The document discusses several topics related to growth, health habits, and risks during emerging adulthood including physical development, exercise, diet, risk-taking behaviors, and substance abuse. Key points include: emerging adults are in their physical prime but also engage in more risky behaviors; exercise and a healthy diet contribute to well-being while eating disorders and obesity can negatively impact health; risk-taking can have positive or negative outcomes depending on behaviors chosen; substance abuse and addiction are harmful but legal/illegal distinctions do not determine health effects.

1. Part VI Emerging Adulthood: Biosocial Development Chapter Seventeen Growth, Strength, and Health Habits and Risks

2. Emerging Adulthood: Biosocial Development “ Over the past few decades, a social shift has pushed forward the age at which people are expected to commit to career and family, or at least to have “a good plan.”

3. Growth, Strength, and Health Ages and Stages for children, physical maturation correlates with chronological age and developmental stage the play years and the school years also have biological markers in adulthood chronological age is an imperfect guide to development

4. Growth, Strength, and Health Ages and Stages social roles vary a group of 40-year-olds might include those married, divorced, expecting children or who are grandparents developmentalists, however, still cluster adults into chronological groups and report differences age is not definitive within one community, cohort, or culture

5. Growth, Strength, and Health Ages and Stages Pew Research Center (2007) compares generations… “boundaries that separate generations are indistinct” but proceed to distinguish the following…

6. Growth, Strength, and Health Pew Research Center before 1946 Seniors 60 and older 1946 -1964 Baby boomers 40 to 60 1966-1980 Generation X 25 to 40 1981-1988 Generation Next 18 to 25

7. Growth, Strength, and Health

8. Growth, Strength, and Health Strong and Attractive Bodies muscles grow and shape changes in ways that differ by sex males gain more arm muscle and females more hip fat physical strength for both sexes increases in the 20s

9. Growth, Strength, and Health Strong and Attractive Bodies the body system (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and sexual-reproductive system), functions optimally at the beginning of adulthood serious diseases are not yet apparent, some childhood ailments are outgrown

10. Growth, Strength, and Health Bodies Designed for Health senescence the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient

11. Growth, Strength, and Health Bodies in Balance homeostasis the adjustment of the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium as the body ages, it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress organ reserve the capacity of young adults’ organs to allow the body to cope with stress

12. Growth, Strength, and Health Appearance most emerging adults look vital and attractive because of overall health, strength, and activity oily hair, pimpled faces, and awkward limbs of adolescence are gone wrinkles and hair loss of adulthood have not yet appeared

13. Growth, Strength, and Health Appearance muscles are stronger and obesity is less common in emerging adulthood than earlier or later in life young adults worry about how they look because they want attention from each other

14. Growth, Strength, and Health Sexual Activity the sexual-reproductive system is at its strongest during emerging adulthood adults have a strong sex drive fertility is greater and miscarriage is less common orgasm is more frequent testosterone, is higher for both men and women

15. Growth, Strength, and Health Sexual Activity sex drives lead to many joyous interactions many young adults want sex but do not want spouses or children more methods today for women to not become pregnant the reality that sex need not entail pregnancy is one reason that people are marrying later

16. Growth, Strength, and Health Sexual Activity most emerging adults still believe that marriage is a serious and desirable commitment premarital sex postpones marriage without sexual deprivation this new pattern makes for two complications: distress and disease

17. Growth, Strength, and Health Emotional Stress emerging adults have more partners and more sexual intercourse than adults who are somewhat older “ unanticipated emotional entanglement” is likely to produce emotional stress most sexual interactions include unspoken assumptions reproduction relationship recreation

18. Growth, Strength, and Health Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) have been around since the beginning of time much higher today than ever before half of all adults have had at least one STI some minor; others leading to potentially serious health problems

19. Growth, Strength, and Health Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) STIs can have no symptoms (about half the time) infertility and even death can occur public health experts recommend check-ups every six months after the end of a sexual relationships and before starting sex with a new partner

20. Habits and Risks Some emerging adults begin good habits and sustain them lifelong; others make destructive choices.

21. Habits and Risks Exercise protects against serious illness at every stage of life reduces blood pressure strengthens the heart and lungs makes depression, osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis, and even some cancer less likely

22. Habits and Risks Exercise sitting for long hours correlates with almost every unhealthy condition even a little movement—gardening, light housework, walking up stairs—helps it is natural for emerging adults to keep moving

23. Habits and Risks Exercise past generations quit exercising when marriage, parenthood, and career became demanding young adults can choose friends and communities that support, rather than preclude, staying active

24. Habits and Risks Eating Well set point a particular body weight that an individual’s homeostatic processes strive to maintain Body Mass Index (BMI) the ratio of a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meter’s squared

25. Habits and Risks Eating Disorders anorexia nervosa a serious eating disorder in which a person restricts eating to the point of emaciation and possible starvation most victims are high-achieving females in early puberty or early adulthood

26. Habits and Risks Eating Disorders According to DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ) anorexia nervosa is diagnosed when four symptoms are evident: refusal to maintain a body weight that is at least 85% of normal for age and height intense fear of weight gain disturbed body perception and denial of the problem in adolescent and adults females, lack of menstruation

27. Habits and Risks Eating Disorders bulimia nervosa an eating disorder in which the person, usually female, engages repeatedly in episodes of binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or use of laxatives

28. Habits and Risks Theories of Eating Disorders in all eating disorders, consumption is disconnected from the internal cues of hunger a developmental perspective finds that eating disorders may originate early in life not only with genes but also with early hunger and family food habits

29. Habits and Risks Theories of Eating Disorders women are 10 times more likely to engage in destructive self-sabotage is it nature or nurture? remember the theories in Chapter 2 psychoanalytic behaviorism cognitive socialcultural epigenetic

30. Habits and Risks Taking Risks emerging adults bravely, or foolishly, take risk risk taking is not age-related, it is also genetic and hormonal some people are naturally more daring than others males are more likely to be brave or foolish society benefits because each generation of emerging adults takes chances

31. Habits and Risks Edgework occupations or recreational activities that require a degree of risk or danger; it is this prospect of “living on the edge” that makes edgework compelling to some individuals

32. Habits and Risks Drug abuse… and addiction can involve a wide range of drugs, from the perfectly legal to the highly illegal… two of the most harmful and addictive substances—nicotine and alcohol—are legal in the United States from a health perspective, legality is irrelevant…what matter is the effects of abuse and addiction

33. Habits and Risks drug abuse the ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological or psychological well-being drug addiction a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the individual's system produces a drive—physiological, psychological, or both—to ingest more of the drug delay discounting the tendency to under-value, or downright ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of more immediate gratification

34. Habits and Risks

35. Habits and Risks Social Norms the standards of behavior within a given society or culture social norms approach a method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults’ desire to follow social norms by making them aware, through the use of surveys, of the prevalence of various behaviors within their peer groups