This document discusses several key aspects of emerging adulthood including cognitive, physical, and social-emotional development. It covers topics like role transitions into adulthood through rites of passage, changes in the brain and behaviors during this period, achieving education and career milestones, physical health behaviors and their impact, types of intelligence and cognitive changes, personality development through creating life stories and possible selves, different types of relationships including friendships and romantic relationships, and family dynamics including decisions around having children and impacts of divorce.
1 Understanding Human DevelopmentApproaches and TheoriesAbbyWhyte974
1 Understanding Human Development:
Approaches and Theories
29
markferguson2/Alamy
Learning Objectives
1.1 Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.
1.2 Discuss three theoretical controversies about human development.
1.3 Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.
1.4 Describe the methods used in studying human development,
including types of data and designs.
1.5 Discuss the responsibility of researchers to their participants and
how they may protect them.
Digital Resources
Resilience: It Takes a Village
Poverty and Brain Development
Second Couplehood in Late Adulthood
Nature and Nurture
Educational Aspirations
Sociocultural Influences on Development: Desegregation
Children of Katrina: Longitudinal Research
Childhood Exposure to Lead
Voluntary Participation in HIV Research
Master these learning objectives with multimedia resources available at
edge.sagepub.com/kuthertopical and Lives in Context video cases
available in the interactive eBook.
30
Think back over your lifetime. How have you grown and changed through
the years? Do your parents describe you as a happy baby? Were you
fussy? Do you remember your first day of kindergarten? What are some of
your most vivid childhood memories? Did you begin puberty early, late, or
was your development similar to others your age? Were your adolescent
years a stressful time? What types of changes do you expect to undergo in
your adult years? Where will you live? Will you have a spouse? Will you
have children? What career will you choose? How might these life choices
and circumstances influence how you age and your perspective in older
adulthood? Will your personality remain the same or change over time? In
short, how will you change over the course of your lifespan?
What is Lifespan Human Development?
This is a book about lifespan human development—the ways in which
people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from
conception to death. When people use the term development, they often
mean the transformation from infant to adult. However, development does
not end with adulthood. We continue to change in predictable ways
throughout our lifetime, even into old age. Developmental scientists study
human development. They seek to understand lifetime patterns of change.
lifespan human development An approach to studying human
development that examines ways in which individuals grow,
change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception
to death.
Table 1.1 illustrates the many phases of life that we progress through from
conception to death. Each phase of life may have a different label and set
of developmental tasks, but all have value. The changes that we undergo
during infancy influence how we experience later changes, such as those
during adolescence and beyond. This is true for all ages in life. Each phase
of life is important and accompanied by its own demands and
opportunities.
Change is the most obv ...
1 Understanding Human Development:
Approaches and Theories
29
markferguson2/Alamy
Learning Objectives
1.1 Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.
1.2 Discuss three theoretical controversies about human development.
1.3 Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.
1.4 Describe the methods used in studying human development,
including types of data and designs.
1.5 Discuss the responsibility of researchers to their participants and
how they may protect them.
Digital Resources
Resilience: It Takes a Village
Poverty and Brain Development
Second Couplehood in Late Adulthood
Nature and Nurture
Educational Aspirations
Sociocultural Influences on Development: Desegregation
Children of Katrina: Longitudinal Research
Childhood Exposure to Lead
Voluntary Participation in HIV Research
Master these learning objectives with multimedia resources available at
edge.sagepub.com/kuthertopical and Lives in Context video cases
available in the interactive eBook.
30
Think back over your lifetime. How have you grown and changed through
the years? Do your parents describe you as a happy baby? Were you
fussy? Do you remember your first day of kindergarten? What are some of
your most vivid childhood memories? Did you begin puberty early, late, or
was your development similar to others your age? Were your adolescent
years a stressful time? What types of changes do you expect to undergo in
your adult years? Where will you live? Will you have a spouse? Will you
have children? What career will you choose? How might these life choices
and circumstances influence how you age and your perspective in older
adulthood? Will your personality remain the same or change over time? In
short, how will you change over the course of your lifespan?
What is Lifespan Human Development?
This is a book about lifespan human development—the ways in which
people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from
conception to death. When people use the term development, they often
mean the transformation from infant to adult. However, development does
not end with adulthood. We continue to change in predictable ways
throughout our lifetime, even into old age. Developmental scientists study
human development. They seek to understand lifetime patterns of change.
lifespan human development An approach to studying human
development that examines ways in which individuals grow,
change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception
to death.
Table 1.1 illustrates the many phases of life that we progress through from
conception to death. Each phase of life may have a different label and set
of developmental tasks, but all have value. The changes that we undergo
during infancy influence how we experience later changes, such as those
during adolescence and beyond. This is true for all ages in life. Each phase
of life is important and accompanied by its own demands and
opportunities.
Change is the most obv ...
1 Understanding Human DevelopmentApproaches and TheoriesAbbyWhyte974
1 Understanding Human Development:
Approaches and Theories
29
markferguson2/Alamy
Learning Objectives
1.1 Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.
1.2 Discuss three theoretical controversies about human development.
1.3 Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.
1.4 Describe the methods used in studying human development,
including types of data and designs.
1.5 Discuss the responsibility of researchers to their participants and
how they may protect them.
Digital Resources
Resilience: It Takes a Village
Poverty and Brain Development
Second Couplehood in Late Adulthood
Nature and Nurture
Educational Aspirations
Sociocultural Influences on Development: Desegregation
Children of Katrina: Longitudinal Research
Childhood Exposure to Lead
Voluntary Participation in HIV Research
Master these learning objectives with multimedia resources available at
edge.sagepub.com/kuthertopical and Lives in Context video cases
available in the interactive eBook.
30
Think back over your lifetime. How have you grown and changed through
the years? Do your parents describe you as a happy baby? Were you
fussy? Do you remember your first day of kindergarten? What are some of
your most vivid childhood memories? Did you begin puberty early, late, or
was your development similar to others your age? Were your adolescent
years a stressful time? What types of changes do you expect to undergo in
your adult years? Where will you live? Will you have a spouse? Will you
have children? What career will you choose? How might these life choices
and circumstances influence how you age and your perspective in older
adulthood? Will your personality remain the same or change over time? In
short, how will you change over the course of your lifespan?
What is Lifespan Human Development?
This is a book about lifespan human development—the ways in which
people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from
conception to death. When people use the term development, they often
mean the transformation from infant to adult. However, development does
not end with adulthood. We continue to change in predictable ways
throughout our lifetime, even into old age. Developmental scientists study
human development. They seek to understand lifetime patterns of change.
lifespan human development An approach to studying human
development that examines ways in which individuals grow,
change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception
to death.
Table 1.1 illustrates the many phases of life that we progress through from
conception to death. Each phase of life may have a different label and set
of developmental tasks, but all have value. The changes that we undergo
during infancy influence how we experience later changes, such as those
during adolescence and beyond. This is true for all ages in life. Each phase
of life is important and accompanied by its own demands and
opportunities.
Change is the most obv ...
1 Understanding Human Development:
Approaches and Theories
29
markferguson2/Alamy
Learning Objectives
1.1 Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.
1.2 Discuss three theoretical controversies about human development.
1.3 Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.
1.4 Describe the methods used in studying human development,
including types of data and designs.
1.5 Discuss the responsibility of researchers to their participants and
how they may protect them.
Digital Resources
Resilience: It Takes a Village
Poverty and Brain Development
Second Couplehood in Late Adulthood
Nature and Nurture
Educational Aspirations
Sociocultural Influences on Development: Desegregation
Children of Katrina: Longitudinal Research
Childhood Exposure to Lead
Voluntary Participation in HIV Research
Master these learning objectives with multimedia resources available at
edge.sagepub.com/kuthertopical and Lives in Context video cases
available in the interactive eBook.
30
Think back over your lifetime. How have you grown and changed through
the years? Do your parents describe you as a happy baby? Were you
fussy? Do you remember your first day of kindergarten? What are some of
your most vivid childhood memories? Did you begin puberty early, late, or
was your development similar to others your age? Were your adolescent
years a stressful time? What types of changes do you expect to undergo in
your adult years? Where will you live? Will you have a spouse? Will you
have children? What career will you choose? How might these life choices
and circumstances influence how you age and your perspective in older
adulthood? Will your personality remain the same or change over time? In
short, how will you change over the course of your lifespan?
What is Lifespan Human Development?
This is a book about lifespan human development—the ways in which
people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from
conception to death. When people use the term development, they often
mean the transformation from infant to adult. However, development does
not end with adulthood. We continue to change in predictable ways
throughout our lifetime, even into old age. Developmental scientists study
human development. They seek to understand lifetime patterns of change.
lifespan human development An approach to studying human
development that examines ways in which individuals grow,
change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception
to death.
Table 1.1 illustrates the many phases of life that we progress through from
conception to death. Each phase of life may have a different label and set
of developmental tasks, but all have value. The changes that we undergo
during infancy influence how we experience later changes, such as those
during adolescence and beyond. This is true for all ages in life. Each phase
of life is important and accompanied by its own demands and
opportunities.
Change is the most obv ...
Personality is the response for the interaction individuals with the factors surround them. This presentation is the detailed description of personality, factors influencing the personality and the positive as well as negative behaviors exhibited at different age-groups . This is prepared and uploaded by Innoclazz Academy
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdfannammalassociates
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Care of the Childbearing & Childbearing Family
Chapter 33 - Nursing Care of an Adolescent
(ppt based on Joanne Flagg and Adele Pillitteri 8th edition)
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellige...Jonathan Dunnemann
This study reviewed the articles about adolescence, its relation to spiritual intelligence and the related theories. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and training skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Approach: Spiritual intelligence had a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific
training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. Spirituality can be viewed as a form of intelligence because it predicts functioning and adaptation and offers capabilities that enable people to solve problems and attain goals. Results: Conceiving spirituality as a sort of intelligence
extended the psychologist’s conception of spirituality and allowed its association with the rational cognitive processes like goal achievement and problem solving. Conclusion: Emotional intelligence allowed us to judge in which situation we were involved and then to behave appropriately within it.
Spiritual intelligence allowed us to ask if we want to be in this particular situation in the first place.
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellig...Jonathan Dunnemann
This paper reviewed the articles about adolescence, its relation to spiritual intelligence and the related theories. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and training skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Spiritual intelligence has a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. Spirituality can be viewed as a form of intelligence because it predicts functioning and adaptation and offers capabilities that enable people to solve
problems and attain goals. Conceiving spirituality as a sort of intelligence extends the psychologist’s conception of spirituality and allows its association with the rational cognitive processes like goal achievement and problem solving. Emotional intelligence allows us to judge in which situation we are involved and then to behave appropriately within it. Spiritual intelligence allows us to ask if we want to be in this particular situation in the
first place.
This page is intentionally left blank PRESCHOOL PETakishaPeck109
This page is intentionally left blank
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
(3 to 6 years)
Height and weight continue to increase rapidly.
The body becomes less rounded and more
muscular.
The brain grows larger, neural interconnections
continue to develop, and lateralization emerges.
Gross and fine motor skills advance quickly.
Child ren can throw and catch balls, run, use forks
and spoons, and tie shoelaces.
Children begin to develop handedness.
Children show egocentric thinking (viewing world
from their own perspective) and "centration," a
focus on only one aspect of a stimulus.
Memory, attention span, and symbolic thinking
improve, and intuitive thought begins.
Language (sentence length, vocabulary, syntax,
and grammar) improves rapidly.
Children develop self-concepts, which may be
exaggerated.
A sense of gender and racial identity emerges.
Children begin to see peers as individuals and form
friendships based on trust and shared interests.
Morality is rule-based and focused on rewards and
punishments.
Play becomes more constructive and cooperative,
and social skills become important.
Preoperational stage
Initiative-versus-guilt stage
Phallic stage
Preconventional morality level
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
(6 to 12 years)
Growth becomes slow and steady. Muscles
develop, and "baby fat" is lost.
Gross motor skills (biking, swimming, skating,
ball handling) and fine motor skills (writing, typing,
fastening buttons) continue to improve.
Children apply logical operations to problems.
U nderstanding of conservation (that changes
in shape do not necessarily affect quantity) and
transformation (that objects can go through many
states without changing) emerge.
Children can "decenter"-take m ultiple
perspectives into account.
Memory encoding, storage, and retrieval improve,
and control strategies (meta-memory) develop.
Language pragmatics (social conventions) and
metalinguistic awareness (self-monitoring) improve.
Children refer to psychological traits to define
themselves. Sense of self becomes differentiated.
Social comparison is used to understand one's
standing and identity.
Self-esteem grows differentiated, and a sense of
self-efficacy (an appraisal of what one can and
cannot do) develops.
Children approach moral problems intent on
maintaining social respect and accepting what
society defines as right.
Friendship patterns of boys and girls differ. Boys
mostly interact with boys in groups, and girls tend
to interact singly or in pai rs with other girls.
Concrete operational stage
I ndustry-versus-inferiority stage
Latency period
Conventional morality level
PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
&
THEORISTS
Jean
Piaget
Erik
Erikson
Sigmund
Freud
Lawrence
Koh Iberg
ADOLESCENCE
(12 to 20 years)
• Girls begin the adolescent growth spurt around
age 1 0, boys around age 1 2 .
• Girls reach puberty aroun ...
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Personality is the response for the interaction individuals with the factors surround them. This presentation is the detailed description of personality, factors influencing the personality and the positive as well as negative behaviors exhibited at different age-groups . This is prepared and uploaded by Innoclazz Academy
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdfannammalassociates
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Care of the Childbearing & Childbearing Family
Chapter 33 - Nursing Care of an Adolescent
(ppt based on Joanne Flagg and Adele Pillitteri 8th edition)
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellige...Jonathan Dunnemann
This study reviewed the articles about adolescence, its relation to spiritual intelligence and the related theories. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and training skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Approach: Spiritual intelligence had a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific
training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. Spirituality can be viewed as a form of intelligence because it predicts functioning and adaptation and offers capabilities that enable people to solve problems and attain goals. Results: Conceiving spirituality as a sort of intelligence
extended the psychologist’s conception of spirituality and allowed its association with the rational cognitive processes like goal achievement and problem solving. Conclusion: Emotional intelligence allowed us to judge in which situation we were involved and then to behave appropriately within it.
Spiritual intelligence allowed us to ask if we want to be in this particular situation in the first place.
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellig...Jonathan Dunnemann
This paper reviewed the articles about adolescence, its relation to spiritual intelligence and the related theories. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and training skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Spiritual intelligence has a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. Spirituality can be viewed as a form of intelligence because it predicts functioning and adaptation and offers capabilities that enable people to solve
problems and attain goals. Conceiving spirituality as a sort of intelligence extends the psychologist’s conception of spirituality and allows its association with the rational cognitive processes like goal achievement and problem solving. Emotional intelligence allows us to judge in which situation we are involved and then to behave appropriately within it. Spiritual intelligence allows us to ask if we want to be in this particular situation in the
first place.
This page is intentionally left blank PRESCHOOL PETakishaPeck109
This page is intentionally left blank
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
(3 to 6 years)
Height and weight continue to increase rapidly.
The body becomes less rounded and more
muscular.
The brain grows larger, neural interconnections
continue to develop, and lateralization emerges.
Gross and fine motor skills advance quickly.
Child ren can throw and catch balls, run, use forks
and spoons, and tie shoelaces.
Children begin to develop handedness.
Children show egocentric thinking (viewing world
from their own perspective) and "centration," a
focus on only one aspect of a stimulus.
Memory, attention span, and symbolic thinking
improve, and intuitive thought begins.
Language (sentence length, vocabulary, syntax,
and grammar) improves rapidly.
Children develop self-concepts, which may be
exaggerated.
A sense of gender and racial identity emerges.
Children begin to see peers as individuals and form
friendships based on trust and shared interests.
Morality is rule-based and focused on rewards and
punishments.
Play becomes more constructive and cooperative,
and social skills become important.
Preoperational stage
Initiative-versus-guilt stage
Phallic stage
Preconventional morality level
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
(6 to 12 years)
Growth becomes slow and steady. Muscles
develop, and "baby fat" is lost.
Gross motor skills (biking, swimming, skating,
ball handling) and fine motor skills (writing, typing,
fastening buttons) continue to improve.
Children apply logical operations to problems.
U nderstanding of conservation (that changes
in shape do not necessarily affect quantity) and
transformation (that objects can go through many
states without changing) emerge.
Children can "decenter"-take m ultiple
perspectives into account.
Memory encoding, storage, and retrieval improve,
and control strategies (meta-memory) develop.
Language pragmatics (social conventions) and
metalinguistic awareness (self-monitoring) improve.
Children refer to psychological traits to define
themselves. Sense of self becomes differentiated.
Social comparison is used to understand one's
standing and identity.
Self-esteem grows differentiated, and a sense of
self-efficacy (an appraisal of what one can and
cannot do) develops.
Children approach moral problems intent on
maintaining social respect and accepting what
society defines as right.
Friendship patterns of boys and girls differ. Boys
mostly interact with boys in groups, and girls tend
to interact singly or in pai rs with other girls.
Concrete operational stage
I ndustry-versus-inferiority stage
Latency period
Conventional morality level
PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
&
THEORISTS
Jean
Piaget
Erik
Erikson
Sigmund
Freud
Lawrence
Koh Iberg
ADOLESCENCE
(12 to 20 years)
• Girls begin the adolescent growth spurt around
age 1 0, boys around age 1 2 .
• Girls reach puberty aroun ...
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
1. EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Role Transitions Marking Adulthood
- Role transition is movement into the next stage of development marked by assumption
of new responsibilities and duties.
- Rites of passage: rituals in marking initiation in adulthood and involves important events.
- Rites of passage differ depending on culture.
- One of the most important rites of passage is marriage.
Neuroscience, Behavior, and Emerging Adulthood
- Major development in the brain where it develops interconnections with other structures
in the brain.
- Significant changes in behavior.
- Emerging adults tend to think differently than adolescents.
- Emerging adults engage in more risky behaviors
Achieving Milestones: Education, Workforce, and Erikson’s Intimacy
- Going to college signifies the transition from an adolescent to and emerging adult/young
adult
- College students that return to college at around 25 years old are considered as
returning adult students
- Returning adult students are considerably more stressed because of work-family-school
conflict.
- Intimacy: young adults are likely to be afraid of committing to a long-term relationship
with another person.
- Men and women resolve identity and intimacy and identity issues differently.
- Early adulthood should be separated into emerging adulthood and early adulthood
(Robinson, 2015)
So When Do People Become Adults?
- It is evident that people in their late 20’s and early 30’s are considered to be adults.
- Rites of passage are key indicators of people becoming adults.
- Cultures without rites of passage depend on their perception whether or not they have
become adults.
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2. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH
Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning
- physical functioning generally peaks during young adulthood (Aldwin & Gilmer, 2013).
You’re as tall as you will ever be. Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity in both
sexes peaks during the late 20s and early 30s, declining slowly throughout the rest of life
even when you maintain an active lifestyle
- Sensory acuity is also at its peak in the early 20s (Fozard & Gordon-Salant, 2001).
Visual acuity remains high until middle age, when people tend to become farsighted and
require glasses for reading. Hearing begins to decline somewhat by the late 20s,
especially for high-pitched tones.
Lifestyle Factors in Health
In emerging and young adulthood, three behaviors set the stage for health across the rest of
adulthood: smoking, alcohol use, and nutrition.
SMOKING
- smoking during one’s lifetime has a significant negative impact on cognitive functioning
in adults over age 50
- most people who try to quit smoking relapse within six months.
- For most people, success is attained only after a long period of stopping and relapsing.
BENEFITS OF QUITTING
- in less than a year after quitting, the lungs regain their normal ability to move mucus out.
The risks of stroke and coronary heart disease return to normal after a period of roughly
15 years.
DRINKING
- About 60% of women and 70% of men in the United States drink alcohol at least
occasionally
- For the majority of people, drinking alcohol poses no serious health problems as long as
they do not drink and drive. Evidence suggests that moderate drinkers (one or two
glasses of beer or wine per day for men, one per day for women) have a 25% to 40%
reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke than either abstainers or heavy
drinkers, even after controlling for hypertension, prior heart attack, and other medical
conditions.
- However, moderate drinking also increases the risk for certain types of cancer, so
whether moderate drinking is an appropriate health behavior depends on the balance
between lowering cardiovascular risk and increasing cancer risk.
3. NUTRITION
- Experts agree nutrition directly affects one’s mental, emotional, and physical functioning.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
How Should We View Intelligence in Adults?
We can view intelligence in three concept: multidirectionality, interindividual variability, and
plasticity
- Multidirectionality = Some aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects decline
during adulthood.
- Interindividual variability = These patterns of change also vary from one person to
another
- Plasticity = They are not fixed, but can be modified under the right conditions at just
about any point in adulthood.
Primary and Secondary Mental Abilities
- Primary mental abilities = Groups of related intellectual skills (such as memory or spatial
ability).
- Secondary mental abilities = Broader intellectual skills that subsume and organize the
primary abilities.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence consists of the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker,
allow you to make inferences, and enable you to understand the relations among
concepts.
- Crystallized = intelligence is the knowledge you have acquired through life experience
and education in a particular culture.
Neuroscience Research and Intelligence
- parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) = proposes that intelligence comes from a
distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal areas of the
brain.
4. - The neural efficiency hypothesis states intelligent people process information more
efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less
intelligent people.
Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood
- Postformal thought is characterized by recognition that truth (the correct answer) may
vary from situation to situation, solutions must be realistic to be reasonable, ambiguity
and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception, and emotion and subjective
factors usually play a role in thinking.
- reflective judgment = way adults reason through dilemmas involving current affairs,
religion, science, personal relationships, and the like.
Integrating Emotion and Logic in Emerging and Young Adulthood
The basic goal of the social cognition approach is to understand how people make sense of
themselves, others, and events in everyday life.
- Emotional intelligence (EI) = refers to people’s ability to recognize their own and others’
emotions, to correctly identify and appropriately tell the difference between emotions,
and use this information to guide their thinking and behavior.
Emotional intelligence consists of two aspects:
- First, EI can be viewed as a trait that reflects a person’s self-perceived dispositions and
abilities.
- Second, EI can be viewed as an ability that reflects the person’s success at processing
emotional information and using it appropriately in social contexts.
- Impression formation is the way we form and revise first impressions about others.
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PERSONALITY IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Creating Life Stories
Scenario = Manifestation of the life-span construct through expectations about the future
Life Story and McAdam's Life-Story Model = An internalized narrative with a beginning,
middle, and an anticipated ending. Identity is not just a collection of traits, nor is it a collection of
plans, strategies, or goals. Instead, it is based on a story of how the person came into being,
where the person has been, where he or she is going, and who he or she will become
5. Tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be completed
creates a social clock. This personal timetable gives people a way to track progress through
adulthood, and it may use biological markers of time (such as menopause), social aspects of
time (such as marriage), and historical time (such as the turn of the century) (Hagestad &
Neugarten, 1985).
Possible Selves
Personal Control Beliefs - reflect the degree to which you believe your performance in a
situation depends on something you do
Primary Control - is behavior aimed at affecting the individual’s external world; working a
second job to increase one’s earnings is an example. One’s ability to influence the environment
is heavily influenced by biological factors (e.g., stamina to work two jobs); so it changes over
time—from very low influence during early childhood to high influence during middle age and
then to very low again in late life.
Secondary Control - is behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individual’s internal world;
an example is believing that one is capable of success even when faced with challenges
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RELATIONSHIP TYPES AND ISSUES
Friendships
Friendship in adulthood: - From a developmental perspective, adult friendships can be
viewed as having identifiable stages (Levinger, 1980, 1983): Acquaintanceship, Buildup,
Continuation, Deterioration, and End
Three broad themes characterize both traditional (e.g., face-to-face) and new
forms (e.g., online) of adult friendship
1. The affective or emotional basis of friendship refers to self-disclosure and
expressions of intimacy, appreciation, affection, and support, and all are based
on trust, loyalty, and commitment.
2. The shared, or communal nature, of friendship reflects how friends participate in
or support activities of mutual interest
3. The sociability and compatibility dimension represents how our friends keep us
entertained and are sources of amusement, fun, and recreation.
Men’s, Women’s, and Cross-Sex Friendships - Men’s and women’s friendships tend
to differ in adulthood, reflecting continuity in the learned behaviors from childhood
6. Four characteristics of same-sex friends do not appear to differ between men and
women and are similar across cultures and age groups:
● geographic proximity,
● similarity of interests and values,
● Inclusion,
● and symmetrical reciprocity
Three characteristics that distinguish female same-sex friendships from males’
same-sex friendships are:
● communion and self-disclosure,
● greater effort and expectations from friends in general,
● a greater risk of corumination
Love Relationships
Love through adulthood -
● Research shows the development of romantic relationships in emerging
adulthood is a complex process influenced by relationships in childhood and
adolescence
● Early in a romantic relationship, passion is usually high whereas intimacy and
commitment tend to be low. This is infatuation: an intense, physically based
relationship when the two people have a high risk of misunderstanding and
jealousy.
● Infatuation is short-lived. As passion fades, either a relationship acquires
emotional intimacy or it is likely to end. Trust, honesty, openness, and
acceptance must be a part of any strong relationship; when they are present,
romantic love develops
● Research shows people who select a partner for a more permanent relationship
(e.g., marriage) during the height of infatuation are likely to support the notion of
“love at first sight” and are more likely to divorce.
● If the couple spends more time and works at their relationship, they may become
committed to each other. By spending much of their time together, making
decisions together, caring for each other, sharing possessions, and developing
ways to settle conflicts, they increase the chances that their relationship will last.
Such couples usually show outward signs of commitment, such as wearing a
7. lover’s ring, having children together, or simply sharing the mundane details of
daily life, from making toast at breakfast to following before-bed rituals
Falling in love
● Assortative Mating: states people find partners based on their similarity
to each other
○ occurs along many dimensions, including education, religious
beliefs, physical traits, age, socioeconomic status, intelligence,
and political ideology, among others
○
Developmental forces, Neuroscience, Love relationships
● Love is one of three discrete, interrelated emotion systems (the sex drive
and attachment are the other two; Fisher, 2016; Pfaff & Fisher, 2012; see
also Helen Fisher’s series of TED Talks
● The brain circuitry involved in romantic love, maternal love, and long-term
attachment overlap
● Aron and colleagues (2005) reported that couples who were in the early
stages of romantic love showed high levels of activity in the dopamine
system, which is involved in all of the basic biological drives. Once the
relationship settles into what some people might call long-term
commitment and tranquility, the brain processes switch neurochemically
to substances related to morphine, a powerful narcotic
● Additional research indicates that the hormone oxytocin may play an
important role in attachment. In men, it enhances their partner’s
attractiveness compared to other females
Violence in Relationships
● Abusive relationship - Sometimes relationships become violent; one person
becomes aggressive toward the partner
● Battered woman syndrome - occurs when a woman believes she cannot leave
the abusive situation and may even go so far as to kill her abuser
8. LIFESTYLES AND RELATIONSHIPS
Singlehood
● Men and women are single—defined as not living with an intimate partner
Cohabitation
● People in committed, intimate, sexual relationships who live together but are not
married.
LGBTQ Relationships
● The current generation of adults in the LGBTQ community have largely experienced
various forms of oppression and discrimination throughout their adult lives
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FAMILY DYNAMICS AND THE LIFE COURSE
The Parental Role
● Nuclear family: most common in Western societies; only parents and children
● Extended family: most common globally; grandparents, relatives, parents, and children
Deciding Whether to Have Children
9. ● Potential parents don’t think deliberately about when to have a child
● For career-oriented people and those who like their freedom, parenting does not readily
cross their minds
● Couples without children have advantages but deal with societal expectations
● Parenting skills must be acquired
Diverse Family Forms
● Single parents face considerable obstacles
○ finances and integrating work with parenting
○ divorced single parents report complex feelings toward their children
○ single mothers are hit hardest
● Step-, foster, adoptive, and same-sex couple parenting
○ an issue is the parents’ bond with their children
○ children of same sex parents do not experience problems differently than those
of heterosexual couples
Divorce
● men and women agree on reasons for divorce; with infidelity being the most common
reason
● divorce touches every aspect of relationships
● the lack of positive emotions can take a toll and result to divorce
● covenant marriage: expands marriage contracts into a lifelong commitment
○ centers on religious and cultural values
● young adults face a great deal of emotional vulnerability
● the effects of experiencing parents’ divorcing can be long-lasting
Remarriage
● the trauma of divorce does not always deter getting into new relationships
● remarriages tend to be less stable than first marriages
● may be less tolerated by adult children