Berger Ls 7e Ch 7
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The document discusses psychosocial development in infants from birth to two years old. It covers emotional development milestones, theories of development, the importance of social bonds and attachment between caregiver and infant, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Key topics include emotional milestones like smiling, crying, and fear responses; attachment styles like secure, avoidant, and ambivalent; the role of parents and caregivers; and factors like temperament, synchrony, and social referencing.
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This document summarizes theories of infant psychosocial development in the first two years. It discusses emotional development in infancy, including specific emotions like pleasure, pain, social smiles, anger, fear, and separation anxiety. It also covers theories from Freud, Erikson, behaviorism, cognitive theory, and sociocultural theory. Attachment styles like secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized are defined. The development of social bonds through synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are also summarized.
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Infants develop emotionally and socially in the first two years of life. They progress from experiencing basic emotions like pleasure and pain to more complex social emotions. Infants form attachments to caregivers that influence their social and emotional development. Multiple theories try to explain this development from psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and socio-cultural perspectives. Parents and culture both influence infant development through interactions and socialization.
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The chapter discusses psychosocial development in infants' first two years. It covers emotional development from smiling and laughing in early infancy to developing self-awareness around 15 months. Parents' responsiveness and synchrony with infants aids development. Attachment forms through caregiver interactions, measured by reactions in the Strange Situation. Theories explain development, like Freud's oral/anal stages or Erikson's trust/autonomy. Temperament influences development, though parenting can alter its effects. Fathers provide social interaction benefits similar to mothers. Day care impacts depend on quality and mother-child relationship.
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This document summarizes theories of infant psychosocial development in the first two years. It discusses emotional development in infancy, including specific emotions like pleasure, pain, social smiles, anger, fear, and separation anxiety. It also covers theories from Freud, Erikson, behaviorism, cognitive theory, and sociocultural theory. Attachment styles like secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized are defined. The development of social bonds through synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are also summarized.
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Infants develop emotionally and socially in the first two years of life. They progress from experiencing basic emotions like pleasure and pain to more complex social emotions. Infants form attachments to caregivers that influence their social and emotional development. Multiple theories try to explain this development from psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and socio-cultural perspectives. Parents and culture both influence infant development through interactions and socialization.
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This document provides an overview of emotional and personality development in infancy. It discusses the development of primary emotions like joy and fear in the first 6-8 months and secondary emotions like empathy and pride between 1.5-3 years. Temperament, which refers to an infant's behavioral style, is also examined. Major theories of attachment are outlined, including Bowlby's phases of attachment from birth to 2 years. The document concludes by exploring the role of caregiver styles and the family system in infant social and emotional development.
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2) Facial expressions and ability to interpret emotions develops between 4-7 months as infants learn social cues.
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Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers. Research in the 1950s found that infant monkeys separated from cloth mothers showed more distress than those separated from wire mothers, leading John Bowlby to theorize that infants have an innate need for emotional attachment. Mary Ainsworth later identified secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles in infants based on their reactions in experimental separations from caregivers. Secure attachment is correlated with positive personality development while insecure attachments are linked to issues like low self-esteem.
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This document discusses cognitive, emotional, and social development from childhood through adulthood based on theories from Freud, Erickson, and Piaget. It describes key stages of development including trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in toddlers, initiative vs guilt in preschoolers, industry vs inferiority in school-aged children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adults, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood. It also outlines Piaget's stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to concrete to formal operational thought. Dental considerations are discussed for each developmental period.
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This document provides an overview of topics discussed in a human development psychology class, including:
1. A review of social psychology experiments and key terms, as well as a discussion of community psychology principles.
2. An exploration of various aspects of human development such as physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and moral development across the lifespan. Milestones, theories, and influential researchers are discussed.
3. Additional topics of interest are highlighted like the influence of family and peers on development.
The document aims to both review past material and introduce new areas of human development to students. A wide range of developmental perspectives and issues are concisely summarized.
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Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology, including nature vs nurture, Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, attachment theory, and parenting styles. Some of the main points covered are:
- Development is influenced by both genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors.
- Piaget identified 4 stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood.
- Attachment theory describes different types of infant attachment to caregivers.
- Baumrind identified 4 parenting styles - permissive, authoritarian, neglectful/rejecting, and authoritative - that influence child development.
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This topic will help you to recognize the importance and types of play. Further, it also important to know about play materials that is to be used at various age group.
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The document summarizes John Bowlby's attachment theory, which proposes that people form attachments to other individuals who provide a sense of security. It notes that attachment behaviors are strongest in childhood but continue throughout life. The theory is relevant to understanding family and relationship dynamics. Specifically, early attachment experiences with caregivers shape how people interact in adult relationships. Issues like fear of intimacy or separation, anxious or avoidant attachment styles, may stem from unreliable or absent caregivers as children. The document ends by outlining how an understanding of attachment theory can help counselors in working with couples.
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The document discusses various topics related to infant development including attachment theory, temperament, moral development, and cognitive abilities. It provides details on stages of attachment from Ainsworth's Strange Situation study and classifications of attachment styles. Temperament dimensions and categories are outlined. Kohlberg's stages of moral development are summarized, noting that infants are in the preconventional level focused on pleasure and punishment. Sources are listed at the end.
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This document provides an overview of key theories related to psychological development from birth through adolescence, including:
1) Freud's psychosexual theory which describes stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital development. Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines stages of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity.
2) Piaget's theory of cognitive development including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
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This chapter discusses social development in infancy. It addresses several key questions: Do infants experience emotions? What is their mental life like? What is attachment and how does it impact future social competence? The roles of other people in infant social development and individual differences between infants are also examined. The chapter covers topics like emotion recognition, attachment styles, temperament, and the importance of caregiver relationships in shaping social-emotional development in the first years of life.
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2. Attachment forms between infants and caregivers through interactions, affecting the infant's social competence. Different attachment styles were identified.
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The document discusses several key topics in social and personality development in infancy, including:
1) Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety emerge between 6-14 months as infants develop social bonds and ability to recognize familiar people.
2) Facial expressions and ability to interpret emotions develops between 4-7 months as infants learn social cues.
3) Theory of mind roots emerge around age 2 as infants start to understand others' behaviors and beliefs.
4) Attachment styles form through interactions with caregivers and impact later relationships. Sensitive caregiving promotes secure attachment.
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Emotional, social, and intellectual development occur across the lifespan from infancy through adulthood. Emotional development involves learning to understand and regulate emotions. Socially, children progress from bonding with caregivers to engaging with peers. Cognitively, development involves advancing from sensory exploration to abstract thought. Parents can support growth by responding sensitively, fostering independence, and modeling healthy social and emotional skills. Development occurs through interactive stages characterized by specific skills and challenges.
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This week we will explore the functions of emotions, the development of emotional expression and emotional understanding, the role of temperament, and the development and significance of attachment. Additionally, we will study moral development. Topics involving moral development will include the study of morality as the adoption of societal norms, morality as social understanding, moral reasoning of young children, the development of self-control, and the development of aggression.
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Emotion is defined as a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of a situation that prepares us for action. When you experience something that is personally relevant, there is physiological response in your body that causes a behavioral response. If you get into an argument, someone you love smiles at you, or you accomplish a challenging task, you feel a surge of emotion. Your behavioral responses to your emotions is part of what makes you unique!
EMOTIONS DEFINED
Theorists with a functionalist approach to emotion believe that emotions play an integral role in cognitive processing, social behavior, and physical health. They believe that the purpose of emotions is to motivate behavior aimed at accomplishing personal goals. If you have a goal in mind, the anticipation of the outcome, as well as the outcome itself, triggers emotions that help dictate your response. As an individual interacts with his or her environment and situations change, emotions change.
We see how cognition and emotions work together when we consider the impact of anxiety on performance. When anxiety levels rise, thinking skills are often impacted, as attention given to mental processing is now occupied with thoughts of worry. In addition, children who become distressed tend to better recall that particular experience, showing emotion is linked to memory. We also previously learned that two childhood growth disorders, nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism, result from emotional deprivation.
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The progression of emotional expression occurs with age. In early infancy, happiness is displayed through smiles and laughter, often as a reaction to parental affection or the achievement of sensorimotor goals. Infants also begin to experience anger (as a result of not being able ...
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This document discusses socio-emotional development in young children. It refers to a child's ability to form relationships, regulate emotions, and learn about their environment in a culturally appropriate context. The first three years of life are particularly important for development as attachments form and temperament emerges. Key aspects of socio-emotional development include attachment to caregivers, temperament, and the development of moral understanding. Attachment provides emotional security for infants through responsive caregiving. A child's temperament, or inborn personality traits, also influence their socio-emotional development. Around ages 2 to 3, children begin to self-evaluate and develop a sense of right and wrong.
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Psychosocial Development of infancy & toddlerhood
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Emotional and social development in infants follows predictable patterns and milestones from birth through the first year. Both types of development are influenced by the quality of care and attachments formed with caregivers. Healthy development results in the ability to recognize and express emotions as well as interact positively with others. Play promotes both emotional and social learning in infants.
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1. The document discusses social and personality development in infancy, including the emergence of basic emotions like happy, sad and angry from birth. 2. Key milestones are discussed such as the first social smile around 6-9 weeks of age, social referencing starting around 8-9 months, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety emerging in the second half of the first year. 3. Theories of attachment are summarized, including Harlow's studies showing contact comfort is important, Bowlby's view that attachment has an evolutionary basis, and Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments identifying patterns of secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment.
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Socio emotional development of infants and toddlers
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Berger Ls 7e Ch 22
The document discusses several key aspects of adult psychosocial development, including intimacy, generativity, marriage, parenting, and caregiving. It addresses Erikson's stages of intimacy and generativity, noting that adults seek committed relationships to meet intimacy needs and care for others to fulfill generativity needs. The document also explores factors like culture, personality, gender, work, and aging that influence adult development.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 21
1. Research on adult intelligence has shown that while some abilities decline with age, others are maintained or improve through life experiences and learning.
2. Two types of intelligence are identified: fluid intelligence involving short-term memory and abstract thinking tends to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence involving accumulated knowledge and vocabulary tends to increase with age.
3. Adults can maintain cognitive functioning through selective optimization, focusing on areas of expertise and compensating for losses, becoming more proficient in meaningful activities over time through experience.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 20
The document discusses various aspects of the aging process, including physical, cognitive, and reproductive changes that occur with age. It also examines factors that can impact health in aging, such as lifestyle habits like smoking, diet, exercise and obesity. Health is measured in terms of mortality, morbidity, disability, vitality and quality-adjusted life years. The rate of aging can vary depending on gender, genes, socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 19
1) The document discusses various aspects of identity development, intimacy, relationships, and emotional health during emerging adulthood.
2) Key topics include ethnic identity formation, vocational identity, intimacy versus isolation, choosing friends, gender differences in friendships, romance and relationships, and factors that influence relationship success.
3) Challenges during this life stage like substance abuse, mood disorders, and anxiety are also covered, as well as the impact of family connections on well-being.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 18
This document discusses cognitive development in emerging adulthood, including postformal thought and higher-level reasoning abilities that develop beyond adolescence. It proposes that adulthood brings greater practical thinking, flexibility, and ability to integrate contradictory ideas. While some question if this is a distinct stage, research finds cognitive changes through the adult lifespan. Adults can better combine logic and emotion to solve complex problems. Culture also influences cognitive processes like dialectical thought. Higher education may support cognitive growth through exposure to diverse views and complex problem-solving.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 17
The document discusses several topics related to growth, health habits, and risks during emerging adulthood including physical development, exercise, diet, risk-taking behaviors, and substance abuse. Key points include: emerging adults are in their physical prime but also engage in more risky behaviors; exercise and a healthy diet contribute to well-being while eating disorders and obesity can negatively impact health; risk-taking can have positive or negative outcomes depending on behaviors chosen; substance abuse and addiction are harmful but legal/illegal distinctions do not determine health effects.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 16
This document discusses key aspects of adolescent psychosocial development including identity, relationships, sexuality, and sadness/anger. It covers Erikson's stages of identity development and arenas of achievement. Relationships with peers and forming cliques/crowds are explored as well as influences on sexuality. Adolescent depression, suicide, and comorbid disorders are examined. Causes of sadness/anger in teens and types of juvenile offenders are also summarized.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 15
The document discusses adolescent cognitive development and thinking, including characteristics like egocentrism, the imaginary audience, and the invincibility fable. It also covers formal operational thought, intuitive vs. analytic thinking, and challenges in teaching adolescents given their cognitive skills and tendencies. Some of the challenges discussed are the transition to middle school, keeping students engaged through high school, and preventing school violence.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 14
The document discusses the physical and hormonal changes that occur during puberty, including growth spurts, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics, and increased hormone production. It notes that puberty transforms the body from childhood to adulthood over 3-5 years on average, but can occur between ages 8-14. While puberty involves growth, sexuality, and brain development, it can also cause problems for some adolescents like early sexual activity, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 13
The document discusses psychosocial development during middle childhood. It covers key topics like the importance of peer relationships, moral development, friendship, bullying, family influences, and resilience. Children in this stage are expanding their social world through peer interactions while developing a stronger sense of self and coping skills to handle challenges. Supportive relationships with peers and parents can help children adapt positively during this period of growth.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 12
The document discusses theories of cognitive development in school-aged children, including Piaget's theory of concrete operational thought and Vygotsky's views on the role of instruction from others. It also covers information processing theory and the development of language, memory, speed of thinking, and control processes during this stage. Finally, it examines issues around teaching and learning for school-aged children, including curriculum, education policies, and debates around different approaches.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 11
The document provides an overview of physical, cognitive, and social development during middle childhood, from ages 7 to 11. It discusses typical growth patterns as well as some common health issues and developmental disorders that children may face during the school years. Key topics covered include brain development, intelligence testing, attention deficit disorders, learning disabilities, and approaches to educating children with special needs.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 10
The document discusses emotional development in children ages 2 to 6. Key points include:
- Learning to regulate emotions is a major developmental task, and pride in accomplishments supports self-esteem.
- Parenting style, culture, and early experiences influence a child's emotional development and ability to develop empathy or aggression.
- Gender roles are formed through a complex interplay of biological differences and environmental socialization.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 9
The document discusses cognitive development in early childhood from ages 2 to 6. It covers Piaget and Vygotsky's theories on children's cognitive development, including Piaget's stages of preoperational thinking and obstacles to logical operations. Vygotsky's theory emphasized social learning and the zone of proximal development. The document also discusses language development milestones in early childhood and theories on children's understanding of beliefs versus reality.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 8
The document summarizes various topics related to child development between the ages of 1-6 years old, including body changes, brain development, injuries, abuse, and maltreatment. During this period, children experience significant growth and skill development. Their bodies become leaner and more proportional. Their brains continue developing structures that allow for improved thinking and motor skills. Risks include accidental injuries, which are a leading cause of death, as well as various forms of maltreatment that can negatively impact long-term health and development.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 6
1) Infants develop cognitive abilities in the first two years through sensorimotor intelligence, where they learn about their environment and objects through their senses and motor actions.
2) Information processing theory views infant cognition development through an analogy to computer data processing, finding capacities for intellectual concepts by 6 months through memory, perception of affordances, and preference for movement and people.
3) Language develops through listening, babbling, first words around 1 year, a naming explosion at 18 months, holophrases and sentence intonations, and theories combine nature and nurture aspects of innate and social influences on language learning.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 5
The document discusses physical, cognitive, and motor development in infants and toddlers over the first two years of life. It covers rapid growth and changes in body size, brain development including neuron and synapse formation, sleep patterns, sensory and motor development including reflexes and motor skills, and the role of nutrition and public health measures in child development.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 4
The document discusses prenatal development from conception through birth. It describes the three main periods of prenatal development: germinal (conception to 2 weeks), embryonic (3 to 8 weeks), and fetal (9 weeks until birth). During the embryonic period, major organs develop and by 8 weeks the embryo is less than 2 inches long. In the fetal period, sex organs develop and brain development is significant. By 22 weeks, a fetus is considered viable and able to survive outside the womb with medical care. The document also discusses factors that can impact prenatal development like toxins, illnesses, and maternal experiences and behaviors.
Berger Ls 7e Ch 3
The document summarizes key concepts about genetics and heredity, including:
1) Genes are sections of DNA that code for the production of proteins and are the basic units of heredity. Genes influence many human traits but development is also shaped by environment.
2) Life begins at conception when a sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell called a zygote containing genetic material from both parents. This cell divides and differentiates through gene expression and interaction with the environment to form a complete organism.
3) Traits can be influenced by single genes in dominant, recessive, or additive patterns or by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Studies of twins provide insights into nature vs nurture influences on
Powerpoint Ch 2
The document discusses several theories of human development:
- Grand theories like psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory that aim to describe universal processes of development across the lifespan.
- Emergent theories like sociocultural theory and epigenetic theory that consider cultural and environmental influences in addition to genetic factors.
- These theories contribute to understanding how nature and nurture interact in development and influence traits like hyperactivity and homosexuality. Debate continues around how much heredity versus environment shapes human characteristics.
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