Big Data, Analytics And Modeling

Big Data, Analytics And Modeling
Big Data, Analytics & Modeling Data is the backbone of business today and has always played a
critical role in business. Today in the era of "Big Data" and Digital Business, data has become the
primary driver of decision making, growth and innovation. The big data today is radically different
from the data of yesterday. The Big Data age has brought with it a tremendous increase in the
amount of data and types of data available to businesses. New data is produced every day, generated
by social networking sites, mobile phones, location, third party, business transactions, etc. We are in
an era which is characterized by the 5 V's of Big Data: Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity and
Value. The Big Data opportunities are enormous, as are its challenges. In this context it is especially
important to understand the Opportunities and Problems that business faces to extract value from
Big Data Analytics. Big Data Analytics is one of the critical game changers that is fundamentally
altering the business environment and it is in turn transforming the role of the customer experience
in a digital world, and pushing us towards the generation of new digital business models The
benefits of Big Data Analytics are: Data Warehousing: Creates "one version of truth" shared by all
organization members. Information graphics: convey insights about data and allow visualization of
relationships between data, and trends. Drill–down: Allows you to "ask questions" of the data
interactively so
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A Report On Design And Implementation Of Data Models
A Report on 'Design and Implementation of Data Models'
At
American Express India Pvt. Ltd.
Submitted by
Alok Deshpande
PRN: 14030241140
MBA (IT Business Management)
(2014–2016)
Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology
(A constituent member of Symbiosis International University (SIU), estd., under Section 3 of UGC
Act, 1956 by Notification No. F.9–12/2001–U–3 of Govt. of India)
Year of submission 2015
Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology
A constituent member of Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIDU), Estd. Under Section
3 of UGC Act, 1956 by Notification No. F.9–12/2001–U–3 of Govt. of India
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled "Design and Implementation of Data Models" is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antony Tims Elamata, Application Architect, Tata Consultancy Services, for their valuable guidance
throughout the internship tenure. Thank you for showing patience with me and always encouraging
me to learn throughout the course of my internship. I would also like to thank Mr. Ritesh Bhateja,
Director, Technical Delivery for his continuous support and encouragement. I would also like to
thank my mentor Prof. Dr. Priti Puri for her valuable support and guidance. My sincere regards to
the entire administration at SCIT, including Ms. Sonali Shevate, Exam Coordinator for making my
internship successful.
I would like to sincerely thank our Director Dr. Dhanya Pramod, and Placement Officer Ms. Savitha

Nair, Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Pune, for giving me the opportunity to work for
an organization of International repute.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................5
GLOSSARY.....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY....................................................................................8
1.2 LINE OF BUSINESS.....................................................................................................8
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO AET DOMAIN..................................................................................13
1.4 PROFILE OFFERED....................................................................................................13
1.5 PROJECT
SCOPE..........................................................................................................................14
1.6 TEAM

Analysis of the Use, Importance, and Implementation of a...
Analysis of the Use, Importance and Implementation of A Data Dictionary
Introduction
Data dictionaries have evolved into one of the most transformational and valuable components of
databases architectures given the increasingly complex integration, data analysis and data
management tasks enterprises need to accomplish. The use, importance and implementation of data
dictionaries are analyzed and explored with specific focus on their use in enterprises who have
intensive information and intelligence management needs daily.
Analyzing the Uses of of Data Dictionaries
The data dictionary has evolved from being a repository of fundamental database attributes, data
models and definitions of elements, files, records, users to a critical framework component for
enabling application, data and system integration (Stonebraker, 2010). Data dictionaries have
evolved to fill the need enterprises have for unifying and integrating diverse, often previously siloed
databases and legacy systems together, creating more agile, advanced and comprehensive data
models that define a business' entire value chain (Asscher, 1984). Integrating customer and sales
data across the enterprise has led to Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems becoming
more effective in attracting, selling and serving prospects and customers both. At a system
architectural level, the data dictionary acts as the catalyst of Master Data Management (MDM)
integration which integrates siloed, legacy systems to make

The Summer Training Project At American Express India Pvt....
Acknowledgement It is my great pleasure to present my work on the summer training project at
American Express India Pvt. Ltd. It has been a truly wonderful and enriching experience to be
associated with the organization. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guide and mentor
Mr. Ravi Mishra, Lead Data Architect, American Express for his valuable guidance during the
internship tenure. Thank you for showing patience with me and always encouraging me to learn
throughout the course of my internship. I would also like to thank Mr. Ritesh Bhateja, Director,
Technical Delivery for his continuous support and encouragement. I would also like to thank my
mentor Prof. Dr. Priti Puri for her valuable support and guidance. My sincere regards to the entire
administration at SCIT, including Ms. Sonali Shevate, Exam Coordinator for making my internship
successful. I would like to sincerely thank our Director Dr. Dhanya Pramod, and Placement Officer
Ms. Savitha Nair, Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Pune, for giving me the
opportunity to work for an organization of International repute. Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................5
GLOSSARY.....................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7 1.1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY....................................................................................8 1.2 LINE
OF BUSINESS.....................................................................................................8 1.3
INTRODUCTION TO AET DOMAIN..................................................................................13 1.4
PROFILE

Document Based Data Modeling Technique
Janu Barot
Database System
Midterm Exam
Document based data modeling technique and relational technique
In todays era, the volume of data we manage has developed to terabytes. As the volume of data
continues developing, the sorts of data produced by applications get to be wealthier than some time
recently. Subsequently, traditional relational databases are tested to catch, visualize, seek, share,
break down, and store data. We find many difficulties in managing big data using traditional data
modeling techniques. We still need an advance modeling techniques threw which we can solve
problems of managing big data. There are two types of data models in data base system one is
relational model and other is non ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Column–based or wide column NOSQL systems: These systems segment a table by column into
column families where every column family is put away in its own records. They additionally
permit forming of data qualities. Chart based NOSQL systems: Data is spoken to as graphs, and
related hubs can be found by navigating the edges utilizing way expressions Data with the
accompanying attributes is appropriate for a NoSQL system firstly, Data volume becoming quickly
secondly, Columnar development of data then, Document and tuple data Lastly, Hierarchical and
graph data. Data with the accompanying qualities may be more qualified for a conventional
relational database management system is On–Line Transaction Processing required atomicity,
consistency, disengagement, toughness prerequisites (ACID) then Complex data relationship and
Complex question prerequisites [2] Apache Cassandra are example of BigTable–style Databases
Oracle Coherence, Kyoto Cabinet is case of of Key–Value Stores. mongo DB and Couch DB is
example of document database and neo4j and flock dB is case of graph database. [4]. I have selected
document base data modeling to compare and contras with relational data modeling. Now before
starting compare and contras of document base data modeling and relational data modeling I would
like to explain what does data modeling and relational data modeling means. A data model is an
accumulation of ideas that can be utilized to depict the

Assingment2 Essay
ITC 6000 Class 2 ‐ Assignment
1. List at least four advantages of indexing. Mention some indexing tips that would be of particular
help to a database designer. Also, discuss indexing practices that can adversely affect the
performance of a database. In your discussion, include information on how a designer should decide
on how many indexes to provide per table.
Indexes are used to boost performance in a database. Finding an individual record or set of records
most efficiently done by Index. Index key is the reference point where an index is an ordered
arrangement of keys and pointers. Each key is appointed to the location of the data recognized by
the key. For example: when we print out at the NEU library we have given our User ID so ... Show
Not updated: Look for information that is not subject to change when identifying primary keys. ID
numbers instead for Names.
Required: If the key is defined within a table, it will never have a null value. Information cant
referenced without a Primary key. Value is required by the software.
Combination Keys: A primary key can be made from a single field or combination of several fields.
It could be made from a combination of student ID number and the time computer use started in a
database. For an example: Computer user logs.
Identifying foreign keys: Every dependent and category entity in the design must have a foreign key
for each relationship in which it participates. Foreign keys are formed in dependent and sub type
entities by migrating the entire primary key from the parent or generic entity. If the primary key is
composite, it may not be split.
Foreign key attributes are not considered to be owned by the entities that they migrate, because they
are reflections of attributes in the parent entity. Each attribute in an entity is either owned by that
entity or belongs to a foreign key in that entity.
3. Describe at least two examples of common errors in entity relationship modeling. If possible,
provide a graphical illustration of the problems and solutions. List some questions the designer
should consider before designing the models so that these errors can be avoided.
Incomplete data model type.
This

Information System
Section 1 1. The study of computer based Information Systems (IS) is not just limited to traditional
computers and servers, but also includes such devices as: a. Network Routers b. Mobile Phones c.
Telecommunication Switches d. All of the Above 2. Information Technology (IT) refers only to the
information processing software programs of a computer system: True or False 3. Information
Systems are used in the business world to support an organization's: a. Decision Making b. Business
processes and operations c. Strategies for competitive advantage d. All of the above e. None of the
above 4. The barriers a Business must deal with, such as competitors, substitutes, customers,
supplier, etc are often referred to as: a. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary Storage b. ROM c. Sequential Access d. Direct Access 12. Ethical computer use policy
contains general principles to guide computer user behavior: True or False 13. The smallest unit of
data storage, bit, is a contraction of: a. Binary Items b. Bytes In Transition c. Binary Digit d. None
of the above 14. A grouping of how many Bits compose a Byte: a. 5 b. 10 c. 8 d. 1 15. The main
End–User method of interacting with a computer uses: a. Direct Access b. Primary Storage c.
Graphical User Interface d. Sequential Access 16. The system of programs that manages the
operations of a computer system is called: a. Machine Language b. Software Suites c. Operating
System d. Personal Information Manager 17. Custom software is often developed in–house for use
by a specific organization or set of users: True or False 18. Assorted programs that direct the
performance and computing functions for a specific or specialized use of Information Systems: a.
System Software b. Application Software c. Programming Language d. None of the above 19. A
combination of general purpose application packages that work easily together are: a. Custom
Software b. CASE Tools c. Software Suites d. Operating Systems 20. What refers to how well a
system can adapt to increased demands: a. Scalability b. Capacity Planning c. Reliability d.
Availability 21. Client application or software package that allows the user to

08
Database Processing, 13e (Kroenke/Auer) Chapter 8: Database Redesign 1) Database redesign is
rarely needed because databases are usually built correctly the first time. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1
Page Ref: 367 2) In a real sense, information systems and organizations do not just influence each
other, but rather they create each other. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367 3) A continuous
circular process of changes in user behaviors and change in the information systems they use is a
natural outcome of information system use. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367 4) The continuous
circular process of changes is known as the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Answer:
TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367 5) Database redesign is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 376 27) The process of reading an actual database schema and
producing a data model from that schema is called reverse engineering. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page
Ref: 373 28) The data model produced by reverse engineering is a true conceptual schema. Answer:
FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 373 29) The data model produced by reverse engineering may include
some entities that should not appear in the data model. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 373 30)
The design produced by reverse engineering may be described as a table–relationship diagram.
Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 373 31) The authors refer to the data model produced by reverse
engineering as the RE data model. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 373 32) Because of the need to
know the functional dependencies in a database, it is a good idea to create a dependency graph.
Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374–375 33) Dependency graphs are graphical displays like bar
charts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 374–375 34) Typically, there are at least four different
copies of the database schema used in the redesign process. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 375
35) A means must be created to recover all test databases to their original state during the redesign
testing process. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 375 36) Even if an organization

Relational Database System ( Rdbms ) Essay
A relational database is a group of data which classified into a set of tables that can be accessed in
several ways without having to reconstruct the tables' oftenly.Relational Database was proposed by
Edgar Codd around the time 1969 since then it has become very prevalent for commercial
applications. In the 20th century there were countless Relational Database System (RDBMS) ,take
for instance: IBM.DB2 and Oracle. Glossary The following are the main terms and concepts related
to the named model: 1. Attributes –they describe the facts, details or characteristics of an entity. The
attributes that maybe contained in an invoice might be name, number and paid/unpaid. 2. Table –this
is where data is stored for processing and output .The table is defined as a collection of correlating
data consisting of rows and columns. For example, the CUSTOMER or PURCHASES table may
entail the customer first name, last name, address and the product that the customer purchased or
wishes to purchase. 3. Field–this is a column in a table that is constructed to save and maintain
particular information about records that are stored in the table. They can include name, age and
salary fields. 4. Record– commonly called a record, usually referred to as a 'slot' or space that
resides in a table, it is most commonly recognized as a horizontal entity. For instance, the
CUSTOMER's table will consists of numerous related records. Cust_Fname Cust_Age
Cust_Address Stacy 20 Clarkia Drive 5. Reports–this is

Best Practice Paper : Data Modeling
IST 659
Ramya Jain
Best Practice Paper : Data Modelling
Date – 10/14/2015
Introduction
A data model is a conceptual representation of the data structures that are required by a database
[Mamčenko, J. (n.d.)]. The data structures gives the information about data objects, associations
between data objects, and the rules which administer actions on the objects. A data model serves as
a bridge between the concepts of the real world and how the data is physically organized in the
actual database. Data modelling has been ongoing for many years but still businesses struggle to
extract the value from their data and thus, create well designed, intuitive models [Data Modeling
Best Practices. (n.d.).]. With businesses considering for innovative ways ... Show more content on
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There is no excuse for not constructing at least a summary data model."
In the paper "Best practices in system dynamics modeling" by Ignacio J. Martinez–Moyano and
George P. Richardson a comprehensive research of the best practices are presented. The paper
mentions what is believed to be the best way to undertake database modelling. What core activities
should be undertaken during different phases of modelling? What are the most significant practices
to be trailed throughout various phases of modelling practice?
Department of Health and Human Services presents data modelling best practices in their practice
guides "Enterprise performance life cycle framework" for logical and physical data modelling. In
this paper, author mainly talks about gathering requirements and creating a logical model are the
key to a good physical design. The author mentions about creating the logical model first and then
transform into physical model. A revision should also be made in the logical and physical data
model as business needs change. It described various best practices like proper communication,
conducting requirement gathering and analysis, review and approve, iterative process and change
management.
Suggested Data Modelling Best Practice
As mentioned by Ignacio and George (2013), there is no explicit text for best practices for data
modelling. Even though a lot of books have written about practices to be followed for data

Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio
Lab – Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio
Overview
In this lab, we will learn to draw with Microsoft Visio the ERD's we created in class.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this learning unit you should be able to:
▪ Understand the concept of data modeling
▪ Develop business rules
▪ Develop and apply good data naming conventions
▪ Construct simple data models using Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs)
▪ Develop entity relationships and define various types of attributes
Lab Goals
Our lab goals are to:
1. Learn to build conceptual models in Microsoft Visio.
2. Create the 5 ERDs from class in Microsoft Visio.
You will accomplish this by drawing the 4 diagrams from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Part 2: Microsoft Visio for Conceptual Modeling Walk–Thru
Overview
In this section, we will walk–through creating a conceptual data model with Microsoft Visio. We

will use the vBay! (E–bay "like" website case study as an example for conceptual modeling.)
To Create an Entity:
Drag the [pic] icon onto the page and drop. Name the entity in the database properties window:
[pic]
YOU DO IT:
Now add these 4 Entities to your diagram:
[pic]
To Add Attributes to the entity:
To add attributes to your entity, simply click on the columns section of the database properties
window, and enter in your column names. Be sure to include the appropriate attribute descriptors
[rucdm] with the physical name. Ignore the data type Req'd and PK columns. Those are used in
logical modeling.
[pic]
YOU DO IT:
Now add attributes to all 4 entities, like this:
[pic]
To Add Relationships among the entities:
To Add Relationships, simply drag the appropriate relationship cardinality (for example: [pic]) onto
the page and connect the ends to each entity. To "snap" the line to the entity drag the line end onto
the box until it turns red, like this. Red symbolizes the shapes are glued together:
[pic]
After to glue both ends of the line to an entity, you can double–click on the line to assign it a label.
For example:
[pic]
YOU DO IT:
Now add

question answer
12.8 Describe how strong and weak entity types differ and provide an example of each.
A strong entity type is an entity type that is not existence–dependent on some other entity type
A weak entity type is an entity type that is existence–dependent on some other entity type.
States
Strong entity weak entity
Client is strong entity because it already has primary key and doesn't depend on any other entity, but
the reference is weak entity because depends on client entity and doesn't have primary key. (Section
12.4).
12.11 You are required to create a conceptual data model of the data requirements for a company
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A design methodology is a structured approach that uses procedures, techniques, tools, and
documentation aids to support and facilitate the process of design.
16.2 Describe the main phases involved database design.
Database design is made up of three main phases: logical and physical database design.
Conceptual database design: the process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise,
independent of all physical consideration. It begin with creating conceptual data model for the
enterprise that is entirely independent of implementation details.
Logical database design is the process of constructing a model of the data used in a company based
on a specific data model, but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.
In the logical database design phase we build the logical representation of the database, which
includes identification of the important entities and relationships, and then translate this
representation to a set of tables. The logical data model is a source of information for the physical
design phase, providing the physical database designer with a vehicle for making tradeoffs that are
very important to the design of an efficient database.
Physical database design is the process of producing a description of the implementation of the
database on secondary storage; it describes the base tables, file organizations, and indexes used to
achieve efficient access to the data, and any

Tour Operator Agency Database. Essay
A multinational tour operator agency has gained new business growth in the North American market
through the use of social media. Its operation has expanded by 50% within six months and the
agency requires an enhanced data management strategy to sustain their business operations. Their
existing data repository for its reservation processing system is limited in business intelligence and
reporting functionalities. The tour operator seeks a database management specialist to assist them in
leveraging their data sources to enable them to forecast and project tour sales appropriately.
Imagine that you have been hired to fulfill their need of enhancing the data repository for their
current reservation processing system. Upon reviewing the ... Show more content on
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You may make use of graphical tools in Microsoft Word or Visio, or an open source alternative such
as Dia. Note: The graphically depicted solution is not included in the required page length.
Construct a query that can be used on a report for determining how many days the customer's
invoice will require payment if total amount due is within 45 days. Provide a copy of your working
code as part of the paper. Using the salesperson table described in the summary above, complete the
following: Construct a trigger that will increase the field that holds the total number of tours sold
per salesperson by an increment of one (1). Create a query that can produce results that show the
quantity of customers each salesperson has sold tours to. Support the reasoning behind using stored
procedures within the database as an optimization process for the database transactions.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one–inch margins on all
sides; citations and references must follow APA or school–specific format. Check with your
professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment,
the student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the
reference page are not included in the

Evaluation Of User Requirement Analysis Of Data Warehouse...
Evaluation of User Requirement Analysis in Data Warehouse Design
1.0 Introduction
A data warehouse (DW) can be acknowledged as one of the most complex information system
modules available and it is a system that periodically retrieves and consolidates data from the
sources into a dimensional or normalized data store. It is an integrated, subject–oriented, nonvolatile
and a time–variant collection of data in support of management's decisions (Inmon, 1993).
1.1 Data Warehouse Design Process
When considering suggestions of various authors who are well known in the field, such as William
Inmon and Ralph Kimball the DW design process can be divided into three main stages (Figure 1).
The first phase which is DW planning is aimed at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, DW projects are complex, inherently risky and some of them fail in the implementation.
According to studies more than 80% of DW projects fail to fulfill business goals.
One of the main reasons behind the failure of DW is the incompetence in analyzing user
requirements. Kimball et al. (2008) indicated that requirement definition phase is paramount and
will impact almost every decision in the DW project. This paper will concentrate on the main
approaches of user requirement gathering in DW design.
1.2 User Requirement Analysis Approaches
User requirement analysis approaches fall within two major categories, which are supply–driven
and demand–driven. Supply–driven approaches which is also called as data–driven, start with an
analysis of all the available operational data. This is a bottom–up technique introduced by Inmon
(1996) with emphasis on underlying operational data sources as the basis to establish the scope and
the functionality of a DW. Data–driven approach starts with identifying all available data within
transactional data source and analyses it in order to produce data mapping.
Demand–driven approach which is also called as requirements–driven, starts from identifying the
information requirements of business users. This implies a top–down technique. For this method
high level of top management involvement is required and the focus is on their needs to align DW
with corporate strategy and business objectives. Requirements are used to build a conceptual

Indexes Are Used From E Commerce Websites
Answer 1
Indexes are used by queries to find data quickly. Indexes are used to boost performance in a
database. Finding an individual record or set of records most efficiently done by Index. Index key is
the reference point where an index is an ordered arrangement of keys and pointers. Each key is
appointed to the location of the data recognized by the key. For example: when we order any
product from E–commerce websites like amazon, we will be assigned an order confirmation ID
which gives the authority to track that particular information on the product till it reaches.
If no index exists on a table, a table scan must be performed for each table referenced in a database
query. The larger the table, the longer a table scan takes because a ... Show more content on
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 The primary key attribute cannot be discretionary which means it should not possess null values.
 The primary key cannot have repeating values which means the attribute may not have more than
one value at a time for a given entity case is prohibited. This is known as the No Repeat Rule.
 Entities with compound primary keys cannot be split into multiple entities with simpler primary
keys. This is called the Smallest Key Rule.
As we know that a foreign key is an attribute that completes a relationship by identifying the parent
entity. Let me explain how to identify the foreign keys that every dependent and subtype entity in
the model must have a foreign key for each relationship in which it participates. Foreign keys are
formed in dependent and subtype entities by migrating the entire primary key from the parent entity.
If the primary key is composite, it may not be split.
Foreign key attributes are not considered to be owned by the entities to which they migrate, because
they are reflections of attributes in the parent entities. Thus, each attribute in an entity is either
owned by that entity or belongs to a foreign key in that entity.
If the primary key of a child entity contains all the attributes in a foreign key, the child entity is said
to be "identifier dependent" on the parent entity, and the relationship is called an "identifying
relationship." If any attributes in a foreign key do not belong to the child 's primary key,

Automation And Database Management : Automation Essay
Automation in Database Management
Since the beginning of big data, there has always been an extensive amount of work required of the
database administrators that build and maintain their systems. A trending new technology is making
great strides as of lately in reducing the repetitive or mundane tasks that take up the employees'
valuable time. The advent of automation in database maintenance has a promising outlook in
making regular procedures more efficient. So what is automation? In its simplest state, automation
is "the technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic
means, as by electronic devices, reducing human intervention to a minimum" according to
dictionary.com. This is a widespread trend that spans all different types of industries, from
manufacturing to computer technology. It seems like it would make sense to inevitably spread to
database systems, which is now evident on a large scale. There are many proponents of this new
method, who see it as the new norm in terms of upkeep. At the rate it is expanding and providing
new opportunities to implement it, there should be a huge increase in what types of tasks can be
automated within the very near future.
Basic forms of automation are not necessarily a new development and have existed since the 80s,
but in 2009 inventors from the HP Development Company L.P. filed a patent for the standard
operating procedures for automation in database administration. In short, they defined

Applying Normalized Tables And The Model Of The Entity...
then be able to identify the dependencies between the attributes, and then create normalized tables
directly based on those dependencies. More often than not this can be done mentally or on paper
before the tables are even added to the actual design.
Normalization appropriates the affiliation amongst all of the attributes within the entity table to
achieve its goal. Since the Entity Relationship Diagram will also contain the appropriations amongst
the attributes, as a common base to identify the entity type structure, than it is possible to then apply
the normalization principles, all during the conceptual data modeling phase. Enacting Normalization
during the Entity Relationship Diagram can then improve the conceptual model, and therefore ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The relationship are then indicated by the common columns, or the domains, in the data tables are
related. The Transitive Dependency within an entity type takes place of the non entity attributive
attributes have dependency amongst there selves. Multi – Valued dependency likeness in the Entity
Relationship Diagram can take place when the attributes within the entity example have more than
one value. This is a potential instance when some attributes within an entity examples have the
maximum cardinality of n, or more than 1. When the attribute has lots of values in an entity
example, this can be setup either as the composite key modifier of the entity type, or then split into
the weak entity type.
Normalized Entity Relationship represents the dependency approach in Entity Relationship Diagram
toward the intended use in the application of normal form. Normalization is a many step occurrence
that begins with "unnormalized" relations.The first set up in normalization is to appropriate the data
into a two dimensional table. In an unnormalized relation the data can repeat within the columns. To
be able to move to a first normal form a relation must also contain only the atomic values at each of
the rows and columns. So this means no repeating groups, and a set of columns will be named the
Candidate key when its value can

It 650 Principle Of Database Designs
IT 650 Principle of database designs
Srikanth Karra
Southern New Hampshire University. Introduction:
Westlake research hospital is a drug research organization and hospital as well. This hospital cum
research organization has its core business of its own test called double blind of a new depression
drug. This organization has 420+ users including doctors, researchers, pharmacists and patients.
Depending on the test result patient get new or traditional drug and the treatment lasts about 18
months. Patients get interviewed by doctor twice a month; doctor examines and interviews 20
patients initially. It is expected that few patients drop out overtime. The drug product is distributed
in generic bottle to prevent the secrets of this drug from other hospitals and organizations working
in the same direction. This drug is dispersed by two superiors and one among them is a pharmacist.
The organization is using traditional ways of storing business information that is in papers and
registers. The information is growing exponentially and tracking the patient's information is time
consuming. To improve business and to effectively streamline the business hospital needed a
database.
Limitations:
1. Manually storing information into papers and register consume much time and human efforts.
2. Organization patient's information is the fear of the organization in the current system because it
requires more capital.
3. By this system organization cannot track patient's health

Data Modeling Concepts
Data Modeling Concepts COM 660 Data Modeling Concepts Following document explains what
are data models and the importance of data model. Building a good data model helps organizations
in software development, data base design and product maintenance. The document explains the
theory, even if it looks like the organizations are spending substantial amount of resources on
developing data models, but still it helps organization, keeping the costs low and build a better
product. Database constitutes of data structures and is represented by conceptual data structures.
Data models are abstract models which is required to define how data can be consumed and put to
effective use. The main reason why construction of data model is required ... Show more content on
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Data item includes all elements that exist to define components of configuration items. Examples
include employee details, course details or student grade details. Data Items have a number of
attributes, and is related to a single configuration item. Relationship Items defines relationship
between two configuration items, or two data items or between a configuration item and data item.
Examples include employee relationship with courses schedule, courses schedule relationship with
students and students' relationship with grades. Relationship can be one–to–one, one–to–many or in
many–to–many form, depending upon how the business functions are setup. Why is Data Modeling
Important? Data modeling is the most critical aspect development process. Developing data model
is very expensive in terms of labor, time and future business process. Even if there is time crunch or
pressure to deliver the project, still data modeling should be done, before any other database
development activity happens. Databases should not be built without data model. Same as it is not
viable to build a house without blueprints. Projects can go terribly wrong if the process is not being
followed and would cost in terms of money time and loss in profit. The primary goal of the data
model is to ensure that the all data objects required by the database are analyzed and planned to
represent it

What Value The Traditional Database Projects Helps Run A...
Mindset changes in data modeling "NoSQL practitioners focus on physical data model design rather
than the traditional conceptual / logical data model process" (Hsieh, 2014). The mindset of the data
modelers have changed in recent years. The flexibility, scalability and the ability to handle variety of
structured to unstructured data of the NoSQL data bases have made the data modelers to think more
in business –centric notion. It is always better to choose a NoSQL databases based on the business
requirement rather than use a polished technology, which would bring out the best results. Some
questions that traditional database projects answer are why, when and where relating to the business.
Who is responsible and what value does it bring in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volume is the high amount of data that comes in.Variety is the data is a combination of structured,
Un–Structured, Quasi–structured and semi–structured data. Velocity is the need to stream in the data
in real time to analyze them and provide best reports. Veracity is an additional challenge which is
dealing with authenticity of the data in one way to the other (Langit, 2015). NoSQL databases do
address these challenges. These challenges have made the companies to change their view on how
they look at the questions they ask their businesses. Those questions are more about the future than
the past which provide a base for predictive analytics. Predictive analytics do focus on data there are
different than the transactional data and more of behavioral data. They do predict the pattern based
on running algorithms and statistics on supervised and unsupervised data. By statistics we mean
regression, classification and clustering. And the results of predictive analytic are best understood
by applying visualizations which play a major role in making the companies understand what is
happening their business. There are four different choices of data storage. They are Files, Hadoop,
NoSQL and relational databases (Langit, 2015). NoSQL vs RDBMS The RDMS(Relational
databases sytems) involves two classifications OLTP(Online Transactional Processing) and
OLAP(Online Analytical Processing).As the name suggests

The Rental Car Company Is Laying The Foundation For...
6–1 Data Model Assignment: DAT–500 15TW1 The rental car company is laying the foundation for
building a relational database and is already deep within the design phase of the SDLC. Developing
enterprise data models will ensure the business requirements are being met and in the long run, spell
success for the enterprise. The two entity relationship diagrams the rental car company has
established are 1) a Conceptual data model and 2) a Logical data model. Using the process of
building these foundational models, the rental car company can then move on to the physical model
and complete the database. The first data model, the conceptual model, is basically the skeleton or
the foundational framing for how the rental car company can develop the concepts (also known as
entities) that are most important to the organization. Within the conceptual model, there are a limited
number of components. In this current stage of the development there are only entities and
relationships, descriptive characteristics (or attributes) come later. Here the focus is on entities and
the organization can narrow down what takes top priority. Those four concepts mentioned in the
model are at the foundation and a requirement for tracking the profitability and efficiency of the
branch and its employees. Branch, Sales, Vehicle and Employees are prime examples of entities and
one can easily draw relationships and business rules between them. Relationships are often
described with verbs and can confirm

Introduction Relational Database was proposed by Edgar Codd around the time 1969.It has become
dominant for commercial applications. In the 20th century there are countless Relational Database
System (RDBMS) take for instance: IBM.DB2 and Oracle. Glossary The following are the main
terms and concepts related to the named model: 1. Attributes –they describe the facts, details or
characteristics of an entity. The attributes that maybe contained in an invoice might be price,
number, data or paid/unpaid. 2. Table –this is where data is stored for processing and output .The
table is defined as a collection of related data consisting of rows and columns. For example, the
CUSTOMER or PURCHASES table may comprise of the customer first name, last name address
and the product that the customer purchased. 3. Field–this is a column in a table that is constructed
to store and maintain specific information about records that are stored in the table. They can
include name, age and salary fields. 4. Record– most commonly known as a record, usually referred
to as a 'slot' or space that resides in a table, it is most commonly recognized as a horizontal entity.
For instance, the CUSTOMER's table will consists of numerous related records. Cust_Fname
Cust_Age Cust_Address Stacy 20 Clarkia Drive 5. Reports–this is a summary of the information
presented on the table. It is usually used for readability and presentations. Reports assist in
answering specific questions. For example, a report

Database Design Concept
Apply the database development cycle to a given data set
Database development creates enterprise data modeling, which forms the range and wide–ranging
contents of organizational databases. There are 5 phases in Database Development Cycle: Planning;
Analysis; Design; Implementation and Maintenance.
Planning
In Planning Stage, the organization needs to know why do they need the database; what do they
want the database to do; and how are they going to make the database. This is also where the
organization will create a relevant department to handle the project and hiring a project manager.
Project manager will determine the duration and the cost of the project.
Analysis
After the organization creates the relevant department, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example for my employees, I have used from'E01' and for my owners, I have used from 'ON01'.
I also have used different ID for each table because to avoid confusion. For example, one owner can
have multiple properties or one property can have multiple owners. From the relationship I have
built, the data will be shown like in figure 8.
The purpose of Relationship is to manage two tables together that shares related attributes. This to
know whether the relation is one–to–many, one–to–one or many–to–many relationship. But from
above image, it shows that all tables have one–to–many relationship. To know how does 'many' look
like in relationship table, it will show infinity () symbol.
The purpose of Queries is to let the user to find for a specific data or end results such as Total sales
price of properties for each location which is shown in Fig. 10
The purpose for form is to enter, edit, and interact with multiple data. In forms you also can create
buttons such as, Add, Save, Delete, Previous Records and Next Records. It is also less time
consuming for the user to enter a data. The user doesn't have to enter data through table because the
form itself has shown Add and Save button. But the form must have relevant field for the user to
enter the data.
The purpose for Reports is to show the review records in systematized manner.

Complex problems with more than one variable have been

Database Design, Implementation, and Management
ABSTRACT
Database Design, Implementation, and Management
– Gymnasium Database System
As the world entering into a digital era, most of organizations use different kinds of database
environment to achieve efficient management. A suitable database management system provides a
set of tools for an organization to efficiently track and manage its data.
The development of a database follows a database application lifecycle. It is a rather long process
and requires a considerable amount of time, energy, and resources as well. A database administrator
is obliged to strive for the perfection of the database to address the increasing amount of information
to be dealt with. Apart from that, since new technology keeps emerging, ... Show more content on
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Example of creating procedure .....................................................25
Figure 11. The process of Test First Development ..........................................27
Figure 12. Full&Log backup strategy ................................................ ........ 31
List of Tables
Table 1. Example of entity types .............................................................15
Table 2. Example of relationship types ......................................................15
Table 3. Example of attribute list ............................................................16
Table 4. Example of transaction list .........................................................18
Table 5. Example of physical data model ...................................................22
1. Introduction
For any organization the collection and storage of data have always been a primary concern. Large
organizations nowadays use a database system to address this task. However, the earliest solution is
a file–based system, and it is still in use in many small firms today.
File–based system is a set of application programs that provides services for users to keep and
process data. Each program is independent and can define and manage its own data. When users
need to look up some information, they go to the filing system and search from the first entry until

the desired result is found.
Although the file–based system can be an effective approach sometime, it does suffer from two
detrimental problems:
← Isolation of data. When stored in a file–based system, data is kept within separate files in an
isolated manner. It would be a rather difficult task when users want to access relevant information
from two different files. ←

Tools Used For Data Modeling And Predictive Analysis
Weka Ashish Penti
Computer Science Department
University of North Carolina – Charlotte Charlotte, NC, U.S.A
ABSTRACT
Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a collection of machine learning
algorithms developed on Java platform by University of Waikato, New Zealand. It is a data
analyzing tool used for data modeling and predictive analysis. It is licensed under GNU General
Public License. As it is implemented in Java it is platform independent. It is a comprehensive
collection of various data preprocessing and modeling techniques. Some of the operations
performed using Weka like classification, clustering etc. are discussed here. It provides
implementation of various algorithms which can be applied on any kind of datasets.
It has wide range of features which perfectly suits for a data mining process. This includes
preprocessing of data to clean and structure the data. Then it is followed by data
classification/clustering by choosing appropriate algorithm. Weka contains four different types of
interface. Each one has its own specifications. Explorer is the simple and basic interface whereas
Experimenter is the most efficient of all these. Using Java Database Connectivity, it provides access
to SQL databases and can be used to process the result obtained from database queries.
This article provides a brief introduction to Weka, list of few algorithms in Weka, how it is used,
some of the merits and demerits of Weka and some of the future implementations that

Nt2520 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Essay
Unit 3 Assignment 1: Homework
Learning Objectives and Outcomes
Use the database modeling template in MS Visio.
Create entities and add attributes of a database.
Define relationship between entities of a database.
Create many–to–many relationships with a linking table.
Assignment Requirements
Answer the following True or False questions on the student answer sheet.
Required Resources
Textbook
Submission Requirements
Submit your written answers to your instructor at the beginning of Unit 4.
Unit 3 True/False Questions
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false on the student answer sheet.
1) The logical design is independent of any database management system.
2) The physical design is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
17) A surrogate key is a random or arbitrary key often just numbers incremented.
18) A composite key refers to an entity that has multiple keys.
19) Domain entities are entities that represent the core business elements of the database.
20) A lookup entity can help ensure consistency in data entries.
Unit 3 Assignment 1: Student Answer Sheet
DATE: ____________________________
STUDENT NAME: ____________________________
COURSE NUMBER: ____________________________
INSTRUCTOR: ____________________________

SCHOOL LOCATION: ____________________________
General Instructions:
To answer each question, darken the circle corresponding to your answer using a pencil. If you
decide to change your answer, please erase your original answer completely and darken your new
answer.
Question No. | True | False | 1 | | | 2 | | | 3 | | | 4 | | | 5 | | | 6 | | | 7 | | | 8 | | | 9 | | | 10 | | | 11 | | | 12 | | | 13 | |
| 14 | | | 15 | | | 16 | | | 17 | | | 18 | | | 19 | | | 20 | | |
Unit 3 Research Assignment 1
Learning Objectives and Outcomes
Use the database modeling template in MS Visio.
Create entities and add attributes of a database.
Define relationship between entities of a database.
Create many–to–many relationships with a linking table.
Assignment Requirements
Use the Internet and the ITT Tech Virtual Library to research the following

Process Modeling, Er Diagram and Logical Data Modeling
White paper on Process Modeling, ER diagram and Logical Data Modeling Authors Yogini Wagh
Process Modeling Process modeling is the concise description of the total variation in one quantity,
by partitioning it into a deterministic component given by a mathematical function of one or more
other quantities, plus a random component that follows a particular probability distribution.
Software process modeling and business process modeling are the techniques for obtaining a better
understanding of business processes. In other terms, it is a model of one or more business processes,
and defines the ways in which operations are carried out to accomplish the intended objectives of an
organization. It can describe the workflow or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several notations for data modeling. The actual model is frequently called "Entity
relationship model", because it depicts data in terms of the entities and relationships described in the
data. Several techniques have been developed for the design of data models. While these
methodologies guide data modelers in their work, two different people using the same methodology
will often come up with very different results. Most notable data models are: ▪ Bachman diagrams ▪
Entity–relationship model ▪ Object–relational mapping ▪ Object Role Modeling ▪ Relational Model
References: 1. System Analysis & Design by Igor Hawryskiewycz. 2.
www.learningtree.com/courses/322.htm 3. www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmd/pmd.htm 4.

The Rental Car Company Is Laying The Foundation For...
The rental car company is laying the foundation for building a relational database and is already
deep within the design phase of the SDLC. Developing an enterprise data model will ensure the
business requirements are being met and, in the long run, spell success for the enterprise. The two
entity relationship diagrams that the rental car company has established are 1) a conceptual data
model and 2) a logical data model. After using the process of building these foundational models,
the rental car company can move on to the physical model starting to finalize and complete the
database. The first data model, the conceptual model, is basically the skeleton or foundational
framing for how the rental car company can develop the concepts (also known as entities) that are
most important to the organization. Within the conceptual model there are a limited number of
components. In this current stage of development there are only entities and relationships, while
descriptive characteristics (or attributes) come later. Here the focus is on entities; the organization
can narrow down what takes priority. The four concepts mentioned in the conceptual model are the
core––a requirement for tracking the profitability and efficiency of the branch and its employees.
"Branch," "Sales," "Vehicle," and "Employees" are prime examples of entities which one can easily
draw relationships and business rules between. Provided the relationship is connected properly, an
employee or vehicle may be

Devry Bis 245 All Discussions Question
DeVrY BIS 245 All Discussions Question – Graded
IF You Want To Purcahse A+ Work then Click The Link Below For Instant Down Load
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DeVrY BIS 245 All Discussions Question – Graded
WEEK 1
Databases and Gathering Requirements (graded)
1. Why are databases important to business? How do databases generate sales and–or profits? What
databases do you interact with, and how do they benefit you?
2. What is meant by requirements gathering, and why is it important to clearly define the data
requirements of a database before creating it?
3. Read the General Business Example on page 7 of the Frost ... Show more content on
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The database is also found in the first page of Doc Sharing. View the content and structure of the
database, and then choose one of the questions that follow to answer.
Later in the week, you may answer a second or third question, but let's start off with everyone
answering one at a time.
a. What kinds of queries would be useful to Woodcraft, assuming that it wants to improve its sales,
relationship with its customers, or other aspects of its business? Describe what information you
might want to select from the database in the form of a query, and list the specific columns and data
that the query would produce. Assume that they have hundreds of customers, rather than the short
list found in the database file.
b. Suggest additional tables and information that you would like to see in a database like this, the
kinds of queries that it would facilitate, and how such queries would help the company improve its
business goals of profitability, cost reduction, or other business strategies.
c. Using the Woodcraft database file, create some queries that use concepts found in the textbook, as
well as this week's lab. Post a screenshot of your query design and result set in a Word document.
d. Research one new feature that you haven't studied as it relates to query generation, and show how
you could use that feature to create a useful query. Use the Woodcraft database to showcase this
query–generation technique and post it in

Relational Data Models Versus No Sql Data Model
Relational Data Model Versus No SQL Data Model
Rutu Patel
CSIT 555 Database Systems
Midterm Research Paper
[1] INTRODUCTION:
The term database can be defined as the collection of systematic, well–ordered and structured data
that can be easily and efficiently handled, retrieved and upgraded on a periodic basis depending on
its requirements. The structure and organization of any database is based upon its respective
database model.
A unique database model is implemented by each database depending upon the logical structure of
the data that is being handled by that database. There are numerous distinct database models out in
the market at present that allow the application developers to effectively manage the data. The most
widely welcomed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental theory of logical relations among the grouped data is incorporated in the relational
database model. This method offers numerous advantages such as keeping the structured data in an
organized and logically related manner, ease of data handling in case of related data or information,
simplicity of data management and many more. In general, it can be stated that those database
systems that assimilate the technique of relational SQL data model can execute in a productive and
precise method.
[3] THE NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM AND KEY–VALUE STORE DATA MODEL:
The term "No SQL" is considered in a much wider vision which means "Not Only SQL". This can
be elaborated in the sense that the concept of No SQL does not consider the complete elimination of
SQL language, rather it focuses on supporting other SQL like queries. The No SQL Database
basically follows a model–free approach. The leading advantage of implementing the No SQL
database is eliminating all the restrictions of the rigorously followed structured model in the
relational database system. In No SQL approach, there are many flexibilities of choosing eligible
data structure according to the information or data that has to be handled. Some of the widely
followed data models of the No SQL database are key value stores, column family stores, document
database, graph database, etc. The fundamental concept behind the development of the key–value
store data model is to create a data model that

Electronic Healthcare Information Systems Analysis
Databases, Electronic Healthcare Information Systems, Data Sets and Data Standards Patient data is
crucial to healthcare practice. Having the ability to create, modify, delete, and view patient data is
the most important aspect of healthcare. A vital storage mechanism to perform the above functions
is a database. A database is essential in development of Electronic Health Record system A database
is an organized collection of data saved as a binary–type file on a computer (Sayles, 2013). Binary–
type files only contains ones and zeros so it is unreadable to end users. A database management
system provides the ability to perform the functions mentioned above. Many vendors are available
in the marketplace for different kinds of database ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data objects can model relational data or advanced data types such as graphics, movies, and audio.
Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others are objects used in object–oriented data. The object–relational is a
combination of relational and object–oriented databases. Traditional and advanced data types can be
used to construct database management systems. These systems can connect to a company's website
and update records as needed. Database Approach The main purpose of a database is data storage
that can be stored and retrieved when needed. A popular common language called structured query
language (SQL) is used to store and retrieve data in relational database. This language enables the
systems to run a report or modify data or remove the data from the database. A database
management system (DBMS) controls all aspects of a database, this is not limited to the creation,
maintenance, and use of database. The DBMS ensures proper applications are able to access the
database. An important purpose of a DBMS is to maintain the data definitions (data dictionary) for
all the data elements in the database. It also enforces data integrity and security measures. Data
Models Data models provide a contextual framework and graphical representation that aid in the
definition of data elements. In a relational database, the data model lays the foundation for the
database and identifies important entities,

Description Of A Database Management System
Chris Velasquez
MGMT 329
Final Research Paper to Pass
A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of tables, queries, reports, viewings,
and other objects. The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports
processes requiring information, such as modelling the structure of a major business such as
Walmart, and all of its data including things like their inventory, customers, and their employees. A
database management system is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other
applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general purpose database
management system is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and
administration of databases.The Database uses terms that are key for anyone to sift through the
collection of data that any company or business collects. terminology consists of keywords that will
help users select desired pieces of data. The primary key is a special relational database table
column of a collection of columns appointed to individually identify all table records. The primary
key's main features include: it cannot contain a unique value for each row of data, and it cannot
contain null values. The primary key is either an existing table column or a column that is explicitly
initiated by the database according to a defined sequence. The foreign key is a column or group of
columns in a relational database table that implements

Conceptual Model Of Conceptual Data Model Essay
Conceptual data model Conceptual data model to build the conceptual representation of the
database, which includes identification of the important entities, relationships and attributes. A
conceptual data models identifies the highest level relationships between the different entities.
Features of conceptual data model include:–  No attribute is specified  No primary key is
specified  Includes the important entities and the relationships among them. At this level the data
model attempts to identify the highest– level relationship among the different entities. But attributes
with highlighted foreign keys and primary keys which is not included in the conceptual data model.
The data model showing the least amount of details is known as conceptual, Logical data model A
logical data model describes the data in as much detail as possible without concern how they will be
physical implemented in the database.in data warehousing it is common for conceptual data model
and the logical data model to be combined into a single step . Also translating conceptual data
models into a format consistent with the architure used by the data management software to be used
with the application. Logical data a model is the same for all data management technologies, while
logical data model for one real–life scenario in generic, physical data model will depend upon a
particular implementation. The main features of this model include Include are entities and
relationships between

Relational Database Management System
Relational Database Management System is a database where data is represented as a set of
relations in which data is stored. RDBSM is the basic for SQL. RDBSM contains a table (Is where
the data of RDBMS is stored in) and the table contains a field (It is the smaller pieces of the table/
attributes of the table.), records (Also known as a row. It is a single entry in the table. It lies
horizontally on the table) and columns (Columns lie vertical on the table. It contains all of the
information related to a single field/ attribute). Constraints (Rules) can be enforced on a RDBSM.
Example: Unique constraint (To ensure that all the data in a column is of different values), Not Null
constraints (Set in place to ensure that a columns cannot have a null value), Primary key (Ensures
uniquely identified records in a table), Foreign key (Ensures that ... Show more content on
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Enables network access: this gives the user the advantage by connecting to the database via as
server daemon (A piece of software that executes background tasks, like filtering in this instance). It
provides the advantage to be connected to the database without logging in through a physical
computer. Because you need to connect to a network, it provides additional security for the network.
Multiple user access: this ensures that multiple users can connect to the database simultaneously.
Transaction management enables the users to manipulate/ update/ alter the data all at the same time
without causing the database to crash.
Maintenance: RDBMS contains maintenance facilities that give the database administrator the
means to fix, backup and maintain the database.
Enables the user to use SQL (Structured Query language): SQL's format is easy to learn and to use.
It uses simple English terms to submit

Databases, Forms, and Reports Essay
Databases, Forms, and Reports
This paper will discuss databases, forms and reports. Why has the use of databases increased
dramatically? What factors should be considered when designing a database and why? How would
you go about designing forms and reports from scratch? In conclusion, a summation will be given
along with closing thoughts.
Database Usage
A database is an organized collection of information or data. It is a collection of organized
information in which a computer can easily select and display different fields of data. Databases
have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing, but the vast majority of these were
custom programs written to access custom databases. Unlike modern systems which can be ... Show
The mission statement establishes the purpose of the database and provides a focus for the
developer. The second phase is to analyze the current database; typically a legacy database or a
paper–based database. In this case, there is not a database in place because it is a new company. The
third phase is to create the data structures for the database. Define tables and fields, establish keys,
and define field specifications for every field need to be accomplished. Establishing table
relationships is the fourth phase. Interviews will be conducted with users and management and
identify relationships between the entities. The fifth phase is determining and defining business
rules. Interviews will be held to identify limitations on various aspects of the database, establish
business rules, and define and implement validation tables. Determining and establishing views is
the sixth phase. Identifying various ways of looking at the data, will establish the views. The
seventh or the last phase in this design process is to review the final database for data integrity. This
step includes making sure each table meets the criteria for a properly designed table, review and
check field specifications for each field, review the validity of each relationship, and then to go over
the business rules to confirm any limitations.
Database design is one of planning and analysis. Planning defines the goals of the database, explains
why

Data Modeling For A Relational Database Management System
The need to store and evaluate data is a perpetually growing field in the world of information
systems. From the days of using flat files to very large database management systems that store
petabytes of data in real time, the practice of building information from data continues to evolve.
Today, the relational data model is quite ubiquitous and is used in a plethora of information systems
ranging from accounting systems, banks, retail business, and scientific usage. It is important to
understand the concepts involved in data modeling for a relational database management system in
order to build an effective and efficient system.
Data models weren't as sophisticated in the early days as they are today. In the 1960's and 70's the
first generation data models were comprised of an ad hoc file system with no concept of
relationships between the files (Coronel & Morris, 2015). For instance, one file might contain rows
of customer records while another would house invoices. For simple data, file systems worked, but
for large sets of interconnecting data, a data processing specialist was needed to create a program
that fetched the proper data, analyze it, formatted it, and presented it in a report that made sense to
the end user. For every new query, the data processing specialist needed to create a separate
application. Files became increasingly cumbersome the more that were added and they duplicated
quite a bit of data since there were no relationships between files. The time

Database Security
– 1 –
Database Security *)
GÜNTHER PERNUL
Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Informationssysteme
Abteilung für Information Engineering
Universität Wien
Vienna, Austria
1. Introduction
1.1 The Relational Data Model Revisited
1.2 The Vocabulary of Security and Major DB Security Threats
2. Database Security Models
2.1 Discretionary Security Models
2.2 Mandatory Security Models
2.3 Adapted Mandatory Access Control Model
2.4 Personal Knowledge Approach
2.5 Clark and Wilson Model
2.6 A Final Note on Database Security Models
3. Multilevel Secure Prototypes and Systems
3.1 SeaView
3.2 Lock Data Views
3.3 ASD_Views
4. Conceptual Data Model for Multilevel Security
4.1 Concepts of Security Semantics
4.2 Classification ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
· Authorization, Access Controls
Authorization is the specification of a set of rules that specify who has which type of access to what
information. Authorization policies therefore govern the disclosure and modification of information.
Access controls are
– 3 – procedures that are designed to control authorizations. They are responsible to limit access to
stored data to authorized users only.
· Integrity, Consistency
An integrity policy states a set of rules (i. e. semantic integrity constraints) that define the correct
states of the database during database operation and therefore can protect against malicious or
accidental modification of information. Closely related issues to integrity and consistency are
concurrency control and recovery. Concurrency control policies protect the integrity of the database

in the presence of concurrent transactions. If these transactions do not terminate normally due to
system crashes or security violations recovery techniques are used to reconstruct correct or valid
database states.
· Auditing
The requirement to keep records of all security relevant actions issued by a user is called auditing.
Resulting audit records are the basis for further reviews and examinations in order to test the
adequacy of system controls and to recommend any changes in the security policy.
In this Chapter such a broad perspective of database security is not taken.
Instead, main focus is directed towards aspects related to

Cis 111 Complete Course Cis111Complete Course
CIS 111 Complete Course CIS111Complete Course
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CIS 111 Week 1 Discussion
"Business Rules in Data Modeling" Please respond to the following: * Per the text, when databases
are developed, they are modeled around business rules, so they accurately support a business
function or operation. * Based on your experiences, identify one (1) example of a business function
/ operation. Explain the business function / operation in the context of business data models. *
Identify the business rules associated with your selected business function / ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Check with your professor for any additional instructions. * Include a cover page containing the title
of the assignment, the student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover
page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: * Describe the role of
databases and database management systems in managing organizational data and information. *
Compose conceptual data modeling techniques to capture the information requirements. * Use
technology and information resources to research issues in database systems. * Write clearly and
concisely about relational database management systems using proper writing mechanics and
technical style conventions.
CIS 111 Week 3 Discussion
"Entity Relationship Modeling" Please respond to the following: * As explained throughout this
course, entity relationship modeling is a critical element of database design. If the database is not
properly modeled, it is unlikely that the database will be properly developed. Using this knowledge,
explain the key reasons why entity relationship modeling is important, and determine at least (1)
way in which it impacts the overall development of the database. * Analyze the key ways that entity
relationship modeling helps database developers overcome potential design challenges and

A relational database is a collection of data which organized into a set of tables that can be accessed
in multiple ways without having to reorganize the tables' oftenly.Relational Database was proposed
by Edgar Codd around the time 1969.It has become prevalent for commercial applications. In the
20th century there were countless Relational Database System (RDBMS) take for instance:
IBM.DB2 and Oracle. Glossary The following are the main terms and concepts related to the named
model: 1. Attributes –they describe the facts, details or characteristics of an entity. The attributes
that maybe contained in an invoice might be name, number and paid/unpaid. 2. Table –this is where
data is stored for processing and output .The table is defined as a collection of correlating data
consisting of rows and columns. For example, the CUSTOMER or PURCHASES table may entail
the customer first name, last name, address and the product that the customer purchased or wishes to
purchase. 3. Field–this is a column in a table that is constructed to save and maintain particular
information about records that are stored in the table. They can include name, age and salary fields.
4. Record– commonly called a record, usually referred to as a 'slot' or space that resides in a table, it
is most commonly recognized as a horizontal entity. For instance, the CUSTOMER's table will
consists of numerous related records. Cust_Fname Cust_Age Cust_Address Stacy 20 Clarkia Drive
5. Reports–this is an overview of

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