Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
This is an Architectural case study on the Centre for Environment Planning & Technology (CEPT) building. Situated in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This is done by an architecture student in semester 5.
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
This is an Architectural case study on the Centre for Environment Planning & Technology (CEPT) building. Situated in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This is done by an architecture student in semester 5.
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
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For advanced themers and developers, Component-driven development with KSS-Node brings the heavy artillery to Drupal Theme and Front-End professional services. We’ll touch on important cornerstones like best practices naming, functional specs, the cascade, and div soup. We’ll also be talking about paragraphs, picture elements, and focusing on reusability. Most importantly, I’ll show you:
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- The future of components in Drupal contrib space…
- … and in Drupal 8 core
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2. Project Report on
Residential Space Planning
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College towards
The partial fulfillment
Of the Master of Science in Interior Designing
By
Bharat Kumar Jeswani
Dezyne E’cole College
106/10, Civil Line, Ajmer
0145-2624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2013-2014
3. Dezyne E’cole College
106/10, Civil Line, Ajmer
Pin:-305001, Rajasthan
Tel:- 0145-2624679
Dezyne E’cole College
106/10, Civil Line,
Ajmer-305001, Rajasthan
Tel:- 0145-2624679
www.dezyneecole.com
This Project Report of Ms./Mr. ______________________________
of Interior Design has been graded as ________________
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
4. Acknowledgment
The Project “Residential Space Planning” has enlightened me about various aspects
of planning a residential building.
I give my sincere thanks to Dezyne E’cole College and to my Mentors who gave me
the opportunity to know about the various aspects of Residential Space Planning and
helped me in preparing the project.
Last but not the least thanks to God for keeping me in good health because of him
I was able to submit my project on time.
Bharat Kumar Jeswani
M.Sc. - Interior Design
5. My College Profile
Today Dezyne E’cole has emerged as a leader with the ability to integrate
knowledge, academic freedom, critical independence and creative thinking. A history
of being in existence for 6 years in Ajmer stands as a testimony to our fundamentals
where academic excellence lies at the core. The college has stood as a beacon of
serious critical engagement, key enabler in developing competent professionals in
the field of design, management and information technology. Dezyne E’cole started
in the year 2008 with only four rooms and with a strength of 10 students enrolled in
the fashion and interior design Diploma Programme. In the year 2009 the school
was granted Bachelor and Master’s Degree in Fashion and Interior Design by the
Punjab Technical University.
Further the college was given the authority by the government of Rajasthan in the
year 2010 to use the word College and since then Dezyne E’cole College became
the name. In the year 2011 college expanded further and was declared a regular
college with the granting of authority by the university of Ajmer. This led to the
expansion of college and addition of two more courses with Dezyne E’cole, the
Department of Administration(BBA), and Information Technology leading to award of
Bachelors Degree in Computer Application was added. From then until now. Dezyne
E’cole has scaled high academic standards. The faculty resource of the college has
grown into a community of leading practioners, education enthusiasts,
entrepreneurs, creative thinkers, researchers, and analysis, Invigorating through
leadership, research stimulus, industry focus, creative enterprise and peer learning
have reinforced the colleges academic bedrock.
Fostering a new generation of creative thinkers, today the college is empowered to
award Degrees in Undergraduate, Postgraduate studies in the field of Fashion,
Interior, Management and Information Technology. Articulating the ideology of world
class learning practices, the college has been committed to academic excellence in
education.
6. Contents
1. Interior Design Industry
2. The work of Interior Designer
3. Residential Design
4. Skill Set
5. Planning Consideration
6. Case Study
7. Climatology
8. Green Homes
9. Building Envelope
10.Rain Water Harvesting
11.Solar Energy
12.Building Orientation
13.Daylighting
14.Ventilation
15.Bye laws
16.Anthropometics & Ergonomics
17.Design Process
18.Space Planning of Studio Apartment
19.Architectural Layouts
20.Colonial Interior Design
21.Studio Apartment as per Anthropometics & Ergonomics
22.Space Planning of Bedroom, Bathroom and Shower Enclosure
23.Design Development
24.Work on Plan of Another Studio Apartment
25.My Assignment
26.Bibilography
7. Interior Design Industry
A house is a place where a person behaves in his natural form and is mainly for
providing shelter. Since prehistoric times, human beings looked for shelter, For
Example, The Caves or the meticulously Planned Towns of Mohenjo-Daro Harappa.
To the present day houses which have grown up more luxurious and beautiful.
For a man’s house is his castle, wrote Sir Edward Coke. This sentence was coined
by him in the 17th century and since then we have a beautiful heritage of something
known as a Period House, starting from or beginning with the Tudor and the
Jacobean Style from the year 1485 to 1625. This period let towards the development
of Sophisticated Structure and Classicized Decoration. This period saw the
development of the increased specialization of how a room functions within a house.
In the middle ages, the king would live in one big room where he would eat, sleep
and conduct affairs of state. Fabric Hangings was considered inappropriate for the
rooms in which people ate, as they tended to retain the smell of the food. During this
time Timber, Bricks and Stones were used. The stone houses had less decoration
than the timber one’s, as stone was more difficult and expensive to carve. During this
period the Bay Window came into being along with the Oriel Windows.
People used built in furniture during this time. The Tudor and Jacobean Period were
followed by Baroque Period (1625-1714). This period had the development of
Courtly Style; this style had the development of rooms as basement, the Piano
Nobile (main reception floor) and Attic (top floor). The Piano Nobile had pediment
windows and at very high height. It was the area where the ceremonial works taken
up.
This period had grand carved entrance with the use of acanthus leaves and bulging
fruits. This time period had the designs created by famous artist Michelangelo. This
period was followed by Early Georgian, Colonial, British Victorian, Edwardian, Art
Noveau, the Modern Movement played an important role in the design industry with
designers like Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Louis Kahn and Frank Lloyd Wright.
Their contribution lead to meticulously designed houses with proper planning and
consideration to functionality with well-developed clean uncluttered spaces, electrical
wiring buried in the structure along with the proper plumbing and water disposal.
Metal Windows with large glass panes, health, hygienic and efficient homes were
developed. Sullivan’s disciple Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), designed buildings
which relied more on spaces and form. This kind of design made the great
impression on Walter Gropius (1183-1969), Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (1886-
1969). The defined the doctrine of Modernism in the 1920’s.
8. Louis Kahn came up with the idea of design development of Interior spaces focusing
more on served and servant spaces. He believed that the served space should have
the servant areas near to it so that the functionality of the room increases.
For example: - The Living room is having the servant areas as kitchens and toilets.
This concept of his along with the other ideas has been popular till today. After the
World War II, In 1940 rational planning and economy were combined with high
standards of mechanical services in housing project where the designers were more
concerned with how a building perform than whether it look modern. The modern
movement sought to eliminate extra detailing and focused more on simplicity with the
advancement of prefabricated materials like plywood, glass and other materials
developed a design area where more of fresh air and maximum sunlight were
prerequisite. One of the best characteristic which developed in the first phase of
Modernism was the elimination of the patterns and textures on walls. People used
smooth plaster, glass brick and room dividers in apartments with open plan layout.
All this required a development of well-educated work force that could support the
interior design industry and this lead to the development from the Indian Government
to take interest in the design field.
The Indian Government has formulated a body known as Indian Design Council
which plays an important Design Council at IIT Mumbai in the year 1969 for initiating
the Post Graduate Program in Industrial Design. But prior to setting industrial design
education the development of art and design in India developed in the year 1840.
The first art school Known as the Bombay Art School (1857) now known as Sir JJ
School of Arts, the college of Arts Calcutta catered to the Indian Design
Development. In the Year 1913 Kala Bhawan, the Art College was setup as part of
Shanti Niketan by the Tagore family. Not only this, in the year 1922 Rabindranath
Tagore met Walter Gropius and invited him for an exhibition to India. In 1958, the
Government of India invited Charles and Ray Eames to train the small industries to
develop the craft and small scale industry which resulted in the development of India.
Design Report. In the year 1960, based on the Report of Charles and Ray Eames,
the Government of India setup the National Institute of Design (NID, Ahmedabad). In
1987 the Ministry of Textiles setup the National Institute of Fashion Technology in
Delhi (NIFT). In the year 1997, the full-fledged department of design with Bachelor in
Design, Master in Design and the Doctoral Degrees came up at IIT, Mumbai. Form
the year 1999 the private design schools along with the state universities started
developing students with the formal design education.
9. We would see the development of a specialized market being developed for the
customers like Bathroom solutions, Kitchen solutions, Bedroom and Closet Design
Solutions. These solutions provided by the Industries are not tailor made. To make
the design as per the Indian Client the Interior Designer has to study the Indian
Environment, the Client, his Needs, Budget and then device a design which is
customer friendly at the same time functional as per the Indian needs. After all house
is a place where by the end of the client should be able to relax and be fresh. It is not
a zone to be developed to show off the neighbours.
This project report showcased my project based on Hypothetical client, requirements
in the section of residential design.
Today many of the interior design companies has entered the Indian market
providing specialize designs. For example – Kohler, Duravit, Hacker, etc. These
companies are developing solutions for customers whom are attractive & easy to
install but these solutions provided by these companies are not tailor made. To make
the design as per the Indian client, the Interior Designer has to study the indian
environment, climeate, the client, his need, budget & then device a design, which is
customer friendly, at the same time functional, as per the indian needs. The project
report showcases my idea of design as per the indian cleint’s requirements in the
section of residential design category.
10. The Work of Interior Designer
1. Interior designer is a practice of bringing in best visual appeal the best
utilization of a space keeping the clients views and needs in mind.
2. The work of interior designer is manipulation of spaces keeping in mind the
orientation of the building, building envelope.
3. Emphasis on planning.
4. Making a green building so as it can contribute to the environment.
5. Create spaces which means machines for living said by LE CORBUSIER
(the person behind designing the city of Chandigarh).
6. Connecting between the spaces, spaces which increases the efficiency of a
human being.
7. Focuses on working drawings, specification, orthographic projections,
axonometric view and perspective drawings etc.
11. Residential Design
Residential Design : Residential Design is made by two words first is Residential and
second is Design. The meaning of Residential is the place where we are living, it is a
space where a person take rest and repose after a day’s hard work and wants to be
charged, fresh, confident for the next day. The meaning of Design is the creation of
a plan for the construction of an object. The constructed plan must also design as
per style and need of the clients. In short to design a house as per the specific style
is Residential Design.
In earlier times, the designing was done by painters like Michelangelo who worked
with Golden mean but human dimensions were not considered. Then later designers
worked on the Principal of anthropometrics (human dimensions) and ergonomics
(study of human dimensions to create any design) of which they got idea from
furniture designing.
A Quote by a Scottish Architect, Darcy Braddell attempted, in his 1932 book
“How to Look at Buildings,” to help people understand why some building seem to
“feel right” while other do not. He felt that proper and considered proportions were
much more important than anything else. Further, he held that “every part must
make up a whole that no one thing is beautiful in itself, that restraint is superior to
excess and that selection is the key to design.”
In interior design of spaces “where a man does not adjust the houe but house adjust
with the person” very correctly said by a very well known designer of the world “Le
Corbusier” (the person behind designing the city of Chandigarh), machine for living.
At the the time of planning we should focus on the principles of the Design and
planning consideration like aspect, prospect, grouping and spae planning, servant
area, watcher, worker, loner, follower, and leader etc. A bedroom is a loner because
a person needs to relax and it is a private room in which privacy is consider. A living
room is a place which is called as a watcher because it is based on a human nature
that people like to watch or be close to certain indidence. A kitchen is called as
worker because it work for human as a worker. Said by Louis Kahn.
12. Skill Set
The designing is start by a Design Process. There are four steps in Design Process.
These are as follows:
(1) Commitment
(2) Design Brief & Design Statement
(3) Collect
(4) Analysis
Commitment is a stage where is a agreement between Client and Interior Designer
is done to process with the work. Design Statement made by Interior designer to
outline the needs related to design problem. Designing start with collection of
information by the help of various methods like Interview Notes, Observation, Users
Questioner, Literature Search, Client Records, Activities and many more. After
collection of mandatory information we will do analysis and brain storming in our
design.
The collection of information from the client help us “what to give” in the design and
Analysis on that information help us “how to give” in the design.
In Building a house there are many aspects of design that needs to be considered
but the essence of every home is that the structure/body must belong to the site and
its soul must embody the family that lives within its four walls.
“Design is not so much about form and space, as it is about people and situation, so
the ultimate aim is not to design a good building but to design a good situation, and
the good building is just an instrument for that purpose.”
Design must Aesthetic as well as Functional.
To enrich my knowledge skills in my Master’s Program and Diploma Program I
studied several subject and topics as stated below.
The Building Construction includes the components of a building namely the
foundation which is the lowest part of a structure which provide a base for the super
structure proper. I also studied about the Purpose of Foundation, Site Exploration,
Bearing Capacity of the Soil, Types of Foundation etc.
Foundation
Deep Foundation Shallow Foundation
13. Construction of the Foundation
I also studied the various types of Foundation. I make type of Shallow foundation.
Wall Footings Reinforced Concrete Footing
Inverted Arch Footing
14. Column Footing
These are the types of Shallow Foundation. Shallow Foundation are divided in four
types. The types are (1) Wall Footing (2) Reinforced Concrete Footing (3) Inverted
Arch Footing (4) Column Footing.
I have also studied about the Plinth, the portion of the building between the ground
surrounding the building and top of the floor immediately above the ground. The
level of the ground floor of the building is known as Plinth level. The built up covered
area measured at the floor level is termed as Plinth Area.
Plinth Level
15. There are many technical terms which are belonging to a Wall. I make a Wall in
which all technical terms which belongs to a wall is explain by this diagram.
Technical term of Wall
16. I have also studied about the walls which are broadly divided in two types which are
as follows:
Wall
Load bearing wall Non load bearing wall
A Load bearing wall supports its own weight as well as the super imposed loads
transferred to it. A non-load bearing wall carries its own weight and is not designed
to carry any super imposed load from the structure. A load bearing wall is thick as
compare to a non-load bearing wall.
There must be a different between two Columns as per thickness of pillers and
constructed space.
17. Walls can also be the Cavity walls which act as Thermal Insulation as well as the
Sound Insulation. Cavity wall consists of two walls with a 5 cm. to 8 cm. cavity
between them. The outer wall is also known as Outer leaf, consists of a 10 cm. thick
wall and the inner wall is sufficiently thick and strong to carry the imposed load
safely. The minimum thickness of the inner wall is restricted to 10 cm.
.
18. Brick work strengthed by introduction of mild steel flats, hoop iron, expanded mesh
or bars is termed as Reinforced brickwork. This type of masonry is capable of
resisting both compressive as well as tensile and shear stress. Reinforcement brick
work is very strong and durable.
19. A Parapet is a berrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace,
balcony, walkway or other structure. A parapet wall is capable to protect the rest of
wall.
In the Building Construction I have also studied about the Brick Masorny, Stone
Masorny, Doors and Windows, Lintel, Arches and Stairs.
Technical term of Arch
20. I also studied about Water Distribution System. There are two type of Water
Distribution System which are as follows:
(1) Direct System
(2)Indirect Syste
Direct Water Distributiion System
In direct system also known as upward distribution system, the supply of water is
given to various floors in a building directly from the mains which has sufficient
pressure to feed all the floor and water fitting at the highest part of the building.
Indirect Water Distributiion System
In indirect system also known as down take supply or downfall distribution system,
the water supply from the mains may be drawn either by
(1) Feeding water directly into the overhead storage tank provided at roof of the
building from where the water is supplied to different floors by gravity or
(2) Feeding the water iinto a underground water storage tank. The water from
the underground tank is pumped to overhead storage tank from where the
water is supplied by gravity.
21. I also studied about the Element and Principle of Design.
Element of Design: Principles of Design:
1.Point 1.Scale
2.Line 2.Proportion
3.Shape 3.Balance
4.Form 4.Rhythm
5.Colour 5.Harmony
6.Texture 6.Repetition
7.Movement 7.Gradation
8.Pattern 8.Radiation
9.Emphasis
10.Unity
22. I also studied about the Principles of Planning.
Principles of Planning:
1.Aspect
2.Prospect
3.Grouping
4.Privacy
5.Furniture requirement
6.Roominess
7.Circulation
8.Sanitation
9 Elegance
10.Flexibility
11.Economy
I studied the basic possibilities for grouping two or more forms are by:
Face to Face Contact Edge to Edge Contact
23. Vertex to Vertex Contact Interlocking Volumes
I studied the organisation of space such as space within a space, Interlocking space,
Adjacent space and spaces linked by a common space. I also studied the plane such
as Base plane, Elevated base plan and Depressed base plane.
Base Plane Elevated Base Plane Depressed Base Plane
I studied about the various Approachs such as:
Frontal Approach Oblique Approach Spiral Approach
24. In Landscaping, I have studied how a good landscaping can give many advantages
to the users. By landscaping we can attract rainfall, habitat to wildlife, help in
pollination, control 6 to 8 degree trempeture, increase ground water table,
photosynthesis(food development process), create clean environment(give us fresh
oxygen) and many more. A good landscaping can give a good visual appeal to the
environment and relaxes a person and in turn contributes towards to the building of
the green homes.
I do a market survey at Nurseries in Puskar(Ajmer) like Maa Durga Green Gold
Nursery, Kamal Nursery, Shree Govind Nursery and Pandey Nursery.
I get the knowledge:
Indoor Outdoor Ornamental plants : Ornamental plants are grown for the display of
their flowers. The purpose of ornamental plant is the enjoyment of users and visitors.
Ornamental plants such as Dafen Toffikrishna, Green kevda, Rubber plant, Silver
uka, Ficus Prestiage, Iranthimam gold, Draseniya Hahahma and many more.
Ficus Prestiage Draseniya Hahahma Dafen Toffikrishna
Fruit Plant and Tree : These plant are famous for food. Fruit plant such as Kashmiri
apple, Amrud deshi, Desi anar, Desi nariyal. Amrud keji, Falsa desi, Jamun, Kalmi
nimbu and manymore.
Kalmi Nimbu Desi Anar Kashmiri Apple
25. Grass : There are Natural as well as Artificial grass. Grasss such as Corion carpet
lawn, Mexigan lawan, Artificial tuft and many more.
Artificial Tuft Corion Carpet Lawn
Flowering Plants : Flowering plants are enhance the beauty of our garden. They
create a good aesthetic view. Flowering plants such as Aralia, Adinium Obisium,
Bougainvillea, Cape Honeysuckle, Frangipani Pink and many more.
Adinium Obisium Cape Honeysuckle Frangipani Pink
Ayurvedic Aushdh i: There are Herbal medicinal plant which have Ayurvedic
important such as Aloe Vera, Ashwagandha, Amaltas, Safed musli, Mosri and many
more.
Aloe Vera Arjun Tree Ashwagandha
26. Palm Tree and Plant : There are many type of Palm tree such as Chinese Palm,
Africa Palm, Champion Palm, Bottele Palm, Fishtail Palm, Rafix Palm,Cicus Palm,
Ded Palm, Jamia Palm, Foxtel Palm, Nolina Palm, Kentina Palm and many more.
Africa Palm Chinese Palm Fishtail Palm Champion Palm
Shrubs & Hedges : There are many types of Shrubs & Hedges which can be use in
the landscaping area. I get knowledge of shrubs and hedges like Hortitopia,
Arborvitea, Fishy plant, Blackberry shrub and many more.
Blackberry(shrub) Hortitopia Arborvtea Fishy Plant
In History of Furniture, I studied the various time period of Furniture style such as
Gothic, Rococo, Baroque, Art Noveau, Renaissance, Neoclassical, Eclectic, Arts &
Craft, Art Deco etc. The history of furniture help us to make a design as per that
style and furniture of that time period.
Estimation & Costing: Estimation is the process of finding an estimate or
approximate value which helps us to find out the probable cost of the project and
also helps to make provisions for the budget before hand. It also help to making
tenders and controlIing the expenditures during the execution of the work. I have
studied about the Estimation, Type of Estimation, Purpose of Estimation and many
more.
Sculpture and Modeling: Sculpture include any work in three dimension. It is an art of
forming representation by Chiselling, Casting, Carving or Modelling which may
consider as moder or statue. I have studied Sculpture, Type of Sculpture, Which
material used for sculpture and many more. I also learnt how to use sculpture in the
design.
27. Colour & Lighting in Interior: I have studied Light, Behaviour of Light, Colour, Source,
Type of Luminaries, Type of Light, Wiring System, Lighting Quality and many more.
In Interior Furnishing, I studied Floor furnishing, Wall furnishing, Upholestary,
Accessories, Fibres for Carpet & Rugs, Window treatment, Wood & wood product,
Curtain and many more. By study of floor furnishing and wall furnishing, I get the
knowledge of material(which apply in floor and wall of house), by study of
upholestary and fabrics, we should create a maintainance friendly design, and get
knowledge other also like Window treatment, Accessories and many more.
Grass Paver Pebble SCG Smartwood Wall Tile
Design Studio: I have learnt to working on Armstrong and Matrix scale of
Orthographic Projection, One point perspective view, Two point perspective view,
many more.
One point perspective view Two point perspective view
28. Planning Consideration
To design any residential area, proper planning and brain storming needs to be
done. The planning phase of a residence is the most important phase because this
leads to the development of the structures of the house based on the shape and
form chosen. The residence design should be planned based on the needs of the
person extent similar. When we see magazines and books showcasing beautiful
images of decorated rooms, a person feels happy to see them. But Interior
Designing is not so easy like the attractive image of the book. The design has to be
functional so that the person can feel the space, express him and at the same time
enjoy a space.
In India we have a climate which is hot and dry throughout the year and the sun
shines brilliantly the whole year with winter months being less. It is in this
surrounding that a residence of a person would exist. To device a proper interior
design one must see the outside building envelope along with the interior space so
that we can achieve the client requirements. A room which is more sun filled makes
a person happy than a space which is dull and dark. It is seen that the spaces with
less light (natural light) suffer from a condition known as SAD, Seasonal Affective
Disorder, characterized by depression, lethargies, fatigue and other symptoms.
Studies show students do better when the classes are held in natural light such is
the power of sun. I have here utilized more of daylight factor while planning. As I said
earlier in India the climate is dry and humid at times throughout the year and the
house is enveloped by these factors, so my main consideration of the project has
been followed keeping into mind the climatology of the place.
My Client’s house is situated in Mumbai and to device a proper Interior design I
began with the factor of climate of this place.
All buildings exert direct & indirect influence on the people who use the building as
well as the ones who see the building.
(1)Direct Influence(who use the building)
(2) Indirect Influence(who see the building from outside)
Every human being has a different personality that consists of one or more
charactersties. Their personalities react differently in different environments or with
different people. Consider a space as a person. Every space has its own personality
with several spatial characters that differ by project. These character cause the
space interact with other spaces in a certain manner. These characteristies can be
categorized as several expression of human behavior. Louis Kahn give the name of
personality to every space as their charateristies
29. Leader & Following: A person with leader quality attracts people to follow. As the
term, the space with a “Leading” character gathers space that relates to it(Following)
and forms a group. The Following space only follows the space with Leading
character. As in an Architectural firm, for example, the relationship between
Principals office and design studio could be leading-following relationship. Design
studio are responsible for different project. However the principals office or manager
office does not always play the leading role, this depends on different projects or
different designers’s concept. As in a bank, a waiting area could play a leading
character that is followed by ATM area.
Spatial character diagram of Leading and Following
Grouping : People gather for certain purpose, same objective, interest or goal, By
copying the charactersties the spaces that carry the same “Grouping” character
gather as a group. These spaces are related to each other using the previous
example, the Architecture firm, design studio prefer to be together for project
discussion, as well as, with staff conference room.
Spatial character diagram of Grouping
Loner : This character affects the space distance from groups from a person who
prefer more privacy and avoids social conversations and stays away from the
crowd.In a residential project some clients may prefer more privacy for their maste
bedroom. In this case the loner can keep a distance away from certain spaces –
living room, dining room or even other bedrooms.
Spatial character diagram of Loner
30. Servant : A space that serves other spaces in some way that needs to adjacent to
them but prefers not to appeal usually which is in reality. Servant needs to be near to
the maser while staying out of sight.
Example – a rest room plays a servant characher in many projects. People need at
times rest rooms but prefer to be out of sight.
Spatial character diagram of Servant
Watcher : This characher causes a space to locate inside the boundary of the
project for attractions in the environment.
It is based on human nature that people like to watch or be close to certain
incidence. The attraction can be like different environmental condition view such as
parks, lake, parking area.
This charcher is useful for many spaces like a waiting space, café coffee day, dining
space and manager office.
Spatial character diagram of Watcher
31. Out reaching : The space with this character locted near the entrance or corridor for
many activities that relate to out reaching. This type of space represents an outgoing
or a sociable behavior like human that can represent a welcome space or gathering
space for a building a living room for a residential building, a lobby for office building,
a waiting area for bank.
Spatial character diagram of Outreaching
Worker : A space that offers supplies to other spaces it is not necessary for the
space with this character to be adjacent to other spaces, but it needs to be near
second entrance or service entrance. The difference between servant and worker is
that the servant does not need to be adjacent to any entrance a service area usually
have a worker character in several building.
Spatial character diagram of Worker
32. Spatial character for different Building type
Residential Architectural
Firm
Bank Theater
Leading Living Room Principle’s
Office
Waiting space Lobby, Theater
space
Following Dining Room Design Studio,
Secretary Office
Tellers, ATM,
Personal banking
Vestibule, coat
closet, restroom
Grouping Bedroom Design Studio,
Computer room,
staff conference
room
Teller’s office
personal banking
Galleries
Loner Master
Bedroom
Storage room Manager’s Office,
Vault
--------------------------
Watcher Living Room,
Bedroom,
Master
bedroom
Principle’s
Office
Waiting space,
Manager’s Office,
Lunch room
Café
Outreaching Living Room Lobby, client
conference
room
Waiting space,
ATM, Community
room
Ticket vestibule,
Lobby
Servant Bathroom Restroom,
lounge, material
room, Library
Restroom,
Training room,
Conference
room, Lunch
Room
Restroom, Coal
closet, Backstage,
Dressing Room
Worker Kitchen Mechanical
room, Garage,
Service area
Storage, Telecom
room
Supply storage,
Mechanical room
33. Case Study
The case study given to me is:
We are suppose to design for an Interior Designer, who has 10 year of working as an
entreprenur. His office is located in porced locality of Mumbai. He is in the age
group of 35 years and design more of residential spaces. You are supposed to
design the residence of this Interior Designer who state in a Studio Apartment. The
space given for the construction is 21’6”X21’6”.
I make a Client Profile:
Household Member: Client(Single)
Name : Mr. Rajesh Jain
Age : 35 years
Sex : Male
Profession : Interior Designer
34. Climatology
Climatology :
Climatology is the branch of since which deals with the climate and the change
through the year and the weather. My client site is situated at Miraroad East in
Mumbai
Climatology is a important factor which keep in mind at the time of planning. The
Design, execution and success of a project mainly depends on the environmental
factors enclosing the building and affecting its internal and external environment as
well as the inhabitants.
Macro Climate :
Location of India : The location of India in the world is “South-West Direction”
Longitude of India : 88°E to 98°E
Latitude of India : 8°N to 37°N
Climate of India :
The whold India has a tropical monsoon climate, since the greater part of the country
lies within the trophies, and the climate is influenced by the monsoons.
35. Location of Maharastra in India:
Location of Maharashtra in the India has Western direction.
Climate and Temperature of Maharastra :
Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather seasons.
The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May
and the monsoon season between June and September. Summers are extreme with
March, April and May with the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms
are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22 °C-39 °C during this
season. Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in
Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with
the coming of September from the state. Winter season is Cool dry spell, with clear
skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But
the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature
varies between 12 °C-34 °C during this season.
Climate and Temperature of Mumbai :
The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate. Mumbai’s climate can be
best described as moderately hot with high level of humidity. The mean maximum
average temperatures in about 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 30 °C (86 °F) in winter,
while the average minimums are 25 °C (77 °F) in summer and 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) in
winter. Mumbai experiences four distinct seasons: Winter (December–Feb); Summer
(March–May); Monsoon (June–Sep); and Post-Monsoon (Oct–Dec).
Longitude of Mumbai : 72° 54’ E
Latitude of Mumbai : 18° 55’ N
36. Mumbai in Maharashtra :
Direction of Site :
Direction of Site is South-East.
Micro Climate :
A part from this micro climate which is in our control which we can change according
to the place. For example; If south direction is zone from where wind prevails or
which is the direction of wind then if the water body is situated in south, the wind
entering in the house will be cool. Beside this, we can see the micro climate can be
changed by landscaping because when the raise of sunlight radiate the light & in a
very little quantity it brings out the neat back there for it makes the place less hot.
Many trees are planted in the south west direction because they are helpful to bring
down the speed of western wind. West wind blow very fast & trees are act like which
brings the speed down. Trees are planted in south so that they protect our building
from the direct sunlight. Having all these planning in my consideration I added water
body at south direction in my plan. Landscaping is done very well in my plan.
Landscape can control 6 to 8 degree of tremperature.
37. Location of Site :
Landmark near to Site :
(1) Corporation Bank : Corporation Bank is situated near to Miraroad East,
Mumbai. The address of Corporation Bank is “Corporation Bank, Naya
nagar, Miraroad, Mumbai.
(2) Donimo’s Pizza : Domino’s pizza in Miraroad East, Mumbai. Landmark
near is also Kanakia Police Station.
(3) Hotel Sai Place : Hotel Sai place is also situated in Miraroad East.
38. Green Home
Green Home : A green home is a type of house useless area is designed to be
environmentally friendly and sustainable. The common objective is that green
buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment by:
Efficiently using energy(solar energy), water(Rain water harvesting) and other
resources
Protecting occupant health and improving employeed productivity
Reducing waste and pollution
Green homes consume less amount of energy by using natural light and ventilation.
So that, the heat produce from the house is less and it may not harm the
environment.
Rain Water Harvesting : By using the system of Rain Water Harvesting we can
secure water from railfall. Rain water harvesting is a technique used for collecting,
storing and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses.
Solar Energy : The whole structure will have solar energy to be utilized as the main
source of energy to reduce electricity costs.
Proper Ventilation : Maximum of daylight will be taken inside to provide proper vision,
reduce damping problems as well as enable good and needed vision. Proper
ventilation is created by proper space and location of windows, door, ventilation.
39. Sustainable Design : Use of material which are not harmful for the environment.
Material contribute to the nature as we can use them for longer durations.
Sustainable design attempts to reduce the collective environmental impacts during
the production of building components, during the construction process, as well as
during the lifecycle of the building. It is our duty to use sustainable material in
construction so house contribute to environment.
LEED : LEED Certification has to be considered to ensure that the building in
contribution to the environment. The fullform of LEED is Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design.
Sloped Roof : In green home, we should use sloped roof because there are many advantage
of slope roof which are as follows:
Proper Daylighting
Proper Ventilation
Rain Water Harvesting for personal use and increase the ground water table
Terrace Garden : By the help of terrace garden we also contribute to nature. Landscaping is
very important for green homes. We can create the landscape features in the terrace
garden.
40. Building Envelope
The building envelope is the physical separator between the interior and the exterior
environments of the building. Another emerging term is “Building Enclosure”. It
serves as the outer shell to help maintain the indoor environment and facilitate its
climate control.
The many functions of the building envelope can be separated into three categories:
Support(to resist and transfer mechanical loads)
Control(the flow of matter and energy of all types)
Finish(to meet human desires on the inside and outside)
In above photo, The building envelope is affected by Rain, Wind, and Sun. It is our
responsibility to secure the building envelope from environmental problems. In
building envelope including the foundation, roof, wall, window and also include
physical protection from weather climate. The building envelope is focus on the
controllable factors that are rain control, air control, and trempeture control.
41. My client house is located in Mumbai at Miraroad. The site is located in north
direction of Mumbai. The building envelope is a tall 10 stories of flats towards north
east as maya bhawan, towards the south west another building, which has
commercial in nature and as 4 stories towards the south. We have a lane towards
south west direction too. Comparatively a narrow lane where motorbikes can enter.
On the back side of plot towards North West.
Today world face a world problem i.e. Golbal Warming. The effect of Global
Warming which face are as follows:
Glacier are increasingly declined
Increase Sea water level / Decrease ground water level
Mansoon is not come at time
Incresing of Trempeture
We should make a house which contribute to nature. I do analysis how to control the
environmental problems and global warming effect on the building. It is my
responsibility to follow some point while planning and designing a layout which are
as follows:
Rain Water Harveshting
Solar Energy and air control
Heat insulated material like Landscaping, Cavity Wall, low-emissivity glass etc.
Earthing System
Many other modern features
42. Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Harvesting: It is also another important factor of building envelope.
Landscaping, Waterbody, heat insulated material, cavity wall are use to control air
and heat. Rain water harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing and using
rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses.
Storage tank above Ground
43. Storage tank below Ground
Slanted Roof(for Rain Water)
Water Tank(for Rain Water)
44. Solar Energy
Solar Energy : The Sun’s energy is absorbed in a semiconductor material, usually
silicon, which is sliced and sandwiched super thin inside each Photovoltaic (PV)
solar panel. The absorption of the energy from the sun causes electrons to be
“knocked free” from the silicon, where the electric field of the PV panel causes these
electrons to flow along the panels wires in a planned direction, thereby creating an
electric current. This process produces Direct Current electricity (DC) and since we
use Alternate Current (AC) the other parts of a solar system address the transferring
of the electricity from DC to AC current.
Thermal Insulation : When there is difference in temperature of inside of a building
and outside atmosphere, heat transfer takes place from areas of higher temperature
to those of lower temperature. In hot regions, when the buildings are internally
cooled and the outside atmosphere is unbearably warm, it is essential to check the
entry of heat from outside into the building. The aim of thermal insulation is to
minimize the transfer of heat between outside and inside of the building. For thermal
insulation we need to install Cavity wall in the exterior of the building, we should use
thermal insulated material like Low emissivity glass and many other materials.
Fire Resistance : The house should be fire proof. We should give such material
which are fire resistance. Fire protection requirements like Fire proof door,
Emergency Alarm System, Fire pump, Fire lift and many more.
45. Building Orientation
Building Orientation : Design for orientation is a fundamental step to ensure that
buildings work with the passage of the sun across the sky. Knowledge of sunpaths
for any site is fundamental in design building facades to let in light and passive solar
gain, as well as reducing glare and overheating to the building interior.
Orientation to Sun and Wind : The orientation of the building on site is very important
to achieve reduced heat gain and improved wind circulation and ventilation. The
major openings in the building envelope should be placed on the North while the
south face should be adequately protected from heat gain by using shading devices
or vegetation. Prevailing wind direction should be taken into consideration while
deciding the position and size of the opening to ensure proper cross ventilation. This
can go a long way in improving comfort conditions with the buildings.
It is important to remember that the position of the sun in the sky is dynamic,
changing according to time of day, time of year and the site’s latitude.
46. Importance of Orientation : The building orientation can have a impact on heating,
lighting and colling costs. By maximum southern exposure for Example one can take
advantage of optimal advantage of the sun for daylight and passive solar heating this
will result in lower pooling cost by minimizing western were it is most difficult to
provide shade from the sun the designer must consider all factors and site condition
on, building orientation for example a building might have to take heed of multiple
orientation factors depending on function requirement designing for pooling load or
heating load. To take advantage of north may be oriented along a east west excess
but this may be counter to street lines and other side consideration, orientation of the
building entrance may have 2 respect street access activities and local urban design
guidelines.
East and west window orientation and horizontal orientation all result in more heat
grain in the summer than glare is also more difficult to control for comfort because of
law son angels in early moving and late afternoon.
Why consider building orientation : Well-orientated buildings maximise day lighting
through building facades reducing the need for artificial lighting. Some typologies
especially housing can be zoned to ensure different functional uses receive sunlight
at different times of the day. Building that maximise sunlight are ideal for the
incorporation of passive solar collection techniques that can reduce carbon use and
enhance user comfort. A careful strategy can also mitigate overheating and glare
when sunlight is excessive. You should know how the sun interacts with your
building in high summer and the depths of winter.
47. Daylighting
Light : Light is a form of energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic radiation and is
closely related to other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves,
radar. Microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet radiation and X-rays.
Light are divided in two types which are as follows:
(1) Daylight
(2) Artificial Light
Daylight : Light is the most important element in any building. Daylighting is the
controlled admission of natural light into a space through windows to reduce or
eliminate electric lighting. Daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and
productive environment for building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third
of total building energy costs. The most important aspect of daylighting is its capacity
to change, leading to the infinite variety in appearance of daylight interior. The
importance of orientation must be considered in a building to ensure maximum
availability of natural light and sunlight to the interiors.
Day lighting is the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective
surfaces so that during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting.
Particular attention is given to day lighting. While designing a building when the aim
is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. Energy saving can be
achieved either from the reduced use of artificial be reduces by simply installing
fewer electric lights automatically in response to the presence of day lighting, a
process known as day lightin
48. Daylighting at different time : I make an assignment in which I see the daylighting at
different time in the month of July.
Daylight At 04:30 A.M. Daylight At 08:00 A.M.
Daylight At 10:00 A.M. Daylight At 12:00 P.M.
Daylight At 02:00 P.M. Daylight At 05:00 P.M.
49. Daylighting through Window : I make an assignment in which I see the daylighting
effect create by use of Corner Window, Horizontal Window and Vertical Window.
. Daylight through Corner Window At 10 A.M.
. Daylight through Corner Window At 12 P.M.
. Daylight through Verical Window
. Daylight through Horizontal Window
50. Ventilation
Ventilation provides cooling by using air to carry heat away from the building. Air
movement may be induced either by natural forces(wind and stack effect) or
mechanical power. In natural ventilation, it refers to the flow of external air to an
indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature differences. There are two types
of natural ventilation occurring in buildings : wind driven ventilation and stack
ventilation. While wind is the main mechanism of wind driven ventilation. Mechanical
ventilation is also known as Artificial Ventilation.
Air moves from high pressure regions to low pressure ones. When the outside air
temperature is lower than the inside air temperature, building ventilation can exhaust
internal heat gains or solar heat gain during the day and cool air during the night if
required. Indoor air movement enhances the convective exchange at skin surface
and increase the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. Evaporation is a very
powerful mechanism for cooling which may bring a feeling of comfort to the
occupants under hot conditions.
The rate of air flow through thebuilding will be affected by location, sizing and air flow
characteristics of theopenings(wing walls, louvers, overhangs can be used to direct
summer wind flow into the interior), the effect of indoor obstacles to air movement,
the effects of the external shaps of the building in relation to wind direction, etc. The
total airflow normally depends on a combination of buoyancy and wind pressure
differences, and is affected by the size and location of openings. Proper placement
of openings along with the use of wing walls can greatly enhance the effect of
ventilation by increasing wind pressure differences and consequently air velocity
within the space.
51. Bye Laws
(1) All mandatory Plan regulations regarding use, land use, coverage, set-back and
open space. The minimum set backs to be leaf in a building should be from front is
10’ both the sides and back 3 ‘to 5’.
(2) Number of Stories and Number of Dwelling units.
(3) Parking Standards, Lighting and Ventilation of Room
(4) Distances from Electric Lines and Structral safety requirement.
(5) Size and height of Room and other requirement of the Building
(6) Fire protection requirements like Fire proof door, Emergency Alarm System, Fire
pump, Fire lift and Fire resistance materials.
(7) Building services which include electrical installations, air conditioning, heating
and plumbing system etc.
To follow Building Bye Laws, we can make a building which have proper ventilation,
good daylighting, air circulation, open space and many other advantage.
Set Backs
52. Anthropometics & Ergonomics
Anthropometrics :
Anthropometics word come from Greek. Anthropo mean “man” metics & metron
mean is “measure”. It short the measurement of the human individual. The study of
the human body and its movement, often involving research into measurements
relating to people. Today, anthropometics plays an important role in industrial
design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the body
dimensions are used to comfort the human being. The collecting statistics or
measurements relevant to the human body, called Anthropometric Data.
Ergonomics :
When anthropometric data (measurements / statistics) is applied to a product, e.g.
measurements of the hand are used to design the shape and size of a handle, this is
ergonomics.
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics are very useful for space planning. These data are
useful to make a design which is comfortable for the users. I also followed human
dimension in Studio Apartment space planning.
53. Design Process
There are four steps in Design Process.
(1) Commitment : Commitment is a stage where is a agreement between
Designer and Client is done to proceed witTh the work. Here the details of
work to be done by the designer is mentioned alongwith the payment plan.
This agreement is made in two copies one for the Designer and another is for
the Client.
(2) State : The designer prepare is a design statement is also called the design
brief. This scribing in a particular circumstances which create need. The
design brief outline the needs related to Design Problem(Need of Client).
(3) Collect : The next step is the collection of information relating the existing
circumstances of a project. It is very important for Interior Designer to
understand the exact requirement of the client and they all should be in a
written format. It is very important to mension here the available time and
budget of the client like collect every small detail, color, preferences, materials
choices, his ideas etc.
The various method of collecting dara are :
Interview Notes
Observation
User Question
Literature Search
Client Records
Activities
Relationshps
Problem Issues
(4) Analysis : The four stage design analysis
How the house should feel, envirmental architectural and energy
saving zones, rain water havesting.
We have to first play attention to whether we have work with existing
structure and material, opportunities of orientation of sun.
How to increase the performance of the building in a better manner.
How to meet with the ways so that the existing property can be more
better utilize.
54. Requirements & Needs
To follow the design process, when we come in step of collect of information from
the client, I make needa and requirementa paper. I also create a need paper for
Studio Apartment to use maximum space. By use of needs paper we keep the need
of client in our mind.
55. User Questioners
There are some question which are asked by the Interior Designer so that important
information is collect from client. The question put up in User Questioners are as
follows :
Household members?
Occupation of Client?
Career goals and job?
Hobbies of Client?
Interest in Late night parties,dance parties?
Recreation and use of leisure time?
Individual needs or privacy?
Demand/Requirement/Need of Client?
Social areas?
Bubble Diagram
81. Colonial Interior Design
Colonial Interior Design : In our designing I take the style of Colonial
time period. Colonial interiod design ideas can be sources from American Colonial
Style and British Colonial Style.
American colonial interior design became popular throughout North America during
the early 18th
century.
Colonial interior design copy many Tradition European homes of that era and heavily
influenced by the early American farm house mixed with grand home of old Europe
to provide with sensational American decorating style.
There are two ways to go with this design concept as it can be both rustic interior
design or sophisticated. Rustic is the everyday man;s home from that period and the
alternative is more lusurious look that was then only available to those who could
affolnfluences of design and architecture were brought to Americal from the England
when immigrants settled during that period and decorated their own homes. Their
lifestyle was reflected in their design simplified and practical.
The simplicity created light, spacious interiors with elegant clean lines. There are
several key characteristics of colonial interior design that can be adapted to suit your
home.
Woodwork : extensive handmane furniture and cabinets carved from pine,
birch or maple represent the colonial concept in a way that the design itself was
honest and remained simplisitiy. In other words, not over complicated or over styled.
Wide baseboards for skirting are distrinctive and look great with this concept.
Handmade quils : Handmade quils quilting is such a beautiful way to
celebrate Americana decorating and family life. Quiles were used to decorate the
walls, laid on top beds and placed over sofas. You can recreate this look by having a
quilt made of your favorite fabrics, or add some interesting cushions into your
finished look.
Uncluttered Space: try to combine your objects and items with enough
free space to that you can enjoy looking at the ornamentation and beautiful colors
captured in your accessories. Otherwise your room may become overcrowded with
pattern and colour. This is what we are looking to avoid so make sure you allow
yourself plenty of good storage.
82. Wall : Commonly whitewashed with crown moldings or dado rails. Ocasionally
timber paneling was fitted. Stricing to muted paint colours for walls and ceilings were
ivory white colour. Wealthy homes had borders and murals which had natural motifs
of fruit and flower much like those from the Arts and Craft style. This can easily be
replicated be simple stenciling. However walls are generally best kept simple so that
wooder furniture, handmade cabinates, antiques and ornamentation take the
limelight.
Floor : Walnut, Mahogany, and Cherry are the main type of hardwood flooring.
These are used to much in colonial time perior for hard flooring.
Light : In colonial interior design, Chandiliers, Wall scones are very famous. Omni,
Cast iron standing lamp are also used in colonial time perior.
Motifs :
Naturals motifs(food and flower) are used with Murals.
Egg and Dard motifs are used in Wainscoating.
Broken Pedmints are used at the top of Closet and Door,
Fluted line are also used in colonial time perior.
Concept : I take the concept of Conolial Style in Colonial Interior Design. I take
Sophisticated concept in Colonial Interior Style.
159. Bibilography
I make this portfolio by the help of following books :
Building Construction book written by Sushil Kumar.
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics as per Times Saver Standard.
Planning Consideration as per Louis Kahn’s Principles.
I also follow principles of Frank Lyord Wright and Le Corbusier.