The document discusses several notable events and people from the late Cold War and post-Cold War eras: - Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. - The US invaded Panama in 1989 to remove Manuel Noriega from power and capture him on drug charges. - The Iran-Contra affair involved the Reagan administration covertly selling arms to Iran and diverting proceeds to fund anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua. - Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the US-led

2. Gerald Ford
• 38th President 1974-1977
• July 14, 1913 December 26,
2006.
• Grew up in Grand Rapids,
Michigan.
• He starred on the
University of Michigan
football team, then went to
Yale, where he served as
assistant coach.
• During World War II he
attained the rank of
lieutenant commander in
the Navy.

3. Jimmy Carter
• 39th President 1977-1981
• Born October 1, 1924 –
• Naval Academy
– Served in Navy for 6 years
• Wealthy peanut farmer
• Senator and Governor
from Georgia

4. 1976 – Presidential

5. Election of 1976

8. Andrew Young
• 1st African-
American to
become United
Nations
Ambassador for
the United States.

13. Mikhail Gorbachev
• Became the General
Secretary of the
Communist Party in
the USSR in 1985.
• Began a new era of
reform in the
communist country.

14. Mikhail Gorbachev
• Glasnost
– openness in discussing social problems
• Perestroika
– “restructuring", referring to the
restructuring of the Soviet political and
economic system in 1987

15. INF Treaty - 1987
• The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-
launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate
ranges. By the treaty's deadline of June 1, 1991, a total of
2,692 of such weapons had been destroyed.

16. November 9, 1989
• After a
misunderstanding, Gunther
Schabowski famously
announced in a live broadcast
international press conference
that (effectively) all rules for
traveling abroad were lifted, in
effect "immediately".
• Tens of thousands of people
immediately went to the Berlin
Wall where the vastly
outnumbered border guards
were forced to open access East German Minister of Propaganda;
famous for accidentally beginning the
points and allow them
destruction of the Berlin Wall!!
through, which proved to be
the end of the Berlin Wall.

17. East German Soldiers React
• Soldiers were not
sure of their orders
up until the very end.

18. Hands across the divide
• East German border policemen, refuse to shake hands
with a Berliner who stretches out his hand over the
border fence at the eastern site near the Checkpoint
Charlie border crossing point.

19. Celebration!
• East Berlin citizens climb
up the Berlin Wall near
the Brandenburg
Gate, November
10, 1989, to reach the
western part of the
divided city.

20. December 25, 1989
• Leonard Bernstein
gave a concert in
Berlin celebrating the
end of the
Wall, including
Beethoven's 9th
symphony (Ode to
Joy) with the word
"Joy" (Freude)
changed to
"Freedom" (Freiheit)
in the text sung.

21. Images from the End

22. Media Reaction

23. Importance
• The fall of the Wall
was the first step
toward German
reunification, which
was formally
concluded on
October 3, 1990.
• Major symbol of
Cold War was gone.

25. Break Up of the USSR
• After years of Soviet military buildup at
the expense of domestic
development, economic growth was at
a standstill.
• Failed attempts at reform, a stagnant
economy, and war in Afghanistan led to
a general feeling of
discontent, especially in the Baltic
republics and Eastern Europe.

26. Boris Yeltsin
• The Soviet Union
finally collapsed in
1991 when Boris
Yeltsin seized power in
the aftermath of a
failed coup that had
attempted to topple
reform-minded
Gorbachev.

30. • Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Croatia
• Kosovo
• Macedonia
• Montenegro
• Serbia
• Slovenia

31. Tiananmen Square 1989
• A series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen
Square in Beijing in the Peoples Republic of China
beginning on 14 April 1989.
• The protests were sparked by the death of a pro-
democracy and anti-corruption official, Hu
Yaobang, whom protesters wanted to mourn.
• Soldiers and tanks from the People's Liberation
Army were sent to take control of the city.
• The number of deaths is not known.

32. Tiananmen Square 1989
• An intelligence report received by the
Soviet politburo estimated that 3,000
protesters were killed, according to a
document found in the Soviet archive.
• Following the conflict, the government
conducted widespread arrests of protesters
and their supporters, cracked down on
other protests around China, banned the
foreign press from the country and strictly
controlled coverage of the events in the
PRC press.

36. “Tank Man”

38. Invasion of grenada
• October 25, 1983 and was
the first major operation
conducted by the US
military since the
Vietnam War.
• Codenamed Operation
Urgent Fury.
• WHY? the lives of
American medical
students who were living
on the island were
endangered.

40. Operation Just Cause
• The United States invasion
of Panama was launched
on December 20, 1989 –
WHY?
– Safeguarding the lives
of U.S. citizens in
Panama.
– Defending democracy
and human rights in
Panama.
– Combating drug
trafficking.

41. Operation nifty package
• The 1989 invasion of
Panama by the United
States removed him from
power; he was captured,
detained as a prisoner of
war, and flown to the
United States.
• Noriega was tried on eight
counts of drug trafficking,
racketeering, and money
laundering in April 1992.

43. Iran-Contra Scandal
Israel would ship weapons to
a relatively moderate,
politically influential group of
Iranians, and the U.S. would
then resupply Israel and
receive the Israeli payment.
A portion of the proceeds The Iranian recipients
from the weapon sales was promised to do everything
diverted to fund anti- in their power to achieve
Sandinista and anti- the release of six U.S.
communist rebels, or hostages, who were being
Contras, in Nicaragua – held by the Islamist terror
Which was violation of the group Hezbollah.
Boland Amendment

44. Persian Gulf War

45. The Conflict
• On August 2, 1990
the country of
Iraq invaded and
occupied the tiny
country of Kuwait
over a “supposed”
dispute over oil.

46. United States Responds
• President George W.
Bush declared that the
invasion “would not
stand”.
• Bush decided to send
American troops to
protect Saudi Arabia
(Desert Shield) and
eventually liberate
Kuwait (Desert Storm).

47. Outcome
• American forces led
by Gen. Norman
Schwarzkopf would
eventually
annihilate the Iraqi
forces with the
world’s most
advanced weapons.

48. Air War Assessment
• Began January 17,
1991 and lasted
about 6 weeks until
the ground attack
began.
• Air power was then
used to assist the
ground assault.
• Air power gave the
Tomahawk destroying
US an extreme
Iraqi postion
advantage

49. The Ground War
• On Feb 24, 1991 Marine
divisions launched the
ground offensive.
• Gen. Schwarzkopf
hatched his “Hail Mary”
attack plan.
• The ground assault by
the Allies precipitated a
general rout on the part
of Iraqi forces positioned
in Kuwait.

50. Desert Storm - Ground
Offensive

51. Ground War Assessment
• Operation Desert
4500
Storm(ground) lasted 4000
only 100 hours. 3500
• The Iraqi forces were 3000 Iraqi (pre-
war)
totally destroyed by 2500
2000 Iraqi (lost)
the American led
1500
Coalition forces. 1000
• 100,000 Iraqis killed; 500
148 Americans 0
tanks Airplanes