Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
A case study on characteristics of solid waste & leachate treatment of ok...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade was almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently Delhi generating about 6500 tonnes/day of MSW out of which only 70-75% wastes are able to collect by the MSW management authority and rest amount of wastes are not possible to collect for the habit of people to thrown the wastes in empty places. At present three main landfill sites of Delhi are Bhalaswa at north Delhi, Ghazipur at east Delhi, and Okhla at south Delhi. But not a single landfill are sanitary landfill rather wastes are dumping crudely as a heap of wastes in open landfill. As a result the leachate generated due to percolation of rain water and squeezing of wastes itself posing a great threat in the surrounding soil structure of the landfill. Around the periphery of landfill, soils gets highly contaminated and toxic and degraded it’s essential nutrients [4,6]. In this paper a case study on characteristics of solid wastes of Okhla landfill and performance of it’s leachate treatment is carried out for future planning and proper management of soil structure around the periphery of landfill site.
Keywords: BOD, COD, E-coli, leachate, solid waste, TDS, etc
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
A case study on characteristics of solid waste & leachate treatment of ok...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade was almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently Delhi generating about 6500 tonnes/day of MSW out of which only 70-75% wastes are able to collect by the MSW management authority and rest amount of wastes are not possible to collect for the habit of people to thrown the wastes in empty places. At present three main landfill sites of Delhi are Bhalaswa at north Delhi, Ghazipur at east Delhi, and Okhla at south Delhi. But not a single landfill are sanitary landfill rather wastes are dumping crudely as a heap of wastes in open landfill. As a result the leachate generated due to percolation of rain water and squeezing of wastes itself posing a great threat in the surrounding soil structure of the landfill. Around the periphery of landfill, soils gets highly contaminated and toxic and degraded it’s essential nutrients [4,6]. In this paper a case study on characteristics of solid wastes of Okhla landfill and performance of it’s leachate treatment is carried out for future planning and proper management of soil structure around the periphery of landfill site.
Keywords: BOD, COD, E-coli, leachate, solid waste, TDS, etc
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE & REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TECHNIQ...Dr. Naveen BP
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is one of the vital issues in the
contemporary urban environment, more particularly in developing countries. Municipal solid
waste generation consists of organic and inorganic waste materials generated by various
activities of the society. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pollute all vital components of the
environment (i.e., air, land and water). This paper addresses the status of waste management
practice in Bangalore city, the state capital of Karnataka (which is one of the fastest developing
cities in Asia) and a review of waste treatment technologies adopted to keep in the trends of
waste management practice over time. The Bangalore metropolitan (BBMP) area covers an area
of 1258 sq km and with a population of about 9.0 million generates around 4000 MT/day of
municipal solid waste (MSW) at an average of 0.27 kg/day/per capita. Presently, Bangalore city
faced with the problems with such high quantities of solid waste continuously and it is planning
to upgrade its management system. The major issues in Bangalore city is open dumping without
a liner and without a leachate management facility and the threat of ground water pollution, as
well as saturation of an existing landfill site are the most pressing problems for the city today.
This paper describes the current practices of waste technologies for composting. The importance
of participatory process of each sector of society to enable waste management socio
economically sustainable and ultimately provide an environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system. The major problems in MSW management at Bangalore are due to the lack
of waste segregation at source, low operational efficiency of waste transport system with old
vehicles, low collection efficiency in newly added residential and industrial areas, and an
inefficient and informal recycling system. As per the MSW Rules, the wet waste can be collected
door-to-door in an ideally bin-less city and sent for composting, while the dry waste can be left
to the informal sector like rag pickers and kabadiwalas for recycling. The MSW Rules make it
mandatory for biodegradable urban wastes for composting / vermicomposting, etc, and bans the
burning of garbage and the dry leaves. Bangalore city might need to focus for a better solution of
waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill sites. In this context a review of solid waste
techniques adopted within India and elsewhere will be reviewed and summarized with
recommendations.
STABILIZATION OF WASTE DUMP USING FLYASHDr. Naveen BP
Bangalore is facing problems due to old municipal solid waste dump yards
situated close to the expanding city as they are in the expansion zone of growing city. These
dump yards needs to be reclaimed for infrastructure development such as roads, buildings and
other needs. To reclaim the old dump sites, it is necessary to know the characteristics of solid
waste, more particularly the geotechnical properties. The characteristics of dumps sites are not
generally suitable for foundations of most types of structures coming on them and their
properties need to be improved. Also their characteristics vary change with aging due to their
degradation. This paper presents the results of stabilization of dumped waste by addition of
pozzolanic material such as fly ash. Laboratory tests such as Direct shear and California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) have been performed on dumped waste with fly ash. It was found that
addition of 20% of fly ash the shear strength of dumped waste has increased considerably. Also
CBR of stabilized waste dumps, which is important in the reclamation of dumped sites, has been
analyzed. It was that CBR of stabilized dumps was higher value for 5 mm penetration than for
2.5 mm penetration and tests were conducted to confirm the same. It was observed that the
improvement in CBR is promising and further studies are required to improve to the material to
form suitable for foundations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE & REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TECHNIQ...Dr. Naveen BP
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is one of the vital issues in the
contemporary urban environment, more particularly in developing countries. Municipal solid
waste generation consists of organic and inorganic waste materials generated by various
activities of the society. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pollute all vital components of the
environment (i.e., air, land and water). This paper addresses the status of waste management
practice in Bangalore city, the state capital of Karnataka (which is one of the fastest developing
cities in Asia) and a review of waste treatment technologies adopted to keep in the trends of
waste management practice over time. The Bangalore metropolitan (BBMP) area covers an area
of 1258 sq km and with a population of about 9.0 million generates around 4000 MT/day of
municipal solid waste (MSW) at an average of 0.27 kg/day/per capita. Presently, Bangalore city
faced with the problems with such high quantities of solid waste continuously and it is planning
to upgrade its management system. The major issues in Bangalore city is open dumping without
a liner and without a leachate management facility and the threat of ground water pollution, as
well as saturation of an existing landfill site are the most pressing problems for the city today.
This paper describes the current practices of waste technologies for composting. The importance
of participatory process of each sector of society to enable waste management socio
economically sustainable and ultimately provide an environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system. The major problems in MSW management at Bangalore are due to the lack
of waste segregation at source, low operational efficiency of waste transport system with old
vehicles, low collection efficiency in newly added residential and industrial areas, and an
inefficient and informal recycling system. As per the MSW Rules, the wet waste can be collected
door-to-door in an ideally bin-less city and sent for composting, while the dry waste can be left
to the informal sector like rag pickers and kabadiwalas for recycling. The MSW Rules make it
mandatory for biodegradable urban wastes for composting / vermicomposting, etc, and bans the
burning of garbage and the dry leaves. Bangalore city might need to focus for a better solution of
waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill sites. In this context a review of solid waste
techniques adopted within India and elsewhere will be reviewed and summarized with
recommendations.
STABILIZATION OF WASTE DUMP USING FLYASHDr. Naveen BP
Bangalore is facing problems due to old municipal solid waste dump yards
situated close to the expanding city as they are in the expansion zone of growing city. These
dump yards needs to be reclaimed for infrastructure development such as roads, buildings and
other needs. To reclaim the old dump sites, it is necessary to know the characteristics of solid
waste, more particularly the geotechnical properties. The characteristics of dumps sites are not
generally suitable for foundations of most types of structures coming on them and their
properties need to be improved. Also their characteristics vary change with aging due to their
degradation. This paper presents the results of stabilization of dumped waste by addition of
pozzolanic material such as fly ash. Laboratory tests such as Direct shear and California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) have been performed on dumped waste with fly ash. It was found that
addition of 20% of fly ash the shear strength of dumped waste has increased considerably. Also
CBR of stabilized waste dumps, which is important in the reclamation of dumped sites, has been
analyzed. It was that CBR of stabilized dumps was higher value for 5 mm penetration than for
2.5 mm penetration and tests were conducted to confirm the same. It was observed that the
improvement in CBR is promising and further studies are required to improve to the material to
form suitable for foundations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.