- Sir James Whyte Black was a Scottish physician and pharmacologist known for discovering propranolol and cimetidine. Propranolol revolutionized treatment for heart disease and high blood pressure, while cimetidine was effective against stomach ulcers.
- A study found that high doses of propranolol accelerated wound healing and reduced muscle wasting in severe burn patients. Propranolol may also help treat breast cancer by reducing cancer spread and recurrence.
- Sir James died in 2010 at age 86 after a long career researching drugs and establishing methods that led to many important pharmaceutical developments. He is considered one of the most important medical researchers of the 20th century.
ROLE OF BETA-BLOCKER IN HYPERTENSION ( WITH TRIALS )Aaromal Satheesh
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the role of beta-blockers in hypertension. It begins with an introduction that defines beta-blockers and their uses, particularly for hypertension. It then discusses the classification, properties, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics of various beta-blockers. The document reviews several important trials that have compared beta-blockers to other antihypertensive treatments, such as the LIFE study and ASCOT study, which questioned the benefits of beta-blockers compared to other agents. It concludes with a re-evaluation of the use of atenolol as the comparator in the LIFE study.
This document discusses bisoprolol, a beta-1 selective adrenoceptor blocking agent used to treat hypertension and angina. It provides details on bisoprolol's history, pharmacological properties, therapeutic indications, contraindications, adverse reactions, and toxicological studies. Bisoprolol is a highly selective beta-1 blocker that is well-absorbed orally and has a half-life of 10-12 hours. It is used to treat hypertension, angina, and heart failure by reducing heart rate and contractility. Adverse effects include fatigue, dizziness, and bronchospasm. Toxicology studies found it to be non-cytotoxic, non-mutagenic, and
Beta blockers act on beta 1 and/or beta 2 receptors. They are classified as non-selective, selective, and mixed blockers. Non-selective blockers like propranolol block both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors. They are used for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Adverse effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and heart failure. Cardioselective blockers mainly block beta 1 receptors. Newer blockers have improved safety profiles.
This document discusses beta receptor blockers (beta blockers), including their classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, uses, and considerations for anaesthesia. Beta blockers work by competitively binding to beta receptors and inhibiting the effects of catecholamines. They are classified based on selectivity and additional properties. Key uses include hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, anxiety and migraine prevention. Perioperative beta blockers can reduce cardiac complications in high risk patients if initiated long enough before surgery. Anaesthetic implications include additive effects on heart rate and blood pressure.
This document summarizes beta-adrenergic blockers (beta blockers). It describes that beta blockers are drugs that bind to beta receptors in the sympathetic nervous system to block the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. There are two main types of beta receptors, beta 1 and beta 2. Beta blockers are either cardioselective (blocking beta 1) or non-selective (blocking both beta 1 and beta 2). Common uses of beta blockers include treating hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, and glaucoma. Side effects can include fatigue, dizziness, bronchospasm, and sexual dysfunction.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
Beta blockers were first developed in the 1950s and propranolol was the first clinically useful beta blocker introduced in 1962 for treatment of angina. Beta blockers are classified based on selectivity for beta1/beta2 receptors and other properties. They are used clinically for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and heart failure as well as non-cardiac uses for conditions like migraine, anxiety, and glaucoma. Common side effects include fatigue, bronchospasm, hypoglycemia, and depression. Newer generations of beta blockers have additional properties like alpha-1 receptor blockade.
ROLE OF BETA-BLOCKER IN HYPERTENSION ( WITH TRIALS )Aaromal Satheesh
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the role of beta-blockers in hypertension. It begins with an introduction that defines beta-blockers and their uses, particularly for hypertension. It then discusses the classification, properties, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics of various beta-blockers. The document reviews several important trials that have compared beta-blockers to other antihypertensive treatments, such as the LIFE study and ASCOT study, which questioned the benefits of beta-blockers compared to other agents. It concludes with a re-evaluation of the use of atenolol as the comparator in the LIFE study.
This document discusses bisoprolol, a beta-1 selective adrenoceptor blocking agent used to treat hypertension and angina. It provides details on bisoprolol's history, pharmacological properties, therapeutic indications, contraindications, adverse reactions, and toxicological studies. Bisoprolol is a highly selective beta-1 blocker that is well-absorbed orally and has a half-life of 10-12 hours. It is used to treat hypertension, angina, and heart failure by reducing heart rate and contractility. Adverse effects include fatigue, dizziness, and bronchospasm. Toxicology studies found it to be non-cytotoxic, non-mutagenic, and
Beta blockers act on beta 1 and/or beta 2 receptors. They are classified as non-selective, selective, and mixed blockers. Non-selective blockers like propranolol block both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors. They are used for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Adverse effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and heart failure. Cardioselective blockers mainly block beta 1 receptors. Newer blockers have improved safety profiles.
This document discusses beta receptor blockers (beta blockers), including their classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, uses, and considerations for anaesthesia. Beta blockers work by competitively binding to beta receptors and inhibiting the effects of catecholamines. They are classified based on selectivity and additional properties. Key uses include hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, anxiety and migraine prevention. Perioperative beta blockers can reduce cardiac complications in high risk patients if initiated long enough before surgery. Anaesthetic implications include additive effects on heart rate and blood pressure.
This document summarizes beta-adrenergic blockers (beta blockers). It describes that beta blockers are drugs that bind to beta receptors in the sympathetic nervous system to block the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. There are two main types of beta receptors, beta 1 and beta 2. Beta blockers are either cardioselective (blocking beta 1) or non-selective (blocking both beta 1 and beta 2). Common uses of beta blockers include treating hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, and glaucoma. Side effects can include fatigue, dizziness, bronchospasm, and sexual dysfunction.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
Beta blockers were first developed in the 1950s and propranolol was the first clinically useful beta blocker introduced in 1962 for treatment of angina. Beta blockers are classified based on selectivity for beta1/beta2 receptors and other properties. They are used clinically for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and heart failure as well as non-cardiac uses for conditions like migraine, anxiety, and glaucoma. Common side effects include fatigue, bronchospasm, hypoglycemia, and depression. Newer generations of beta blockers have additional properties like alpha-1 receptor blockade.
Beta blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, primarily beta-1 receptors in the heart. There are several types of beta blockers that differ in selectivity and additional actions. Common uses include hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, and migraine prevention by blocking sympathetic nervous system effects. Potential side effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia, metabolic effects, and fatigue. Drug interactions can also occur. While once first-line for hypertension, guidelines now recommend them as fourth-line due to risks in the elderly.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Beta blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors. They are classified as first, second, or third generation. First generation drugs like propranolol are non-selective while later generations like atenolol are more beta-1 selective. Beta blockers decrease heart rate, contractility and blood pressure. They are used for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina and heart failure as well as migraine prevention and glaucoma. Adverse effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia and metabolic changes. Newer drugs have additional properties like vasodilation.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents, adverse effects, clinical uses, and concerns regarding their use. While beta blockers were once the primary treatment for hypertension, more recent studies have shown other classes of drugs may be superior in reducing cardiovascular events such as stroke. Newer vasodilating beta blockers like nebivolol and carvedilol have benefits over older non-selective agents with regards to blood pressure control and side effect profile.
Beta receptor blockers are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat cardiovascular conditions by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. They have several therapeutic uses including hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. They work by decreasing heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure. Common side effects include fatigue, bronchospasm, and metabolic abnormalities. First generation blockers are non-selective while later generations are more cardioselective. Carvedilol is used for heart failure, atenolol for hypertension, and esmolol for emergencies. Propranolol is effective for migraine prevention. Timolol eye drops are used for glaucoma treatment by decreasing
Beta blockers were first developed in 1962 and are proven to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. They are the cornerstone therapy for systolic heart failure, significantly reducing mortality and hospitalizations. Beta blockers also significantly reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction and post-MI, lowering the risk of death by up to 40%. They are effective for preventing sudden cardiac death through various mechanisms including reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that are used to manage various cardiac conditions by blocking the effects of epinephrine and other stress hormones on beta receptors. They were first developed in the 1950s and revolutionized cardiology. Beta-blockers are indicated for conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, heart attack, and glaucoma. While they provide important benefits, they can also cause adverse effects like fatigue, dizziness, and bronchospasm. Different beta-blockers have varying levels of selectivity for beta-1 versus beta-2 receptors and some have additional alpha-blocking properties. Guidelines provide recommendations on the appropriate use of specific beta-blockers for different cardiac indications.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents used, their adverse effects, history of use, and concerns regarding their use based on clinical trial data. It indicates that beta blockers are still indicated for hypertension when used selectively in patients with conditions like diabetes or coronary artery disease, and that newer vasodilating beta blockers may provide benefits over older non-selective agents.
Beta blockers were first synthesized based on the structure of isoprenaline, though the first two compounds were not used clinically. Propranolol was the first therapeutically successful beta blocker. Beta blockers can be non-selective or selective for beta receptor subtypes 1 or 2. Some have partial agonist activity or inverse agonist activity. Later generation beta blockers also have additional effects like vasodilation, antioxidant activity, or alpha-1 receptor blocking. While initially contraindicated for heart failure, beta blockers are now important in treating heart failure by interrupting the vicious cycle of increased sympathetic tone and cardiac remodeling.
Beta blockers such as atenolol have been shown to have a relatively weak effect in reducing stroke compared to other antihypertensive classes such as calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics. Evidence from Cochrane reviews shows that beta blockers do not reduce the risk of coronary heart disease compared to placebo or no treatment, and they may increase the risk of all-cause mortality and total cardiovascular disease compared to calcium channel blockers. While beta blockers lower the risk of total cardiovascular disease compared to placebo primarily by reducing stroke risk, their effect on other outcomes is not better than other classes of antihypertensive medications.
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, causes, classification, and treatment options. It defines hypertension as a sustained blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and discusses how it damages blood vessels. It classifies blood pressure and lists the etiology and risk factors of hypertension. The major sections cover the principles of treatment, classification of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympatholytic agents, and vasodilators.
Beta adrenergic blockers (β-blockers) are a class of drugs that are competitive antagonists of beta-adrenergic receptors. They are used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, glaucoma, and other conditions. β-blockers are classified as non-selective or cardioselective. Non-selective β-blockers block β1 and β2 receptors, while cardioselective β-blockers selectively block β1 receptors in the heart. β-blockers produce their effects by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation of the heart and circulation. They reduce heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
Atenolol is a beta blocker commonly used to treat hypertension. It works by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart to slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure. It has fewer side effects than older beta blockers as it is selective for cardiac beta receptors over pulmonary receptors. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. Atenolol is generally well tolerated but requires monitoring in patients with asthma or diabetes.
This document summarizes different types of adrenergic receptor antagonists or β-blockers. It describes:
1) Nonselective β-blockers that block both β1 and β2 receptors like propranolol, and cardioselective β1 blockers like metoprolol.
2) β-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity like pindolol that can minimize metabolic side effects.
3) Dual α and β-blockers like labetalol and carvedilol that are used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
Role of beta blockers in the management of cardiovascular diseasesPHAM HUU THAI
Beta-blockers play an important role in the management of cardiovascular diseases by reducing sympathetic nervous system activation, balancing myocardial oxygen supply and demand, increasing the threshold for ventricular fibrillation during ischemia, and reducing myocardial oxygen consumption. They are indicated for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Studies show beta-blockers reduce mortality and cardiovascular events in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction more than other drug classes.
1) Beta blockers are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and heart failure. They are classified based on selectivity for beta-1 receptors and generation.
2) Beta blockers lower blood pressure and heart rate, reducing myocardial oxygen demand. They protect against arrhythmias and apoptosis. In heart failure, they improve beta receptor signaling and calcium handling.
3) Clinical trials show beta blockers reduce mortality when used for acute treatment, secondary prevention, and in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease. They are recommended for hypertension in patients with concomitant coronary disease.
This document provides information about the beta blocker Betabis (Bisoprolol hemifumarate USP) including its composition, indications, dosage, side effects and positioning compared to other beta blockers. Betabis is a highly selective beta-1 blocker that effectively controls high blood pressure and angina. It shows no impact on lipid or blood glucose levels, making it safer for diabetes patients compared to non-selective beta blockers.
β-Blockers are effective in treating several cardiovascular conditions such as angina, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. They are also used for hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, and migraine prevention. β-Blockers are competitive antagonists that lower blood pressure and heart rate by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. They have various mechanisms of action depending on their selectivity for β1 and β2 receptors, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, lipid solubility, and ability to block alpha receptors or potassium channels. Common adverse effects include bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, fatigue and sexual dysfunction.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents used, their adverse effects, history of use, and concerns regarding their use. While beta blockers were previously considered first-line treatment for hypertension, more recent trials have shown other agents may provide better outcomes. However, beta blockers are still important treatment options, especially newer vasodilating agents like nebivolol and carvedilol which have shown benefits over older non-vasodilating beta blockers.
The document discusses oxidation, disease reversal, and cellular metabolism. It explains that oxidation leads to breakdown at the cellular level and causes disease, while proper metabolism supports cellular buildup and regeneration for health. Maintaining reduced oxidation and optimal metabolism can reverse disease by supporting healthy cellular function and structure replacement at rates up to 1 million new cells per day. Factors like diet, pollution, and lifestyle choices can increase or decrease oxidation levels and affect health and disease.
Beta blockers were first introduced in the 1960s and have since been shown to be effective for treating several cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Key events included the development of propranolol in 1962 and the differentiation of beta receptors into subtypes. Large clinical trials demonstrated beta blockers reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, and heart failure. While earlier non-selective beta blockers had more side effects, later trials showed cardioselective beta blockers are well tolerated and do not negatively impact patients with mild to moderate asthma.
Beta blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, primarily beta-1 receptors in the heart. There are several types of beta blockers that differ in selectivity and additional actions. Common uses include hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, and migraine prevention by blocking sympathetic nervous system effects. Potential side effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia, metabolic effects, and fatigue. Drug interactions can also occur. While once first-line for hypertension, guidelines now recommend them as fourth-line due to risks in the elderly.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Beta blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors. They are classified as first, second, or third generation. First generation drugs like propranolol are non-selective while later generations like atenolol are more beta-1 selective. Beta blockers decrease heart rate, contractility and blood pressure. They are used for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina and heart failure as well as migraine prevention and glaucoma. Adverse effects include bronchospasm, bradycardia and metabolic changes. Newer drugs have additional properties like vasodilation.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents, adverse effects, clinical uses, and concerns regarding their use. While beta blockers were once the primary treatment for hypertension, more recent studies have shown other classes of drugs may be superior in reducing cardiovascular events such as stroke. Newer vasodilating beta blockers like nebivolol and carvedilol have benefits over older non-selective agents with regards to blood pressure control and side effect profile.
Beta receptor blockers are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat cardiovascular conditions by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. They have several therapeutic uses including hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. They work by decreasing heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure. Common side effects include fatigue, bronchospasm, and metabolic abnormalities. First generation blockers are non-selective while later generations are more cardioselective. Carvedilol is used for heart failure, atenolol for hypertension, and esmolol for emergencies. Propranolol is effective for migraine prevention. Timolol eye drops are used for glaucoma treatment by decreasing
Beta blockers were first developed in 1962 and are proven to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. They are the cornerstone therapy for systolic heart failure, significantly reducing mortality and hospitalizations. Beta blockers also significantly reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction and post-MI, lowering the risk of death by up to 40%. They are effective for preventing sudden cardiac death through various mechanisms including reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that are used to manage various cardiac conditions by blocking the effects of epinephrine and other stress hormones on beta receptors. They were first developed in the 1950s and revolutionized cardiology. Beta-blockers are indicated for conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, heart attack, and glaucoma. While they provide important benefits, they can also cause adverse effects like fatigue, dizziness, and bronchospasm. Different beta-blockers have varying levels of selectivity for beta-1 versus beta-2 receptors and some have additional alpha-blocking properties. Guidelines provide recommendations on the appropriate use of specific beta-blockers for different cardiac indications.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents used, their adverse effects, history of use, and concerns regarding their use based on clinical trial data. It indicates that beta blockers are still indicated for hypertension when used selectively in patients with conditions like diabetes or coronary artery disease, and that newer vasodilating beta blockers may provide benefits over older non-selective agents.
Beta blockers were first synthesized based on the structure of isoprenaline, though the first two compounds were not used clinically. Propranolol was the first therapeutically successful beta blocker. Beta blockers can be non-selective or selective for beta receptor subtypes 1 or 2. Some have partial agonist activity or inverse agonist activity. Later generation beta blockers also have additional effects like vasodilation, antioxidant activity, or alpha-1 receptor blocking. While initially contraindicated for heart failure, beta blockers are now important in treating heart failure by interrupting the vicious cycle of increased sympathetic tone and cardiac remodeling.
Beta blockers such as atenolol have been shown to have a relatively weak effect in reducing stroke compared to other antihypertensive classes such as calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics. Evidence from Cochrane reviews shows that beta blockers do not reduce the risk of coronary heart disease compared to placebo or no treatment, and they may increase the risk of all-cause mortality and total cardiovascular disease compared to calcium channel blockers. While beta blockers lower the risk of total cardiovascular disease compared to placebo primarily by reducing stroke risk, their effect on other outcomes is not better than other classes of antihypertensive medications.
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, causes, classification, and treatment options. It defines hypertension as a sustained blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and discusses how it damages blood vessels. It classifies blood pressure and lists the etiology and risk factors of hypertension. The major sections cover the principles of treatment, classification of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympatholytic agents, and vasodilators.
Beta adrenergic blockers (β-blockers) are a class of drugs that are competitive antagonists of beta-adrenergic receptors. They are used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, glaucoma, and other conditions. β-blockers are classified as non-selective or cardioselective. Non-selective β-blockers block β1 and β2 receptors, while cardioselective β-blockers selectively block β1 receptors in the heart. β-blockers produce their effects by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system's stimulation of the heart and circulation. They reduce heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
Atenolol is a beta blocker commonly used to treat hypertension. It works by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart to slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure. It has fewer side effects than older beta blockers as it is selective for cardiac beta receptors over pulmonary receptors. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. Atenolol is generally well tolerated but requires monitoring in patients with asthma or diabetes.
This document summarizes different types of adrenergic receptor antagonists or β-blockers. It describes:
1) Nonselective β-blockers that block both β1 and β2 receptors like propranolol, and cardioselective β1 blockers like metoprolol.
2) β-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity like pindolol that can minimize metabolic side effects.
3) Dual α and β-blockers like labetalol and carvedilol that are used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
Role of beta blockers in the management of cardiovascular diseasesPHAM HUU THAI
Beta-blockers play an important role in the management of cardiovascular diseases by reducing sympathetic nervous system activation, balancing myocardial oxygen supply and demand, increasing the threshold for ventricular fibrillation during ischemia, and reducing myocardial oxygen consumption. They are indicated for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Studies show beta-blockers reduce mortality and cardiovascular events in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction more than other drug classes.
1) Beta blockers are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and heart failure. They are classified based on selectivity for beta-1 receptors and generation.
2) Beta blockers lower blood pressure and heart rate, reducing myocardial oxygen demand. They protect against arrhythmias and apoptosis. In heart failure, they improve beta receptor signaling and calcium handling.
3) Clinical trials show beta blockers reduce mortality when used for acute treatment, secondary prevention, and in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease. They are recommended for hypertension in patients with concomitant coronary disease.
This document provides information about the beta blocker Betabis (Bisoprolol hemifumarate USP) including its composition, indications, dosage, side effects and positioning compared to other beta blockers. Betabis is a highly selective beta-1 blocker that effectively controls high blood pressure and angina. It shows no impact on lipid or blood glucose levels, making it safer for diabetes patients compared to non-selective beta blockers.
β-Blockers are effective in treating several cardiovascular conditions such as angina, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. They are also used for hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, and migraine prevention. β-Blockers are competitive antagonists that lower blood pressure and heart rate by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. They have various mechanisms of action depending on their selectivity for β1 and β2 receptors, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, lipid solubility, and ability to block alpha receptors or potassium channels. Common adverse effects include bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, fatigue and sexual dysfunction.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents used, their adverse effects, history of use, and concerns regarding their use. While beta blockers were previously considered first-line treatment for hypertension, more recent trials have shown other agents may provide better outcomes. However, beta blockers are still important treatment options, especially newer vasodilating agents like nebivolol and carvedilol which have shown benefits over older non-vasodilating beta blockers.
The document discusses oxidation, disease reversal, and cellular metabolism. It explains that oxidation leads to breakdown at the cellular level and causes disease, while proper metabolism supports cellular buildup and regeneration for health. Maintaining reduced oxidation and optimal metabolism can reverse disease by supporting healthy cellular function and structure replacement at rates up to 1 million new cells per day. Factors like diet, pollution, and lifestyle choices can increase or decrease oxidation levels and affect health and disease.
Beta blockers were first introduced in the 1960s and have since been shown to be effective for treating several cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Key events included the development of propranolol in 1962 and the differentiation of beta receptors into subtypes. Large clinical trials demonstrated beta blockers reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, and heart failure. While earlier non-selective beta blockers had more side effects, later trials showed cardioselective beta blockers are well tolerated and do not negatively impact patients with mild to moderate asthma.
In 1905, Dr. Nicolai Korotkoff announced a new method for determining blood pressure by listening to sounds in the arteries as a blood pressure cuff is deflated. Since then, several theories have been proposed to explain the sounds Korotkoff heard, including cavitation, turbulence in the arteries, and the transmission of heart sounds. Measuring blood pressure provides important health information, but an elevated reading can have many causes, which is why there are over 100 drugs available to treat high blood pressure.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke. CVD is the UK's number one killer. It occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. A plant-based diet can help prevent and treat CVD in several ways. It is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than the standard Western diet, and higher in nutrients that support heart health. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and smoking increase CVD risk, but following a plant-based diet can help regulate these risk factors.
http://www.lotusholisticmedicine.com - Integrated holistic approach to treat body, mind and soul. We adopt goodness of modern conventional medicine, ancient herbal medicine (SIDDHA), to activate innate healing potential by naturopathy and yoga therapy and energize the mind and soul with positive promotion of mental well being and by incorporating spirituality for self healing.
Bob, a 45-year-old accountant, has been admitted to the hospital with end-stage liver disease resulting from a history of alcohol abuse. He is soon to become a father but may not be eligible for a liver transplant. Medical professionals must address end-of-life issues with Bob and his family, provide emotional support, and ensure he understands his condition and makes informed decisions about his care and involvement in his new child's life. Shortly after admission, Bob vomits blood, likely from esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. He requires emergency treatment to stop the bleeding and stabilize his condition.
75% of heart attack patients had cholesterol levels within current guidelines, calling into question the effectiveness of current cholesterol guidelines in reducing heart attack risk. Almost half of patients had optimal LDL cholesterol levels of under 100 mg/dL. The principal investigator stated that current guidelines may not be low enough. The document discusses cholesterol medications and sales figures. It also discusses potential issues with long-term cholesterol-lowering and links between cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
FINAL.. beta blockers in cardiovascular disease.pptxdkapila2002
beta blockers have an ever increasing role in many cardiovascular disorders like heart failure,heart attacks,hypertension & SIHD. With new_generation beta-blockers,their efficacy has increased with fewer side effects.They now have a very important role in heart-failure & CAD,while lesser role in management of hypertension.Their present status in CV disorders according to latest guidelines is highlighted.The so called thierd generation betablockers have shown better efficacy with fewer side-effects though large scale randomized trials are lacking
Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat cardiovascular conditions. However, one size does not fit all patients. There are several types of beta-blockers that have different mechanisms of action and properties. The document discusses the types of beta receptors, how different beta-blockers work, their pharmacokinetic properties, indications for use, potential adverse effects and controversies regarding their use. It provides a comprehensive overview of beta-blockers for cardiovascular conditions.
Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial cells. It was first isolated and characterized in 1988. Endothelin has a variety of effects in the body, including regulation of vascular tone and fluid homeostasis in the kidney. Increased levels of endothelin have been implicated in several diseases affecting the cardiovascular and renal systems such as hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Clinical trials of endothelin receptor antagonists show potential benefits for treating chronic kidney disease and slowing kidney disease progression.
An assignment to write a case study for medical terminology as if I were responsible for writing the patient\'s medical record. An assignment at Colorado Technical University online.
The document discusses startling statistics about chronic disease in America, despite advances in medicine and healthcare spending. While the U.S. has the most advanced healthcare system, the WHO and AMA said in 1985 that America is experiencing the worst epidemic of chronic disease ever. Two out of three Americans will die from heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease or diabetes. Since then, rates of obesity and diabetes have doubled or tripled. Nitric oxide was discovered to play a key role in cardiovascular health, and Dr. Prendergast found that supplementing with L-arginine successfully reduced plaque and reversed disease in his patients.
1) Beta blockers are recommended in current cardiovascular guidelines for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
2) Studies have shown that lowering blood pressure, including through the use of beta blockers, reduces complications from diabetes such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure.
3) Different beta blockers have varying selectivity for beta-1 receptors in the heart versus beta-2 receptors elsewhere. Some beta blockers also have additional alpha-blocking or vasodilating properties.
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
This document discusses the role of beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension. It covers the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of beta blockers, specific agents, adverse effects, clinical uses, and concerns regarding their use. While beta blockers were once the primary treatment for hypertension, more recent studies have shown other classes of drugs may be superior in reducing cardiovascular events such as stroke. Newer vasodilating beta blockers like nebivolol and carvedilol have benefits over older non-selective agents with regards to blood pressure control and side effect profile.
Heart failure (HF) is a condition where the heart muscle is unable to sufficiently pump blood to meet the body's needs. It can develop suddenly or chronically over time. HF is diagnosed through symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and objective evidence of reduced heart function via echocardiography. Treatment involves medications to improve symptoms and survival, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and aldosterone receptor antagonists. Close monitoring is needed when combining renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics due to risks of hypotension, renal dysfunction, and hyperkalemia.
This powerpoint is a case presentation, that explains the case of ADCHF, with comorbidities, comprising HTN, CAD and DLP.
A summary on the recent advancements in HF management, along with justification of therapy provided, has been elucidated.
A note on home remedies and counselling tips has also been provided.
Bioresorbable stents in treatment of coronory heart diseaseanmolghotra
Bioresorbable stents are a novel approach to treating coronary heart disease that could help address some of the limitations of traditional metal stents. Bioresorbable stents are made of polymers that dissolve over time, leaving the artery fully healed and with no permanent implant. They may help reduce inflammation, lower the need for dual antiplatelet therapy, and allow for future use of MRI or CT imaging without metal artifacts. However, bioresorbable stents also face challenges like late thrombosis that require further research and development to fully realize their potential benefits over conventional metal stents.
Beta Blockers in current cardiovascular practice Praveen Nagula
betablockers are the drug of choice for prevention of progression of heart failure with mortality benefit, after the evolution of neurohormonal regulation as pathogenesis of heart failure
This document summarizes the history and key milestones in understanding and treating hypertension. It discusses early physicians like William Harvey who discovered blood circulation and Stephen Hales who first measured blood pressure. Important developments include the mercury sphygmomanometer in 1896, Korotkoff sounds in 1905, and the term "essential hypertension" being coined in 1911. It then outlines landmark studies and drugs developed to treat hypertension over the 20th century, including the Framingham Heart Study and classes of drugs like beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and concludes with a discussion of modern clinical practice guidelines.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
10. UUsseess ooff BBeettaa bblloocckkeerrss
Preventing migraine headaches
Treating HTN
Reducing the risk of future heart attacks and heart-related
death in people who have had a heart attack
Treating CHF
Treating glaucoma
Treating certain arrhythmias, such as AF and AFlut
Treating angina
Treating HOCM.
Thyrotoxicosis
Portal HTN
11. BBuutt iinn 22000055
CCoonncclluussiioonnss:: Nonselective BBs are
ineffective in preventing varices in
unselected patients with cirrhosis
and portal HTN and are associated
with ↑↑ number of adverse events.
Groszmann, et al. (2005) Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.
New England Journal of Medicine , 353 (21) , pp. 2254-2261.
12. Side effects of Beta Blockers
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Fatigue
Cold hands and feet
Bronchospasm
Dizziness.
+ VLDL
Sudden stop Angina, MI, arrhythmia
13. Do Beta Blockers Cause
Sexual Side Effects?
Decreased libido.
Impotence (erectile dysfunction (ED))
Peyronie's disease
14. IIss iitt ttrruuee??
It is important to understand that BB are frequently used in oollddeerr and
hhyyppeerrtteennssiivvee individuals (who are more likely to have sexual problems). This
makes it difficult to know if the sexual side effects are actually caused by the
medication or other factors.
Researchers found that people who knew that impotence was a side effect of
BB were more likely to develop impotence. Their conclusion was that the
knowledge about side effects of BBs can produce anxiety that may cause
erectile dysfunction.“
This study also found that a placebo (a sugar pill that does not contain any
active ingredients) was just as effective as ssiillddeennaaffiill for reversing impotence in
these men taking a beta blocker.
15. PPrreeccaauuttiioonnss wwiitthh BBBB uussee
Heart failure
Bradycardia
Liver disease, such as liver failure, cirrhosis, or hepatitis
Kidney disease, such as renal failure
Diabetes
Had a CVA or TIA
Heart block
Sick sinus syndrome
Asthma
COPD
Hyperthyroidism
An upcoming surgery
Myasthenia gravis
PAD
Any allergies, including allergies to foods, dyes, or preservatives.
Pregnant or thinking of becoming pregnant
Breastfeeding.
16. AAnn oovveerrddoossee wwiitthh aa bbeettaa bblloocckkeerr mmaayy
ccaauussee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg pprroobblleemmss::
Bradycardia.
Constriction of the airway.
CHF
Cardiac arrest
Coma.
Hypotension.
Hypoglycemia.
TTrreeaattmmeenntt ffoorr aa BBeettaa BBlloocckkeerr OOvveerrddoossee
Medications to increase the heart rate
IV fluids and medications to increase blood pressure
Asthma medications to reverse airway constriction
IV glucose to reverse low blood sugar levels.
17. Pregnancy Category Ratings
The following beta blockers are Pregnancy Category B medications:
Acebutolol
Pindolol
Sotalol
The following beta blockers are Pregnancy Category C medications:
Betaxolol
Bisoprolol
Carteolol
Carvedilol
Esmolol
Labetalol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Metoprolol
Nadolol
Nebivolol
Penbutolol
Propranolol
Timolol
The following beta blockers are Pregnancy Category D medications:
Atenolol
18. Beta Blockers and Breast Milk
The following beta blockers ppaassss tthhrroouugghh bbrreeaasstt mmiillkk::
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Levatol
Metoprolol
Nadolol
Pindolol
Propranolol
Sotalol
Timolol
TThhee mmeeddiiccaattiioonn ccoouulldd ppootteennttiiaallllyy ppaassss tthhrroouugghh bbrreeaasstt mmiillkk::
Bisoprolol
Carvedilol
Carteolol
Esmolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Nebivolol
Penbutolol
20. There are many thousands of us
alive today thanks to the brilliant,
pioneering work of
JJaammeess WWhhyyttee
BBllaacckk..
21. He was born in 1924 in Uddingston, Lanarkshire.
His father was a Scottish mining engineer. He was
the 4th son of 5 .
Money was tight but he entered the St Andrews
University exam by his maths teacher and, at the
age of 15, won a residential scholarship there where
he studied medicine.
22. Black met Hilary Joan Vaughan (his age) at university in
1944.
He completed his medical degree in 1946, he committed
himself to physiological research.
In 1946 he married the fellow student Hilary Vaughan.
In 1947 they moved to Singapore, where he lectured at King
Edward VII College of Medicine, University of Malaya.
23. Returning to Britain in 1950, with what he said was
no home, no income of any kind and no prospects.
But a chance meeting with an old colleague on
Oxford Street led to a job (physiology lecturer) in the
University of Glasgow Veterinary School, where he
said he slowly learned, like a primitive painter, how
to be an effective experimenter.“ As he developed an
interest in the way adrenaline affects the human
heart, particularly in those suffering from angina.
The couple had a daughter, Stephanie, born in 1951.
24. He worked for ICI Pharmaceuticals from 1958 until
1964, during which time he developed propranolol
to treat high blood pressure and heart disease,
hailed as the greatest breakthrough in the
treatment of that killer disease since the discovery
of digitalis. Beta blockers, they became at one time
the world's best-selling drug, slowing down the
heart rate to treat and prevent heart attacks and
angina pectoris and reduce high blood pressure.
25.
26. He was developing a similar method of treatment for
stomach ulcers, but ICI did not wish to pursue the idea so
Black resigned and joined Smith, Kline and French for
whom he worked for 9 years.
While there, he developed his second major drug,
cimetidine which was launched under the brand name
Tagamet in 1975. It outsold even his propranolol beta
blocker to become the world's largest-selling prescription
drug in 1988 and was the first prescription drug to sell over
a billion dollars-worth. Ranitidine followed, using similar
principles.
Prior to these drugs surgery was the most common way to
deal with stomach ulcers but this was often unsuccessful.
http://hosted.ap.org/photos/C/ccc684f9-0f18-4835-baec-cd953f98aff5-bi...
27. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976 and
the same year he was awarded the Lasker award.
In 1979, he was awarded the Artois-Baillet Latour Health
Prize.
He was made a Knight Bachelor on 10 February 1981 for
services to medical research, receiving the honour from the
Queen at Buckingham Palace,
In 1982 Black was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine.
In 1984 he became Professor of Analytical Pharmacology at
the Rayne Institute of the King's College London medical
school, where he remained until 1992.
28. Hilary died in 1986, aged 62.
He established the James Black Foundation in
1988 with funding from Johnson and Johnson and
led a team of 25 scientists in drugs research,
including gastrin inhibitors which may prevent
some stomach cancers.
He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
On 26 May 2000 he was appointed to the Order of
Merit, of which there are only 24 members at any
one time, by Queen Elizabeth II.
29. Served as chancellor of the University of Dundee, Scotland,
from 1992 to 2006.
In 1994 he received the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal
Society of Medicine.
In 1994, he married Rona MacKie who survives him, as
does Stephanie, the daughter of his first marriage.
in 2004 was awarded the society's Royal Medal.
During this time, he pioneered a method of research of
intelligent drug design, now the foundation of the
development of most new developments in the world-wide
pharmaceutical industry.
30. His invention of pprroopprraannoollooll is considered to be one of the most
important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the
20th century.
It is estimated that medicines developed along the methodologies
established by Black represent 20% of the $825 billion annual turnover
of the world's top-selling drugs.
The success of beta blockers was a major contributor to reducing the
mortality rate from heart disease in the last few decades.
In the UK alone 255 of every 100,000 men died from coronary heart
disease in 1978. By 2007 that figure had plummeted to 65 per 100,000.
They have prolonged the lives of millions of people and improved the
quality of their lives as well.
31. Black was such a very
private man who
was averse to
publicity that he
was horrified to
discover he had
won the Nobel
Prize! He later
remarked dryly that
when he was told
he had won the
Nobel Prize he had
commented I wish
I had had my beta
blockers handy to
slow down my heart
rate!
32. أوضحت دراسة لباحثين في جامعة تكساس،
نشرت في مجلة نيوانجلند الطبية، أن إعطاء جرعات كبيرة
من عقار بروبرانولول تعجل في الستشفاء من
الحروق و تقلل من تلف العضلت الذي يصاحب عادة
الصابة بالحروق الشديدة.
يذكر أن فترة النقاهة التي تلي التعرض للحروق الشديدة تشهد ميل سلبيا للجسم يتمثل في محاولته
التخلص من البروتين وبالتالي ضمور وضعف
العضلت.
وتتبع رئيس الفريق العلمي الدكتور ديفيد هيرندون
25 أحوال طفل من ضحايا الحروق، تناول نصفهم
تقريبا عقار فيهم، فوجدوا www.بروبرانولول، وتم قياس هزال العضلت
أن مستويات بروتين العضلت
bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/dw
33. In March,22, 2010
after a long illness, Sir James died on
Monday aged 86.
34. In the days following the announcement of
his death, researchers revealed that beta
blockers had been found to be a potential
treatment for breast cancer, following trials
which showed that the drug produced
significant falls in both cancer spread and
local recurrence.
35. November 2006
USA study in Ohaio state university
nore-adrenaline + tumor growth
and spread
“Ronald Glasser et al.”
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. March 2010
Germany-England study found that
patients with cancer who were taking
BBs decreased the risk of dying
45. March 2010
Des Powe et al. (Nottingham university) (Queen’s medical
center) (UK)
The study looked at data on 466 patients over ten years. Three
groups were examined: those being treated for hypertension by
BBs, those whose HTN was treated by other medications, and
those who did not suffer from hypertension and were therefore
not taking any medication. 43 of the 466 patients were already
taking BBs and, in this group, there were significant falls in
both cancer spread and local recurrence. They also had a 71 %
lower risk of dying from breast cancer compared with the other
groups.
47. References
1. De biec, J. Ledoux, J. E. Neuroscience 129, 267 - 272 (2005).
2. Shalev, A. Y. Freedman, S. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1188 - 1191 (2005).
3. Verger, P. et al. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1384 - 1389 (2004).
4. Blanchard, E. B. et al. Behav. Res. Ther. 42, 191 - 205 (2004); 43, 143 - 150 (2005).
5. ^ Nobel Prize winning scientist dies stv.tv 22 March 2010 Link accessed 22 March 2010
6. ^ Tore Frängsmyr (1989). Sir James W. Black: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Les Prix Nobel. Nobel Foundation.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/black-autobio.html. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
7. ^ a b c d e f Black, Sir James W. Autobiography. The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/black-autobio.
html. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
8. ^ Scottish Nobel prize winner Sir James Black dies at age 85. The Daily Record. 23 March 2010.
http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2010/03/23/scottish-nobel-prize-winner-sir-james-black-dies-at-age-85-86908-22132778/.
Retrieved 25 March 2010.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sir James Black, OM. The Telegraph. 23 March 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/medicine-obituaries/
7507080/Sir-James-Black-OM.html. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
10. ^ a b Heart disease treatment pioneer James Black dies. Associated Press. 22 March 2010.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5i2Ues0zJeT4AJpCxJoQTN4odqhCQD9EJUOF00. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
11. ^ a b c d e Led the way in heart drug find. The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Digital). 25 March 2010. http://www.theage.com.au/world/led-the-way-
in-heart-drug-find-20100324-qwo8.html. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
12. ^ Sir James Black talks about his move from ICI to Smith Kline French (part of a series of in-depth videos of Sir James Black telling his life
story (http://webofstories.com). Web of Stories. http://www.webofstories.com/play/17232.
13. ^ Stapleton, Melanie P. (1997). Sir James Black and Propranolol. Texas Heart Institute Journal 24 (4): 336–342.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC325477/pdf/thij00027-0106.pdf.
14. ^ anTAGonist and ciMETidine. American Chemical Society. 2005. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325tagamet.html.
Retrieved December 25, 2005.
15. ^ Alan Taylor (25 January 2004). Or is this our national hero?. Sunday Herald.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040125/ai_n9627859. Retrieved January 25, 2004.
16. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 48542, p. 3087, 3 March 1981. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
17. ^ London Gazette: no. 55859, p. 5821, 26 May 2000. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
18. ^ a b Diffin, Elizabeth (24 March 2010). What is the Order of Merit?. BBC News Magazine (BBC).
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8584941.stm. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
19. ^ 1976 winners: Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research. Lasker Medical Research Network. 1976.
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/1976clinical.shtml.
20. ^ 1988 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Karolinska Institute. 1988.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/.
21. ^ Deaths England and Wales 1984-2006
22. ^ Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir James Black dies. BBC News (BBC). 22 March 2010.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8580567.stm. Retrieved 25 March 2010.