The document discusses economic globalization and related topics. It begins by outlining intended learning outcomes, which are to define economic globalization, analyze the actors that facilitate it, and articulate a stance on global economic integration. It then provides definitions and examples of economic globalization. It discusses the actors that bring about interdependent global economies, including nation-states, global corporations, and international financial institutions. It also examines debates around whether economic globalization unites or divides the world.

2. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
 Define economic globalization
 Analyze the actors that facilitate economic
globalization; and
 Articulate a stance on global economic integration.

3. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
“ The process of making the world economy an
“organic system” by extending transnational
economic processes and relations to more and more
countries and by deepening the economic
interdependency among them.
 Szentes 2003

4. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
“it refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world, particularly
through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders”
--INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
(IMF,2008)

5. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
Expanding interdependence of world
economies.
Shangquan (2000) attributes this to the
growing scale of cross-border trade
commodities and services, flow of international
capital, and wide and rapid spread of
technology.

6. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 EXAMPLE:
 In the Philippines, cross-border trading can be best illustrated
by the country’s trading partnesrships with China, the United
States, and Australia.
 Moreover, the flow of international capital can be observed in
foreign direct investments (FDI), a type of investment in which a
company establishes a business in another country for production
of goods or services and still takes part in the management of that
business.

7. FOUR INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL
ECONOMY
 Benczes (2014)
1. Globalization of trade of goods and services
2. Globalization of technology and
communication
3. Globalization of production
4. Globalization of financial and capital markets

8. Globalization of Trade of Goods and Services
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
 Established in 1995
 Eases trade among countries
 “ensures that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as
possible”
 Emergence of China as a major supplier and exporter of
manufactured goods.
 Increasing number of business process outsourcing (BPO)
companies in Philippines.

9. Globalization of Technology and Communication
Emphasizes that various
transactions and interactivities that
transpire instantly due to the
internet and communication
technology

10. Globalization of production
It is best illustrated by the
existence of multinational
corporations (MNCs) and
transnational corporations
(TNCs).

11. The Coca- Cola Company is an example
of an MNC. Based in Atlanta Georgia,
USA, the company only manufactures
syrup concentrates and sells them to
various bottlers that hold exclusive
territories in different countries including
the Philippines

12. Multinational companies (MNCs) have investments
in other countries, but do not have a coordinated
product offering in each country. They are more
focused on adapting their products and services to
each individual local market.
Transnational companies(TNCs) are more complex
organizations that have investments in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give
decision-making, research and development, and
marketing powers to each individual foreign market.

13. After recognizing the definition of
economic globalization, it is important to
discuss the different agents that bring
about the interdependencies of global
economies. There are different views on
who or what the actors are that facilitate
economic globalization.

14. The Actors
of economic globalization
 Nation-states
 Global Corporations
International Financial Institutions

15.  NATION-STATE
 Boyer and Drache (1996) state that
the role of nation-states as manager
of the national economy is being
refined by globalization.

16. GLOBAL
CORPORATION

17. Filipino consumers, for instance, prefer to consume and avail of global
products and services.
As a result of transforming the national economy into a global one,
Reich (1999) posits that national products, technologies, corporations
and industries become obsolete.
Global Corporations
- Multinational corporations
- Transnational corporations

18. INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

19. GLOBAL ECONOMY ---International Financial Institutions
The Bretton Woods System
After the two world wars, world leaders sought to create a
global economic system that would ensure a longer-lasting
global peace. They believed that one of the ways to achieve
this goal was to set up a network of global financial institutions
that would promote economic interdependence and
prosperity.
Bretton Woods Institutions was established in 1994 at
Woods, New Hampshire, USA.

20. Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to
create two financial institutions.
1.International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD or World Bank)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

21. World Bank
1.Responsible for post-war reconstruction..
2.The World Bank is an international
financial institutions that provides loans to
countries of the world for capital
programs.

22. IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an
international organization headquartered in
Washington, D.C. Working to Facilitate
international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty around the
world.

23. DOES ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
DIVIDES OR UNITES THE WORLD?

24. With the nation-states, global corporations,
and international monetary systems as actors
of economic globalization, the world is now
confronted with a number of ongoing debates
as to whether is now confronted with a
number of ongoing debates as to whether
economic globalization unites or divides
the world.

25. Globalization believe that it unites
the world.
Benczes (2014) believes that
economic globalization fosters
universal economic growth and
development.

26. BENCZES (2014)
1.Globalization allows a worldwide distribution of
incomes.
2.Economic globalization reduces poverty
(World Bank 2002)
3.Globalization creates mutual dependence
between developing and developed countries
(Arrighi, 2005)

27. 1.Globalization allows a worldwide
distribution of incomes.
Ex. Australia, for instance, cannot provide
all the raw materials they need for certain
products or services, so it needs other
nation-states to produce or provide these
materials.

28. 2. Economic globalization reduces poverty
(World Bank,2002)
Ex. As foreign countries are in need of
workforce and human capital, Filipino nurses
become overseas workers; they go to
Europe and other foreign countries to
support their families in the Philippines.

29. 3. Globalization creates mutual dependence
between developing and developed
countries (Arrighi, 2005).
Some developing countries rely on
developed countries for employment and
income while the latter relies on the former
for raw materials and services like labor.

30. Some observers of economic globalization believe that it
divides the world further.
DIVIDES THE WORLD
1.The sources of goods and services are
exploited.
2.Economic globalization does not benefit all
nations (World Bank, 2002)

31. 1.One might observe that the sources of goods and services
are exploited.
Since these economically poor nation-states depend on
industrialized countries for employment and income , these
industrialized countries compensate their labor with cheap
cost. These industrialized countries even source materials
from natural resources of poor nation-states as another form
exploitation. Some even destroy nature without doing anything
to rehabilitate it.

32. 2. Economic globalization does not benefit
all nations (World Bank, 2002)
There is an uneven experience among
nations. Workers in TNCs are paid less
compared to their counterparts in the
companies’ home countries. This shows
how cheap labor is in the Philippines.

33. In conclusion, economic
globalization affects all nations
and citizens through the
increasing integration of
economies around the
borderless world. Its important
players are the nation-states,
global corporations, and the

34. Though some people believe that
economic globalization brings unity
of all economic movements, others
believe that globalization furthers
the separation among nation-states
around the world.

35. MARKET INTEGRATION

36. At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to
demonstrate the following:
 Explain the role of international financial institutions
in the creation of a global economy
 Narrate a short history of global market integration in
the 20th century
 Infer the attributes of global corporations
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

37.  After the Second World War, almost all countries around the world
faced the great challenge of bringing their feet back on the ground.
 As a substitute to the unsuccessful League of Nations, the United
Nations (UN) was established on October 24, 1945.
 It was tasked to promote international cooperation and to restore
international order
 Earlier in 1944 at the Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton
Woods, New Hampshire (US), the first government-sponsored
international financial institutions were established- the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund.

38. PRIVATE
CITIGROUP
MERYL LYNCH
2 types of
international
financial
institutions
INTERGOVERNMEN
TAL
WB
IMF
ADB
AfDB
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

39. World Bank
Purpose: to end extreme poverty
Five Organizations that belong to the WB Institutions:
-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- International Development Association
- International Financial Corporation
- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- International Center for Settlement & Investment
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

40. International Monetary Fund
Purposes: Facilitate International Trade
To stabilize economies (secure financial stability)
To restore sustainable growth
Like the WB, it also grants financial assistance and loans to developing countries.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

41. INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
1960’s Regional Development Banks
established;
(1960) Asian Development Bank
(1964) African Development Bank

42.  These two was created to spur social progress and
economic growth in order to address and reduce poverty.
 As financial institutions, ADB and AfDB are anchored on the
goal of fostering sustainable development in their
respective member countries.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AND
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

43.  CITIGROUP
 is an American multinational investment banking and financial
corporation.
 It is the fourth largest bank in the US.
 MERRIL LYNCH
 It is the wealth management division of the Bank of America.
Both the institutions provide investments around the world.
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

44.  Both intergovernmental and private financial
institutions help facilitate the functionality of global
economy by lending money to their member states and
global corporations.
 For example, the World Bank helps in project lending,
establishes reforms, provides support and technical
assistance, and helps design modern and durable social
safety nets for the benefit or both developed and
developing nations.

45.  The International Monetary Fund, on the other hand, helps
establish institutional bodies to address and reduce poverty, and
assists in creating the conditions for mobilization of private
domestic and foreign capital and job generation growth.
 Moreover, the Asian Development Bank lends money for the
building of infrastructures that leads to growth in business.

46.  Clearly, these global institutions are active agents in
fostering social and economic development by
providing various forms of help to improve the
national and the global economies.

47. HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET
INTEGRATION IN THE 20TH
CENTURY

48.  It does not happen overnight.
 It was result of the establishment of a global economy that involved
the homogenization of trade and commerce.
 Prior to the trends in globalization of the 20th century, international
trade and exchange of goods and services were already practiced.
 Harvey (1990) sees that cities and countries were able to extend
their reach beyond borders and patterns of trade and technology
because of developments in shipping and navigation.
GLOBAL MARKET
INTEGRATION

49.  The integration of the global market started when big American
corporations began to emerge after the Second World War with the
rise of new conglomerates.
 International Telephone and Telegraph bought Avis Rent-a-Car,
Continental Banking, Sheraton Hotels, and Hartford Fire Insurance.

50. JAPAN and Europe followed;
 Japanese global automobile corporations like Toyota, Nissan, and
Isuzu took after the giant American companies flourished. These
companies prospered as the primary and global makers of trucks
for the Japanese military.
 Renault automobiles, a French multinational automobile
manufacturer, was also used to help in the military post-war
operations.

51.  The rise of American, Japanese, and European global
corporations paved the way for the further development of
international trade.

52. IWAN (2012)
Differences among
international,
multinational,
transnational and
global companies
International
companies
TNCs
MNCs
GLOBAL
COMPANIES

53. International
Companies
importers
Exporters
No investment outside
home country
Global
Companies
Invested in and present in
many companies
Market
Products & Services to
each individual local
market

54. MNCs
They have investment in
other countries, but do
not have coordinated
product offerings in each
country. They are more
focused on adapting their
products and services to
each individual local
market.
They are more complex
organizations which have
invested in foreign
operations, have a central
corporate facility but give
decision making, research
and development, and
marketing powers to each
individual foreign market.
TNCs

55. IWAN (2012)
IDENTIFIES THE DIFFERENCES AMONG INTERNATIONAL,
MULTINATIONAL, TRANSNATIONAL, AND GLOBAL COMPANIES:
1.International companies- are importers and
exporters with no investments outside their home
countries. All of the business functions and
headquarters remain in the country of origin, and
there are no branches of the company overseas in
any of the nations the business trades with.

56. Ex. International Company
1. APPLE- a company that produces
consumer electronics such as computers,
tablets, mobile phones, etc. Apple sells its
products around the world, but the
headquarters and all product development
are located within the U.S.

57. Global companies usually have subsidiaries in
many nations, meaning dozens of sites around
the world. A global company, however, is one
where the central headquarters of the business
makes the decisions for driving the business, and
the same product(s) are offered in every country,
regardless of local culture and tastes.
GLOBAL COMPANY

58. Ex. of Global Company
1.McDonald’s
2. Hyatt and Hilton Hotels – where the draw
to the customer is that their rooms will be
the same no matter what nation the hotel is
in.

59. MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
1.Multinational company is still a central
headquarters, but the branches of the
business in different countries are in charge
of somewhat localizing the products and the
marketing to fit the culture.

60. 1.Starbucks- where most of the menu is the same, but
offerings change based on local tastes. Starbucks
also customizes its locations to the culture, providing
different seating and setup to make local customers
more comfortable.
2.Honda- headquarters is in Japan, but has established
branches all over the world.
The product lineup varies by country-ex. Honda trucks
were developed for the U.S market.
EX. MULTINATIONAL COMPANY

61. 4. Transnational companies become incredibly
complex, as each local branch has its own
decision-making power, its own markets and its
own product selection.

62. 1. General Electric- which has branches
across the globe, many of which make their
own decisions on policy and business
direction.

63. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS
The ascent of GLOBAL CORPORATION is
a reflection of a globalized market

64. Neubauer 2014 identifies the three
attributes of global corporation
1.Agent of economic development
2.Economic prominence
3.Powerful entity that can create crisis

65. 1. AGENT TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
--- These corporations may hit their target of
economic development by making their
consumer products available in many parts
of the globe
EX. NESTLE

66. ECONOMIC PROMINENCE
Some TNCs and MNCs were only able to
reach their annual growth target by
exploiting the environment.

67. POWERFUL ENTITY THAT CAN CREATE CRISIS
In the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, global corporations brought chaos to the economy of the Asian region
by controlling the foreign direct investments that resulted in the increase of real estate values, aggressive
government i

68. THE GLOBAL
INTERSTATE SYSTEM

69. 2.3 THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to
demonstrate the following:
- Explain the effects of globalization on governments
- Categorize the institutions that govern international
relations
- Differentiate internationalism from globalism

70. NATION-STATE
STATE
A compulsory political organization with continuous
operations if and in so far as its administrative staff
successfully upholds a claim on the monopoly of the
legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its
orders - Weber (1997)

71. NATION-STATE
NATION
Emphasizes the organic ties that hold groups of
people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and
belonging – i.e. ethnicity, language, religion and
others.
- Schattle (2014)

72. NATION-STATE
NATION-STATE
A political community that emanates from civic
society to execute peace legitimately.
Thus, the civic society is the basis of the people’s
oneness.

73. NATION-STATE
 Nation-states can manipulate competitive advantages with
international and political issues, transnational civil society
organizations, and multinational companies.
 They are also accountable for a host of international norms
and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to
protect their economy, and face new kinds of pressures of
supranational integration and focus of local fragmentation.

74. THE 194 MEMBER STATES OF UN PROVE
THAT GLOBALIZATION HAS AFFECTED THE
DYNAMICS OF NATION-STATES IN THE
CONTEXT OF THEIR AGENCY AS LEGITIMATE
HOLDERS OF FORCE IN THEIR
JURISDICTION.
GLOBALIZATION HAS, IN A WAY, RESHAPED

75. EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT
1. Seen as an imposing a forced choice upon states
either they conform to the neo-liberal ideas, free-
market principles of deregulation, privatization and
free trade or run the risk of being left behind in
development.

76.  In this contemporary age, Nation-state are forced to submit themselves
to the demands of globally accepted free-market principles.
 Nation-states still exist but lose a part integral to their economic
development and let global corporations control their economic
movement.
 Though government policies can be put in place, nation-states are
forced to realign their policies to be congruent with the principles of free
trade because of the pressures from global corporations.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

77.  To illustrate, the member states of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the
Philippines, established the ASEAN Free Trade Area
(AFTA) in 1999. Its goal is to encourage the member-
states to deepen their commitments in investment, trade,
and industrial collaboration to brace them for the increase
in the region’s economic activity.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

78. 2. Establishment of economic and political
integrations.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

79.  One good example is the European Union (EU), and the North America
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
 EU has become a supranational body with 28 members. It has a single currency
and monetary system among 17 states, parliament with legislative powers, with
common citizens’ right to live, work, vote, and run for office, with develop
collective mechanism to resolve crises and assist those in need, and with
intercontinental jurisprudence in the case of the European Court of Justice and
the European Court of Human Rights.
 The statehood of the members is not dissolved, what has changed is only how
the nation-states function, in terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

80. 3.Establishment of international laws and
principles
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

81.  This is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates as a
forum for nation-states to air their differences and try to resolve them.
 The UN Security Council has powers that include the creation of
peacekeeping operations and international sanctions and the
authorization of military action.
 UN’s International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals accused
of crimes against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is
based on the adoption of the Rome Statute of International Criminal
Court in 1998.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

82.  Moreover, there are also universal principles that are adopted
by nation-states in relation to the dynamism of globalization,
two of them are;
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirms an
individual’s rights, and;
 The other is the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
that defines the rights of nation-states on the use of the world’s
oceans.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

83. 4. Rise of transnational activism
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

84.  Such happens when activist groups of nation-states connect with their
counterparts in other states.
 For example, an advocacy-based organization in the Philippines may
connect itself with and get supported from other human rights groups in
Europe to pressure the Philippine government to realign its stance and
actions in upholding human rights.
 When a nation-state recognizes international interventions and changes its
behavior in response to international pressure, it reconstitutes the relationship
among the nation-state, its citizens, and international actors.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

85. 5. Creation of new communications network
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

86.  Globalization binds communities through digital media. With new
technologies in communication, political interaction can happen in a
virtual sphere.
 People can exchange political perspectives through the internet, therefore
stirring political discourse on an online platform.
 The proliferation of online education from universities outside the Philippines.
Philippine universities offer online courses to non-Filipinos. Thus, digital media
has become the platform for strategic communications at home and abroad
wherein the nation-state can utilize the internet to gather feedback from the
citizens.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

87.  Social media gives people the power to air their sentiments, and also,
serves as an avenue to discuss issues.
 Government websites can be also be an avenue to formally forward
concerns to particular government offices.
 Many nation-states also establish their own state-funded television
networks for information dissemination as alternative to the well-
established privately-funded news networks.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

88.  In the case of authoritarian and repressive states like China, Russia,
and North Korea, the government make use of media technologies to
filter content that can be viewed by their citizens.
 Digital media can also be used by governments to gain public support
in their campaigns.
 Thus, social media, in particular, can become an alternative to
mainstream media that advances its biased perspective.
EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION IN
GOVERNMENT

89. INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (IGOS)
 In order to facilitate connections among nation-states,
intergovernmental organizations were established.
 Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural,
educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships.
 Example: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), European Union (EU), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO).

90. THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN) IS A REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION COMPRISING 1O SOUTHEAST ASIAN
(1967)
Members:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia
ASEAN AIMS:
1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural
development in the region;
2. Promote regional progression;
3. Advance peace and sustainability;
4. Promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual
administrative on matters of common interest in the
economic, technical, cultural, administrative, and scientific
fields;

91. THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN) IS A REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION COMPRISING 1O SOUTHEAST ASIAN
ASEAN AIMS:
5. Provide assistance to each other in the framework of training
and research installations in the educational, professional,
technical, and administrative spheres.;
6. Work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of
agriculture and industries;
7. Advance Southeast Asian Research; and
8. Preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current
international and regional institutions with similar aims and
purposes

92. EUROPEAN UNION WITH 28 STATE MEMBERS (1993)
Its Goals are:
1.To promote peace, its value, and the well-
being of its citizens;
2.Offer freedom, security, and justice without
internal borders;
3.Uphold sustainable development based
on balance economic growth and price
stability;
4.Combat social exclusion and
discrimination;

93. EUROPEAN UNION WITH 28 STATE MEMBERS (1993)
Its Goals are:
6. Enhance economic, social, and
territorial cohesion and solidarity
among member countries.
7. Respect cultural and linguistic
diversity; and
8. Establish an economic and monetary
union.

94. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) IS AN
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION THAT REGULATES
INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
(164 STATE MEMBER)

95. THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), ALSO CALLED THE
NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE, IS AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL MILITARY
ALLIANCE BETWEEN SEVERAL NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN STATES
BASED ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

96. ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
(OPEC) IS AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF 14
NATIONS.

97. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) IS AN
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION AND
INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL THAT SITS IN THE HAGUE IN
THE NETHERLANDS.

98. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
GLOBALISM INTERNATIONALISM

99. Globalism: An Attitude Internationalism: Theory &
Practice
It seeks to understand all the
interconnections of modern world and to
highlight patterns that underlie them.
Nationalism should give way to the links
that binds people of different countries.
It seeks to describe and explain more
than a world which is characterized by
network of connections that span multi-
continental distance.
Nations must give up their freedom and
submit to a larger systems – the need for
global government.
It seeks to know the basic network. Nations subject to the universal law of
God.

100. GLOBALIZATION THAT SEEKS TO FORM
COLLABORATION AMONG NATION-STATES
THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS. IT IS
ROOTED ON THE IDEA OF
INTERNATIONALISM. EXPERTS ON
INTERSTATE RELATIONS CANNOT DISCOUNT
THE NUMEROUS EFFECTS OF
NEOLIBERALISM ON THE RISE OF NEW
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS UTILIZED BY
GOVERNMENTS.

101. LESSON 4 : CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

102. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE LEARNERS ARE
EXPECTED TO DEMONSTRATE THE FOLLOWING:
 Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN)
 Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21st century
 Explain the relevance of the nation-state in the midst of globalization

103. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 Weiss & Thakur (2014) Describe global governance
as the totality of norms, laws, policies, and bodies
that define, comprise, and facilitate transnational
relations between citizens, states, cultures,
intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations. Rules and norms put everything in
order. Though global governance is rule-based, it has
no central authority. However, there are systems for
international relationships that bind the states,
people, and society together.

104. ESTABLISHED/PROMINENT GLOBAL SYSTEM.
*THE UNITED NATIONS FUNCTIONS:
1. Maintain International Peace (Avert another world war.)
2. Protect Human Rights(Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.)
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid.
4. Promote Sustainable Development.
5. Uphold International Law.

105. THE SIX (6) UN ORGANS
 The General Assembly
 is the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states have
equal representation in discussion and consideration, and policy making. It is
headed by a one year term president. Filipino Diplomat Carlos P. Romulo served
as president in 1949-1950.
 The Security Council
 is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security by determining the
existence of a threat or an act of agression. It has only 15 seats ,10 of which are elected to
two year terms while 5 of which are permanent member( China, France, Russia,United
Kingdom and United States)
 The Economic and Social Council
 is the main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic, and environmental
issues.

106.  The Trusteeship Council
 is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust territories
and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and
self-government.
 The International Court of Justice
 is UN’s prime judicial organ tasked to settle legal disputes and to give
advisory opinions. It can try disputes between volunteering states, not
individuals. Its decision are only binding when states have explicitly agreed to
place themselves before the courts authority.
 The Secretariat
 is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five
other organs and is headed by the Secretary-General as the Chief
administrative officer.

107. THE UNITED NATIONS
 Established after the Second World Was with one central mission-to maintains
international peace and security.
 Currently, with the world being faced with numerous issues that threaten peace,
UN serves as an actor in confronting these. In 1948, UN was responsible for
bringing human rights into the realm of international law through the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. UN is also a space for its members to manifest their
perspectives through its core organs and committees.
 The organization has become an instrument for governments to identify spaces of
agreement and resolve problems collectively by enabling the exchange of opinions
between and among its members and by hosting consultations.
 UN also carries the functions of delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable
development, and upholding international law.

108. THE UNITED NATIONS
 The organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and
meditation. It does peacekeeping processes in countries with
domestic conflicts and peace-building tasks in countries freed
from conflict, lessening the risk of reversing into conflict and
setting the groundwork for sustainable peace and
development.
 It agrees on the global battle for the removal of nuclear
weapons and other instruments of mass destruction. All of
these are executed to maintain international peace and
security.

109. THE UNITED NATIONS
 In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes situations and issues reported to
them and oversees the exercise of international human rights agreements. It takes
responsibility for reviewing, monitoring, reporting, and commending human rights
from a country-based perspective.
 It approaches human rights energy within the UN development system and boosts
awareness of the reasons and acts of genocides, warns relevant players where
there is a danger of genocide, promotes, and mobilizes for relevant action.
 Ultimately, it governs the conceptual, institutional, political, and operational
advancement of the Responsibility to Protect.
 In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is responsible for coordinating responses to
emergencies and supports rapid humanitarian response for people affected by
natural disasters and armed conflict.

110. THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 It was set to promote sustainable development.
 In 2015, this was changed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
These goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future
for all.
 This collection of 17 global goals covers social and economic issues including
poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming, gender equality, water
sanitation, energy urbanization, environment, and social justice.

111.  The Security Council’s veto power over resolutions is one of the challenges that UN
has been facing since the organization’s foundation.
 For example, the UN resolution in December 2017 that required US President
Donald Trump to withdraw the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel
was vetoed by the United States in the Security Council. In effect, resolution was
not passed.
 Some states refuse to adopt resolutions and statements especially since the
membership is on voluntary basis. The new government of Lebanon openly defied
the Security Council’s many resolutions on the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.
 In 2017, the Philippines voted against a United Nations General Assembly
committee draft resolution on the human rights crisis in Myanmar concerning the
Rohingya people.

112.  These challenges seem to hinder some of the functions of UN. Furthermore, Weiss and
Thakur (2014), in their article titles, The United Nations Meet the Twenty-first Century:
Confronting UN based on knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance:
1. In terms of knowledge, UN is underappreciated regarding how its convening capacity
and mobilizing power are utilized to help funnel and consolidate knowledge from
outside and ensure its discussion and dissemination among governments.
2. The contrasting moral structures of social behavior in different member-states
complicate the formulation of a normative standard that can be applicable to all.
3. In formulating propositions, problems occur when only the member-states are heard.
UN belittles the helping hand of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the
global public opinion. Sometimes, recommendations are not executed.
4. . Institutions can also be places where ideas are cornered and left behind. The
modality and processes for enforcing compliance with international norms and laws
are not present. In fact, some UN staff members violate, cheat, and challenge them.

113.  Despite the establishment of global norms and international laws that nation-states
should follow, the nation-states are still relevant for there will be no
intergovernmental organization without them. Also, international and multinational
agreements are designed by the states and propelled by the initiatives that they
undertake.
 As Bertucci & Alberto (2018) affirm, the sovereignty of nation-states in the midst of
globalization has not been diminished for the cooperation and converted action
among nation-states represent the greater exercise of their sovereignty.
 Furthermore, the nation-states remain to be active agents of local and transnational
realms of concern.
 To conclude, contemporary global governance defines the political scope of
globalization. Cooperation among nation-states is the only way to reform and
advance the roles and functions of interstate relationships despite real challenges
being faced by United Nations.

114. THE GLOBAL DIVIDES:
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

115. 3.1 GLOBAL DIVIDES: N & S
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate
the following:
• Understand the term “Global South”
• Differentiate the Global South from the Third World

117. Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Europe,
Australia, and America tend to see the big
difference between the ways of living in the
Philippines and in Western countries. Some of
them come home as “one-day millionaires”
giving out presents to their family, relatives,
neighbors, and friends.

118. Although their incomes are relatively higher than
if they work in the Philippines, they realize that life
is still tough despite the remittances they send to
their families and the taxes that the country gains
from these. Furthermore, they cannot escape the
reality that their occasional vacations in the
Philippines are temporary because they would
need to go back to work in order to continue
making a living in another country.

119. This is a reflection of the global divide between
the NORTH and the SOUTH as experienced by
the Filipinos.

120. There is an imbalance in the socio-
economic and political categories of
the world
The world is divided into North and
South, and First, Second and Third

123. GLOBAL NORTH

125. GLOBAL NORTH
The home of all members of the Group of
Eight (G8)—Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, Russia and
the U.S.
It is also the abode of four powerful
permanent members of the United Nations
Security Council.
Refers to the developed countries in Asia,

127. GLOBAL SOUTH

129. “GLOBAL SOUTH”
It is a metaphor for interstate inequality.
It is a product of Western imagination.

130. GLOBAL SOUTH
Refers to the socio-economic and
political divide primarily focused on the
southern hemisphere of the 1569-
designe Mercatorian map.
It consists of Africa, Latin America, and
Asia(Middle East).

131. GLOBAL SOUTH
Also connotes developing countries as
opposed to rich, industrialized, and
wealthy nations.
Claudio (2014), the Global South
“continues to be imagined and re-imagined
by those who dominate it even as
movements from below reshape these
constructions through resistance.”

132. Although usually associated with developing nations,
the Global South is also found in developed countries.
Economically poor families, underprivileged
individuals, unfair labor practices and suppression of
human rights, and other violations of basic rights in
Europe, Australia, US, and Canada are the pieces of
evidence that people from developed countries also
share similar experiences with people from developing
countries.

133. EX. A trip to the cosmopolitan metropolis of Metro
Manila by someone from Tupi, South Cotabato-
denoting high standard of living, availability of better
transport system, prevalence of banking and financial
institutions, presence of big commercial
establishments, and centrality of the national
government—is that person’s experience of the “Global
North”
The Global North, therefore, is also relatively

134. By now, that the terms Global South
and Third World are conceptually the
same.
They both refer to conditions usually
found in developing countries.

135. Arguably, the term Third World
ceased to exist when the Cold War
ended.

136. Historically, the world was once
categorized based on the economic
ideology of Western capitalism against
the Soviet Union’s socialism.

137. THE WORLDS
First World – Western capitalism
Second World – Soviet Union’s socialism
Third World – others

138. THE WORLDS
First World – Western capitalism
Choice by consumers, economic escalation and
economic freedom

139. THE WORLDS
Second World – Soviet Union’s socialism
Methods of mass production owned and controlled by
the government

140. THE WORLDS
.
Impoverished Poor
Non-industrialized Less-industrialized
Lack of standards in banking, finance and trade

141. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON:
Global North – Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy Nations
-- Developed Nations
-- Rich North
Global South – Developing Nations
-- Global South and Third World are
conceptually the same.
-- Poor South

142. ASIAN REGIONALISM

143. 3.2. ASIAN REGIONALISM
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected
to demonstrate the following:
• Differentiate between regionalization and
globalization
• Identify the factors leading to a greater integration
of Asian region

144.  The world is now focused on Asia.
 Most countries want to have
collaborations with East Asian
countries and the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
members because economic and
political growth in these regions
have started to shape up.

145. BRUNEI, MYANMAR, SINGAPORE, PHILIPPINES,
THAILAND
CAMBODIA, VIETNAM, LAOS, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA

146.  As a result, the United States strategically
takes care of its allies in Asia to maintain
and further enhance its supply of raw
materials, human technological skills, and
even its military force.
 At the same time, Europe keeps its strong
relationship with Asian countries to expand
its growing business in the field of medical
science and research.
 It cannot be denied that ASIA is gaining
worldwide attention.

147. GLOBALIZATION vs REGIONALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION REGIONALIZATION
Module 1, Globalization
is the expansion and
intensification of social
relations and
consciousness across
world.
Regionalization it is the
growth of societal
integration within a region
and to the often undirected
processes of social
economic interaction.
Borderless world (it
happens around the
world)
Happens only in a specific
geographical region.

148. Regionalization
The process of diving an area into
smaller segments called region.
One of the more obvious
examples of regionalization is the
division of a nation into states
or provinces.

149. Regionalization refers to regional
concentration of economic flows
as O P P O S E D to
Regionalism refers to a political process by
economic policy of cooperation and
coordination among countries.
Regionalism also pertains to the process of
intergovernmental collaborations between
two or more states.

150. Asian regionalism is a new
concept among the continental
communities.
The ASEAN community is
comprised of three pillars---political
security community, economic
community, and socio-cultural
community.

151. POLITICAL SECURITY COMMUNITY---
gives importance to human rights, drugs,
foreign relations, defense, law, and
transnational crimes.
Socio-cultural community---- there is a
cooperation among the ministers responsible
for culture and arts, sports, disasters
management, education, environment,
health, information, labor, rural development
and poverty eradication, women, and youth.

152. Economic community
The association adheres to significant roles of
monitoring----economic ministers, finance
ministers, central bank governors, free trade
area, investment area, agriculture and
forestry, transport ministers,
telecommunications and information
technology ministers, science and technology,
energy, minerals, tourism, free trade
agreements and sectoral bodies in the arena
of economic community.

153. BRUNEI, MYANMAR, SINGAPORE, PHILIPPINES,
THAILAND
CAMBODIA, VIETNAM, LAOS, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA

156. Similar to the goal of ASEAN
in achieving greater
integration within the region,
other countries form groups
for various reasons.

157. NAFTA – North American Free Trade
Agreement
A free trade pact between Canada and
the United States (now including
Mexico), was created to help reduce
trading costs, increase business
investment, and help North America be
more competitive in the global
marketplace.

158. European Union( EU)
Is a political and economic
established to ensures free
movement of people, goods,
services and capital within the
EU’s single market
27 states

159. FACTORS that led to a GREATER ASIAN INTEGRATION

160. 1. Establishment of formal
institutions
2. Driven by the market
3. Production networks
4. ASEAN

161. ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
Asian Development Bank
Conceived in the 1960s
ADB promotes social and
economic development in Asia.
Composed of 67 members.

162. Japan is a major contributor to
ADB
Asian nations work in the form
of loans, investments and
information sharing on topics
such as terrorism and regional
security.

163. DRIVEN BY THE MARKET
Asia facilitates interactions of a variety of systems,
institutions and social relations that are put into place
for countries to engage in exchange.
EX.
East Asia economies get labor from some southeast
Asian nation like the Philippines and Indonesia.
Thailand exports its grocery products to 24-hour
convenience stores.
Vietnam and Indonesia sell their bags and clothing to
the region.

164. PRODUCTION NETWORKS
“One country specialized production”
PH – electronics and copper
INDONESIA – palm oil, rubber, and
natural gas
SOUTH KOREA – machinery
products and motor vehicles

165. ASEAN EXPERIENCE
 ASEAN decides based on consensus or
general agreement.
Unity in Diversity

166. Asian Response to Globalization
and Regionalization

167. They responded as a group and
individual member.

168. 1. they establish the Asian Development
Bank
2. they work on different forms of loans
and grants
3. they share information esp. on security
like terror groups
4. they work for the achievement of
ASEAN Declaration

169. ASEAN DECLARATION
Aims and purposes
1.Economic growth, social progress, and
cultural development in the region.
2. Regional peace and stability
3. Promote active collaboration and
mutual assistance on matters of common
interest

170. 4. Provide assistance to each other in the
form of training and research facilities.
5. Collaborate more effectively for the greater
utilization of their agriculture and industries.
6. Expand trade, improve their transportation
and communications facilities and raise the
living standards of their people
7.Southeast Asian Studies
8.Maintain close and beneficial cooperation