Bangalore is facing problems due to old municipal solid waste dump yards
situated close to the expanding city as they are in the expansion zone of growing city. These
dump yards needs to be reclaimed for infrastructure development such as roads, buildings and
other needs. To reclaim the old dump sites, it is necessary to know the characteristics of solid
waste, more particularly the geotechnical properties. The characteristics of dumps sites are not
generally suitable for foundations of most types of structures coming on them and their
properties need to be improved. Also their characteristics vary change with aging due to their
degradation. This paper presents the results of stabilization of dumped waste by addition of
pozzolanic material such as fly ash. Laboratory tests such as Direct shear and California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) have been performed on dumped waste with fly ash. It was found that
addition of 20% of fly ash the shear strength of dumped waste has increased considerably. Also
CBR of stabilized waste dumps, which is important in the reclamation of dumped sites, has been
analyzed. It was that CBR of stabilized dumps was higher value for 5 mm penetration than for
2.5 mm penetration and tests were conducted to confirm the same. It was observed that the
improvement in CBR is promising and further studies are required to improve to the material to
form suitable for foundations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A review on utilization of mine waste on black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mine wastes are one of the chronic waste concerns. The volume of solid waste generated during mining process, is one of the main pollution concern. The presence of high concentration of heavy metals and acid producing mineral phases can endanger the environment if management of these wastes are not addressed properly. Mine wastes have numerous ecological effects viz Air, Land and Water. There is a great difficulty in finding space for the storage of wastes generated in enormous quantity. The review of past studies indicated that 50 to 60% of mine waste by volume can be used as coarse grained particle and 10 to 15% by volume as fine aggregate. Despite quite a lot of attempts to diminish the amount of waste, mine waste remains one of world’s largest waste streams. Black cotton soil on the other hand is problematic due to the presence of momtmorillonite that imparts high swell- shrink potentials. These soils are very hard when dry but loose strength completely when wet. Pavement surface on poor soil subgrade show early distress causing pavement failure. The present study examines the utilization of these wastes as stabilizers for black cotton soil for unpaved road construction. Keywords: Mine Waste, slag aggregate, Solid Waste Materials, Iron Ore slag
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A review on utilization of mine waste on black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mine wastes are one of the chronic waste concerns. The volume of solid waste generated during mining process, is one of the main pollution concern. The presence of high concentration of heavy metals and acid producing mineral phases can endanger the environment if management of these wastes are not addressed properly. Mine wastes have numerous ecological effects viz Air, Land and Water. There is a great difficulty in finding space for the storage of wastes generated in enormous quantity. The review of past studies indicated that 50 to 60% of mine waste by volume can be used as coarse grained particle and 10 to 15% by volume as fine aggregate. Despite quite a lot of attempts to diminish the amount of waste, mine waste remains one of world’s largest waste streams. Black cotton soil on the other hand is problematic due to the presence of momtmorillonite that imparts high swell- shrink potentials. These soils are very hard when dry but loose strength completely when wet. Pavement surface on poor soil subgrade show early distress causing pavement failure. The present study examines the utilization of these wastes as stabilizers for black cotton soil for unpaved road construction. Keywords: Mine Waste, slag aggregate, Solid Waste Materials, Iron Ore slag
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
Flyash is a waste produced from thermal power stations, which contributes to environmental
pollution. It is a waste material that can be utilized in construction of roads and embankments. Randomly
distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. One of
the most promising approaches in this area is use of flyash as a replacement to the conventional weak earth
material and fiber/coir as reinforcement will solve two problems with one effort i.e. elimination of solid waste
problem on one hand and provision of a needed construction material on other. Disposal of a variety of wastes
in an eco friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research. This paper investigates to determine the optimum
percentage of waste plastics/coconut coir with flyash material by conducting direct shear and CBR tests. It was
observed that from the laboratory test results, the optimum percentage of waste plastics and coconut coir with
flyash material are 0.3% and 0.2% respectively and also flyash with waste plastics shows better performance as
compared to flyash with coconut coir.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
In the pursuit of cheaper and more sustainable building materialsto meethousing demands in developing countries like Cameroun, the mechanicalproperties ofadobe bricks which have been stabilized with recycled sugarcane fiber waste were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using sugarcanefiber waste stabilized adobe brick specimens with fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2% and 3% by weight.Fiber stabilization increased compressive strength by 58.61% for 3% bricks, reaching 4.79 MPa.Further, 3% fiber stabilized bricks shrunk by 7.49%, while the non-stabilized bricksshrunk by 12.13%. Also, 3% bricks lasted for one week before deterioration when immersed in water, while the non-stabilized bricks lasted for only a few hours. The findings confirmed that sugarcane fiber waste stabilized adobe bricks have improved strength, durability and stability. The use of abandoned sugarcane fiber waste in adobe bricks will contribute to the development of more durable, sustainable and stronger adobe brick structures, as well as reduce the environmental and economic challenges associated with the disposal of sugarcane waste.
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
Flyash is a waste produced from thermal power stations, which contributes to environmental
pollution. It is a waste material that can be utilized in construction of roads and embankments. Randomly
distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. One of
the most promising approaches in this area is use of flyash as a replacement to the conventional weak earth
material and fiber/coir as reinforcement will solve two problems with one effort i.e. elimination of solid waste
problem on one hand and provision of a needed construction material on other. Disposal of a variety of wastes
in an eco friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research. This paper investigates to determine the optimum
percentage of waste plastics/coconut coir with flyash material by conducting direct shear and CBR tests. It was
observed that from the laboratory test results, the optimum percentage of waste plastics and coconut coir with
flyash material are 0.3% and 0.2% respectively and also flyash with waste plastics shows better performance as
compared to flyash with coconut coir.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
In the pursuit of cheaper and more sustainable building materialsto meethousing demands in developing countries like Cameroun, the mechanicalproperties ofadobe bricks which have been stabilized with recycled sugarcane fiber waste were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using sugarcanefiber waste stabilized adobe brick specimens with fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2% and 3% by weight.Fiber stabilization increased compressive strength by 58.61% for 3% bricks, reaching 4.79 MPa.Further, 3% fiber stabilized bricks shrunk by 7.49%, while the non-stabilized bricksshrunk by 12.13%. Also, 3% bricks lasted for one week before deterioration when immersed in water, while the non-stabilized bricks lasted for only a few hours. The findings confirmed that sugarcane fiber waste stabilized adobe bricks have improved strength, durability and stability. The use of abandoned sugarcane fiber waste in adobe bricks will contribute to the development of more durable, sustainable and stronger adobe brick structures, as well as reduce the environmental and economic challenges associated with the disposal of sugarcane waste.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Use of Recyclable Material in Civil ConstructionYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario the cement concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Increase in the population growth is leads to increase in the demands of various fields like cultivation, transportation and building construction etc. Nowadays, there is a very much increase in the demand for construction works like residential buildings, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. and because of this increase in demand the availability of resources for the cement concrete ingredients is getting very complex. Hence people are looking for the alternative resources for the concrete ingredients in order to meet their requirements. This thesis work deals with the study of physical properties of the cement concrete with using Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. The major objective of this research work is to determine that what percentage of Used Aggregate can be utilized in the cement concrete mixture to achieve its target mean strength. In this research work it is concentrated on the use of Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. A series of tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength with and without addition of Used Aggregate. The use of recyclable material in cement concrete mixture also helps in preservation of the environment by saving the natural resources. However, in coming few decades, it can raise new challenges for the construction industry. It is essential to investigate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete to encourage and escalate its application in the civil engineering construction industry. This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with different quantity Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mix. Arpit Mathur | R. C. Patil "Use of Recyclable Material in Civil Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41102.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41102/use-of-recyclable-material-in-civil-construction/arpit-mathur
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper reports about the survey work carried out to determine the total limestone waste generated at the quarry sites located in
seven villages of Chittapurtaluk in Gulbarga district and also experimental investigation carried out on this limestone waste to find
out its feasibility for construction of flexible pavement layers. From the survey work carried out at seven villages of Chittapurtaluka it
was observed that about 70 lakh tonnes of waste would be produced every year. Characterization of this limestone waste by
conducting laboratory studies to find out its feasibility for road construction would help to reduce the demand-supply gap for
aggregates, conserve depleting sources of good quality stone aggregate and decrease environmental degradation due to excessive
quarrying activities. Laboratory investigation includes determination of physical properties of limestone waste aggregates,
preparation of job mix formulae for Granular Sub Base (GSB) and Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) layers, Modified proctor compaction
test to evaluate maximum dry density and optimum moisture content on WMM and GSB mixes, CBR test and Direct Shear test on GSB
mixes. Laboratory results were compared with conventional Basalt aggregates. Results reveals that lime stone aggregates fulfill the
requirements of MoRT&H-2001 and can completely replace the conventional aggregate like Basalt in GSB and WMM layers.
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper reports about the survey work carried out to determine the total limestone waste generated at the quarry sites located in
seven villages of Chittapurtaluk in Gulbarga district and also experimental investigation carried out on this limestone waste to find
out its feasibility for construction of flexible pavement layers. From the survey work carried out at seven villages of Chittapurtaluka it
was observed that about 70 lakh tonnes of waste would be produced every year. Characterization of this limestone waste by
conducting laboratory studies to find out its feasibility for road construction would help to reduce the demand-supply gap for
aggregates, conserve depleting sources of good quality stone aggregate and decrease environmental degradation due to excessive
quarrying activities. Laboratory investigation includes determination of physical properties of limestone waste aggregates,
preparation of job mix formulae for Granular Sub Base (GSB) and Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) layers, Modified proctor compaction
test to evaluate maximum dry density and optimum moisture content on WMM and GSB mixes, CBR test and Direct Shear test on GSB
mixes. Laboratory results were compared with conventional Basalt aggregates. Results reveals that lime stone aggregates fulfill the
requirements of MoRT&H-2001 and can completely replace the conventional aggregate like Basalt in GSB and WMM layers.
Keywords: Lime stone Waste, Basalt, GSB, WMM and Job mix Formulae
Potential use of iron ore tailings in sandcrete block makingeSAT Journals
Abstract Sand-Crete blocks are widely used in Nigerian construction industry. Its quality has been compromised by manufacturers mainly due to the quality and cost of materials used. Iron ore tailings (IOT) are waste material obtainable from the process of smelting of iron. The study tests suitability of IOT in replacing natural sand partially in the making of Sand-Crete Blocks (SCB). Iron ore tailing was added to the mix in the following percentage: 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of sand. It was observed the compressive strength increases with increase in curing age and also increases in percentage of iron tailings. IOT has a great potential as a replacement of fine aggregate in sandcrete block production Keywords: iron ore tailings, sandcrete blocks, and compressive strength
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE & REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TECHNIQ...Dr. Naveen BP
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is one of the vital issues in the
contemporary urban environment, more particularly in developing countries. Municipal solid
waste generation consists of organic and inorganic waste materials generated by various
activities of the society. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pollute all vital components of the
environment (i.e., air, land and water). This paper addresses the status of waste management
practice in Bangalore city, the state capital of Karnataka (which is one of the fastest developing
cities in Asia) and a review of waste treatment technologies adopted to keep in the trends of
waste management practice over time. The Bangalore metropolitan (BBMP) area covers an area
of 1258 sq km and with a population of about 9.0 million generates around 4000 MT/day of
municipal solid waste (MSW) at an average of 0.27 kg/day/per capita. Presently, Bangalore city
faced with the problems with such high quantities of solid waste continuously and it is planning
to upgrade its management system. The major issues in Bangalore city is open dumping without
a liner and without a leachate management facility and the threat of ground water pollution, as
well as saturation of an existing landfill site are the most pressing problems for the city today.
This paper describes the current practices of waste technologies for composting. The importance
of participatory process of each sector of society to enable waste management socio
economically sustainable and ultimately provide an environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system. The major problems in MSW management at Bangalore are due to the lack
of waste segregation at source, low operational efficiency of waste transport system with old
vehicles, low collection efficiency in newly added residential and industrial areas, and an
inefficient and informal recycling system. As per the MSW Rules, the wet waste can be collected
door-to-door in an ideally bin-less city and sent for composting, while the dry waste can be left
to the informal sector like rag pickers and kabadiwalas for recycling. The MSW Rules make it
mandatory for biodegradable urban wastes for composting / vermicomposting, etc, and bans the
burning of garbage and the dry leaves. Bangalore city might need to focus for a better solution of
waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill sites. In this context a review of solid waste
techniques adopted within India and elsewhere will be reviewed and summarized with
recommendations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
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STABILIZATION OF WASTE DUMP USING FLYASH
1. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
217
STABILIZATION OF WASTE DUMP USING FLYASH
B. P. Naveen1
, P.V.Sivapullaiah2
, T.G.Sitharam3
and A.K. Sharma4
1, Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. IISc, Bangalore,
Email: bpnaveen@civil.iisc.ernet.in
2, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.,IISc, Bangalore,
Email: siva@civil.iisc.ernet.in
3, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.,IISc, Bangalore,
Email: sitharam@civil.iisc.ernet.in
4, Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. IISc, Bangalore,
Email:anilkr@civil.iisc.ernet.in
ABSTRACT: Bangalore is facing problems due to old municipal solid waste dump yards
situated close to the expanding city as they are in the expansion zone of growing city. These
dump yards needs to be reclaimed for infrastructure development such as roads, buildings and
other needs. To reclaim the old dump sites, it is necessary to know the characteristics of solid
waste, more particularly the geotechnical properties. The characteristics of dumps sites are not
generally suitable for foundations of most types of structures coming on them and their
properties need to be improved. Also their characteristics vary change with aging due to their
degradation. This paper presents the results of stabilization of dumped waste by addition of
pozzolanic material such as fly ash. Laboratory tests such as Direct shear and California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) have been performed on dumped waste with fly ash. It was found that
addition of 20% of fly ash the shear strength of dumped waste has increased considerably. Also
CBR of stabilized waste dumps, which is important in the reclamation of dumped sites, has been
analyzed. It was that CBR of stabilized dumps was higher value for 5 mm penetration than for
2.5 mm penetration and tests were conducted to confirm the same. It was observed that the
improvement in CBR is promising and further studies are required to improve to the material to
form suitable for foundations.
KEYWORDS: California Bearing Ratio, Direct shear, Municipal solid waste, Waste dump
INTRODUCTION:
Solid Waste Management is a very complex common problem in both developing and
developed countries. Improper management in developing countries results in dirty public areas,
waste recovery in the streets, dumping of garbage into streams and rivers, or open dumps leading
to men, women and children made through the waste subjecting all of them to all kinds of
diseases and accidents. The problem is aggravating due to rapid population growth, industrial
development and changing eating habits and wide spread use of disposable containers. Many
cities including Bangalore are also facing problems due to old dump yards situated close to the
expanding cities (Naveen et al. 2013). These dump yards needs to be reclaimed for growing
needs of the city infrastructure development. Already several of them have been reclaimed
2. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
218
without proper improvement causing distress to structures founded on them. To reclaim the old
dump sites it is necessary to know the intrinsic qualitative and quantitative characteristics of
solid waste as its increase demands alternative methods of handling, treatment and disposal. The
characteristics of waste change with aging due to their degradation with aging.
Geotechnical properties of the waste from dump site are generally don’t possess adequate
geotechnical properties to support foundations for infrastructure development activities. Most of
the prior dump sites have been reclaimed without proper treatment for laying road and
construction of foundation, many residential and industrial structures (Naveen et al, 2014).
These structures undergo large settlements and may also cause several failures. Further most of
the dumpsites or reclaimed for road works.
Need for Stabilization of dumped Waste for Pavements
Thus, there is a need to improve the geotechnical properties of waste particularly the
waste dump sites for road reclamation. Most commonly available and used stabilizing material
is Flyash and is very important in the reclamation of Dumped sites.
Flyash is a pulverized product from thermal power plants generated by the burning of
coal. Indian Power plants burn about 500 million tons of coal per year and produces 200 million
tonnes of fly ash at present, which shall grow by 900 mtpa (coal) and 350 mtpa (fly ash) by
2020. Most of the fly ash presently produced by electric utilities and industry is land filled or
stored in disposal ponds. The production of Fly ash is expected to increase to about 200 MT per
year by the year 2020. This would require about 4000 ha of land for the construction of ash
ponds. Generally one acre of land is required per megawatt of power generation. Continuous
studies have been carried out in India towards management of fly ash (FA), disposal and
utilization. Fly ash could be a cost effective substitute for Portland cement in some markets. In
addition, fly ash could be recognized as an environmentally friendly product, because it is a by-
product and has low embodied energy. According to the American Coal Ash Association
(ACAA), the largest utilization application of coal combustion fly ash is in concrete, concrete
products and grout. But Fly ash has also been used recently for paving roads, and as embankment
and mine fills. There are mainly two types of fly ash. Class F are generally low-calcium fly ashes
with carbon contents less than 5% but sometimes as high as 10%.Class C fly ash has a higher
percentage of calcium oxide and is more commonly used for structural concrete. Class C fly ash
normally is composed of high-calcium fly ashes with carbon content less than 2%. Though Fly
ash has been used in the above mentioned areas, its utilization in the field of stabilization of
dumped wastes is not explored.
Requirement for Road Reclamation
Almost all of road network in India consists of flexible pavements. The design of flexible
pavement is generally designed using California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
3. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
219
Fig. 1.A Typical cross section of a flexible pavement
The performance of a pavement structure is related to the strength of underlying sub grade
layers. Fly ash is used to stabilize soils and is used in different layer of flexible pavements. Fly
ash compacted at optimum moisture content for a given compactive effort will have dry density
at its maximum and consequently the maximum shear strength. Strength in the form CBR values
forms an important basis for construction of many type of road construction. Typical layers of a
conventional flexible pavement includes seal coat, surface course, tack coat, binder course, prime
coat, base course, sub-base course, compacted sub-grade, and natural sub-grade (Fig. 1). For
flexible pavement, as per IRC 37:2001, design sub grade CBR values ranges from 2% to 10%
and design traffic ranges from 1 msa to 150 msa for an average annual pavement temperature of
35 degree centigrade. From the knowledge of several information and records of the pavement
thickness and the values of C.B.R and its suitability for the expected traffic volume, the correct
thickness can be designed (Table 1). Thus from this table it is found that CBR of 4 to 7% can
used as soil sub grades.
Table.1 Typical design CBR values for pavements
Layer Design CBR (%) Thickness
Bituminous Surfacing -- 8
Well graded gravel 95 13
Poorly graded gravel 20 19
Compacted Soil
Subgrade
7 15
Soil Subgrade 4 --
LITERATURE REVIEW
Stabilization refers to those techniques that reduce the hazard potential of a waste by
converting the contaminants into their least soluble, mobile, or toxic form. Significant
contributions have been done in the field of stabilization of contaminated soil using cement, fly
ash, etc. (Malviya and Chaudhary, 2006; Kogbara et al. 2003). But due to increasing cost of
cement, it is not encouraged to be utilized in such applications. Hence industrial waste materials
are being promoted which not only reduces disposal problems but will be economical also.
4. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
220
Depending upon the specific chemical properties cementitious based materials have been used to
treat soils/sludge contaminated with semi volatile organic contaminants. But studies related to
the stabilization of MSW are not known. Bookter and. Ham (1982) has discussed about a method
for the analysis of refuse stability has been developed and tested by analyzing refuse obtained
directly from test lysimeters and actual landfills across the United States. Results obtained from
the actual landfill situations are compared to those obtained from the test lysimeters of known
refuse age in order to determine the degree of refuse stability in each landfill in relation to depth
and location. Also, the results obtained from landfills of different geographical locations,
different climatic situations, and different configurations are compared. Stabilization treatment
can be done in different processes such as sorption processes, organic processes, Processes that
use: (pozzolana, fly ash, lime and Portland cement), Macro-encapsulation, Micro-encapsulation).
Hence in this paper the strength of the dumped waste and the CBR values after
stabilization with fly ash are studied.
WASTE SAMPLECOLLECTION AND TESTING METHODOLOGY
Illegal Dumping of municipal solid waste (dumped waste)
Illegal dumping of MSW is found next to Mavallipura landfill site area. This waste was
brought in by the municipal and contract Lorries before the landfill was in operation.
Fig. 2.Illegal dumping of municipal solid waste (Dumped waste)
This waste includes newspaper, junk mail, today’s meal scraps, pieces of bread, roti,
waste rice, raked leaves, dust grass clippings, broken furniture, abandoned materials, animal
manure, sewage sludge, industrial refuse or street sweepings etc. and this waste was dumped in
the open site, for the past 10 years in the form of a heap (of approximately 2.5m wide and 2m
height). The waste was found mixed with the local soil around due to many reasons such as
wind, disturbance by animals, etc. From this heap sufficient quantity of Dumped waste is
collected and kept in closed bags and carried to the laboratory for testing.
5. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
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Fly ash characteristics
The Fly ash that has been used in this present study was collected from the Raichur
Thermal Power plant which is in Raichur district of Karnataka state, India. The properties of Fly
ash are mentioned below in Table 2.
Table 2: Physical properties of Fly ash
Properties Fly ash
Colour Ash colour
Specific gravity 2.01
Liquid limit (%) 32
Plastic limit (%) Non-Plastic
Plasticity index (%) Non-Plastic
OMC (%) 22%
MDD (kN/m3
) 12.46
TESTING METHODOLOGY
Direct shear
In many geotechnical engineering problems the value of the angle of internal friction and
cohesion of the soil involved are required for the design. Direct shear test is used to predict these
parameters quickly. The direct shear device is used to determine failure envelopes for soils.
Sample preparation: The mass (M) of the wet sample (Dumped waste) at the required moisture
content (w) to give the desired density (d) shall be calculated. A batch of sample thoroughly by
mixed with 20% fly ash and water to give the required water content. Pour the weighed amount
of sample in the direct shear mould and kept it for 7 days curing. After curing the sample the
testing was done on until the specimen fails or at arrival of shear displacement of approximately
20 percent of the specimen length. Three tests are conducted at different normal loads. Tests
were performed in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 13):1986.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a compressive nature penetration test. This test is an
empirical test first developed in California, USA, for estimating the bearing value of highway
sub-bases and sub grades. The test is specifically used to determine the mechanical strength as
well as the potential strength of road sub grades and base courses materials including the
recycled material generally used for road and airfield pavements. CBR value is a percentage
comparison with the standard crushed rock from California and thus this test is a comparison
test. The CBR test was conducted as according to IS: 2720 Part 16 (1997).
Sample Preparation: The mass (M) of the wet sample (Dumped waste) at the required moisture
content (w) to give the desired density (d) shall be calculated. A batch of sample is thoroughly
by mixed with 20% fly ash and water to give the required water content. Then mould is fixed on
the base plate. Place the filter paper inside. Pour the weighed amount of sample in the mould.
Sample is tamped by the steel rod during the process of pouring and makes the top surface
6. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
222
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
VolumetricStrain(%)
Shear Strain (%)
Norma stress:50kPa
Normalstress:100kPa
Normalstress:150kPa
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
ShearStress(kPa)
Shear Strain (%)
Normal Stress=50kPa
Normal Stress=100Kpa
Normal Stress=150kPa
roughly level. Then a filter paper was placed on the top of the sample and spacer disc was
inserted. Mould has to be kept for 7 days curing. After curing, mould is kept in the testing
machine with the base plate in position and the top surface exposed. Plunger shall be kept under
a load of about 4kg so that full contact is ensured between the surface of the specimen and the
plunger. Stress and strain dial gauges are set to initial zero-reading. Load is applied to the
penetration plunger at the rate of penetration equal to 1.25mm per minute. The maximum load
and penetration is recorded for a penetration of less than 12.5mm. California Bearing Ratio test
was carried out as per IS: 2720 (Part 16):1986 procedure.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Strength of Dumped waste with 20% flyash by Direct shear tests
Fig 4 shows the typical shear strain versus shear stress response under different normal stresses
for Dumped waste with 20% fly ash. Normal stress versus shear stress at 10% deformation was
plotted and the shear strength parameters were calculated based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure
criteria. Based on the analysis of the data, friction angle is 44°and no cohesion. A summary of
the dumped waste with 20% fly ash results is presented in Table 3.
Fig. 3. Shear stress vs. shear strain for Dumped waste with 20% fly ash
Fig. 4.Volumetric strain vs. Shear strain for Dumped waste with 20% fly ash
7. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
223
Fig.5 shows the volumetric strain versus shear strain for Dumped waste with 20% fly ash mix.
From this graph we can observe initially sample get compressed and then sample starts swelling
(dilatation) for normal stress of 50 kPa hence dilatancy angle found to be 26.35° for 100kPa and
150kPa dilatation was not observed.
Table 3: Direct shear test results for Dumped waste with 20% fly ash mix
Normal stress
(kPa)
Peak shear stress
(kPa)
Φ
(Degrees)
50 32.9
44100 73.67
150 108.80
CBR Values of Dumped waste after stabilization with Fly Ash
Table.4 shows the comparison results of CBR test for waste without fly ash and 20% fly
ash.From fig 6 & 7 show the load versus penetration for Dumped waste without Flyash and with
20% Fly ash. The CBR value of 5mm penetration is found to be 1.2%.
Fig. 5. Load vs. Penetration for Dumped waste without fly ash
Fig. 6. Load vs. Penetration for Dumped waste with 20 % fly ash
8. National Conference on Beneficial Use of Fly Ash in Construction industry & Agriculture-May 23-24, 2014.
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Table 4: Comparison of CBR test results for Dumped waste
Dumped waste
Sample
CBR value of 5mm
penetration
Waste +20% Flyash 1.2
Without stabilization 0.6
CONCLUSION
Based on the tests conducted on waste samples collected from dump site the following typical
values are obtained:
It was found that addition of 20% of Fly ash improves the shear strength particularly due
to increase in coefficient internal friction angle without increasing cohesion intercept.
The strength is still not sufficient and there is need to use higher amount of fly ash to
effectively stabilize the dumped waste.
CBR value of the stabilized waste dump is 1.2 % as against CBR of subgrade soil of 4%.
With higher amounts of fly ash the waste dumps are promising for construction of proper
pavements.
REFERENCE:
Bookter, T.J., and Ham, R.K., (1982). “Stabilization of solid waste in landfills,” Journal
of Environmental Engineering, vol.108, No.6, pp 1089–1100.
Kogbara, Reginald B., Abir Al-Tabbaa, Yaolin Yi, and Julia A. Stegemann. "Cement–fly
ash stabilisation/solidification of contaminated soil: Performance properties and initiation
of operating envelopes." Applied Geochemistry 33 (2013): 64-75.
IS: 2720 (Part 13)–1997. “Methods of test for soils,”Direct shear test. Bureau of Indian
Standards.
IS: 2720 (Part 16)-1997. “Methods of test for soils,” California Bearing Ratio Test of
Soils. Bureau of Indian Standards.
Malviya, Rachana, and RubinaChaudhary. "Factors affecting hazardous waste
solidification/stabilization: a review." Journal of Hazardous Materials 137, no. 1 (2006):
267-276.
Naveen.B.P., Sivapullaiah.P.V.,Sitharam.T.G., " Disposal options for solid waste of
Bangalore city based on its characteristics", IJEWM, Vol.12,No.1,2013,pp77-88.
Naveen.B.P. Sitharam.T.G., Sivapullaiah.P.V. “Evaluating the Dynamic Characteristics
of Municipal Solid Waste for Geotechnical Purpose”, Current Advances in Civil
Engineering, Vol.2, No.1, Jan.2014, pp.28-34.