulf Crisis, Afghanistan
and Iraq.
• Australia’s defence ties also involve security concerns to drug trafficking,
international crime, illegal immigration, environmental issues and terrorism.
• Anzac Day has been a significant yearly event in Australia to commemorate
heroes who were killed in wars (the Battle of Gallipoli) Since 25 April 1916.
• The spirit of the ANZACs became a part of the Australian ethos as symbolic
rituals of historical reflection, nationalistic sentiments, male and community
bonding, and universal ideals of love and not war.
• All cites have a central Anzac park and in almost every Australian town are
found war memorials as a reminder of their loved ones who died in war , war
efforts, and the impact wars have had on Australian society.