A feminist viewpoint of evolutionary psychology: asks whether the study of mate choice could do with more female voices and ideas. The tone is relatively lighthearted, and intended to encourage debate in evolutionary psychology
A feminist viewpoint of evolutionary psychology: asks whether the study of mate choice could do with more female voices and ideas. The tone is relatively lighthearted, and intended to encourage debate in evolutionary psychology
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
...
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
.
Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
...
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
.
Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
010_ESI-ppt.ppt
1. Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute. We request that
the use of these materials include an acknowledgement of the presenter and Hot Science - Cool Talks
by the Environmental Science Institute at UT Austin. We hope you find these materials educational
and enjoyable.
Dr. Michael Ryan
January 26, 2001
Sexual Selection
Hot Science - Cool Talk # 10
2. Title slide
There are many other structures and instincts which must
have been developed through sexual selection- such as
the weapons of offence and the means of defence of the
males for fighting with and driving away their rivals-
their courage and pugnacity- their various ornaments-
their contrivances for production of vocal or
instrumental music- and their glands for emitting odours,
most of these latter structures serving only to allure or
excite the females. - Darwin
Sexual Selection
Dr. Michael J. Ryan
1
4. Sexual Dimorphisms
• Quite common in
secondary sexual
characters.
• And usually:
– males are more
elaborate
– traits are costly
– traits are associated
with breeding.
3
5. Natural Selection versus
Sexual Selection
• Natural Selection: favors those
phenotypes with greater survival ability.
• Sexual Selection: favors those
phenotypes with greater reproductive
success due to greater ability to acquire
mates.
4
6. Sexual Differences in
Reproductive Strategy
• Females invest more time and
energy per gamete/ offspring.
• Female reproductive success
is influenced by mate quality
and they are coy in their
choice; increased mating
success does not translate
into increased reproductive
success.
• Males increase reproductive
success by increasing the
numbers of females they
mate; males are
undiscriminating with whom
they will mate.
5
7. Mechanisms of Sexual
Selection
• Male Competition: Males compete directly for
access to females.
• Female Choice: Males advertise for females
and females choose their mates.
• Competition & Choice: Mechanisms can
interact, males can compete for resources
that influence a female’s choice.
• Role Reversal: In some polyandrous mating
system (e.g. pipefish, jacanas) role of sexes
are reversed.
6
8. Male Competition
• In many species
males evolve organs
used for combat,
such as antlers in
red deer.
7
9. Male Competition
• In frogs, males often
have more muscular
forearms than females
to aid them in avoiding
displacement from the
females by other males
(Bufo cognatus).
8
11. Male Competition?
• Long neck of giraffe is
usually considered an
adaptation for foraging.
But . . .
• They spend a lot of time
bent over feeding.
• Males fight by clubbing
each other on the top of
the head.
• Males have thicker
skulls than females.
10
12. Sperm Competition
• Males can also
compete inside the
females if females are
multiply inseminated.
By . . .
– Increase quantity of
sperm.
– Produce sperm toxins.
– Erect mating plugs.
– Have kamikaze sperm.
11
13. Sexual Selection by
Female Choice
• Darwin proposed that in many species females
chose males based on aesthetic preferences.
• Although sexual selection by male competition
was readily accepted, female choice was an idea
that was rejected and lay dormant for 100 years.
• Might have been rejected because of Victorian
society and had a resurgence coincident with the
feminist movement.
12
15. Sexual Selection for Complex
Calls in Túngara Frogs:
Female Choice
• Males produce a call
with two components, a
whine and a chuck.
• In isolation, males
produce only a whine.
• In a chorus or in
response to tapes of
calls, males add
chucks.
14
16. Call sounds
15
Sound for PC
Double click here
Sound for PC
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Sound for PC
Double click here
Sound for PC
Double click here
Sound for Mac:
click once with
cursor on sections
of graph
The sound files do not play in adobe acrobat: 15_1whine.wav, 15_2whine.wav, 15_3whine.wav, 15_4whine.wav
can be found in the image directory.
A warning may come
up about viruses.
Just click OK.
19. Sexual Selection for Complex
Calls in Túngara Frogs:
Predation Costs
• Frog-eating bats are
attracted to whines.
• When given a choice
bats prefer whines with
chucks to whines
without chucks.
• Natural selection favors
simple calls, sexual
selection favors
complex calls
18
Movie for PC: Double click here
Movie for Mac: click once with cursor on image
The movie file does not play in adobe acrobat: 18batfrog.mov can be found in the image directory
A warning may come up about viruses.
Just click OK.
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
20. The Evolution of
Female Choice
• Direct Benefits: A female’s choice increases her
immediate fecundity and thus evolves as the target of
selection.
• Good Genes: Female choice increased the genetic
quality of its offspring for survival.
• Runaway Sexual Selection: The preference
increases in frequency because it becomes linked to
’sexy son’ traits.
• Sensory Exploitation: Some aspect of the female
preference is a pleiotropic effect, and a preexisting
bias for certain male traits.
19
21. • Direct Benefits: A female’s choice increases her
immediate fecundity and thus evolves as the target of
selection.
• Good Genes: Female choice increased the genetic
quality of its offspring for survival.
• Runaway Sexual Selection: The preference
increases in frequency because it becomes linked to
‘sexy son’ traits.
• Sensory Exploitation: Some aspect of the female
preference is a pleiotropic effect, and a preexisting
bias for certain male traits.
20
The Evolution of
Female Choice
27. Preference for Waist:
Hip Ratio
• Holding body mass
constant, men prefer
line drawings of women
in which the waist
measurement is 70%
that of the hip (waist:hip
= 0.70).
• Some suggestion that
women with this ratio
might be more healthy
and fecund.
26
28. Barbie’s Ratio
• If Barbie was a
person her
measurements
would be: 39:23:33
• and . . . “she would
have to walk on all
fours”
• her waist to hip ratio
is 0.70.
27
30. The Paradox of the Lek
• In many species (birds,
frogs, fish, insects)
males gather at leks to
advertise for females.
• Females choose males
but receive only sperm
from males.
• If all males can fertilize
eggs, why choose?
29
31. The Evolution of
Female Choice
• Direct Benefits: A female’s choice increases her
immediate fecundity and thus evolves as the target of
selection.
• Good Genes: Female choice increased the genetic
quality of its offspring for survival.
• Runaway Sexual Selection: The preference
increases in frequency because it becomes linked to
’sexy son’ traits.
• Sensory Exploitation: Some aspect of the female
preference is a pleiotropic effect, and a preexisting
bias for certain male traits.
30
33. Good Genes in Peacocks
• Females prefer males
with larger eye spots.
• Females are paired
randomly with males.
• Researchers raise
incubate eggs and raise
offspring.
• Young are released into
wildlife park.
• Survivorship is
measured.
32
36. The Evolution of
Female Choice
• Direct Benefits: A female’s choice increases her
immediate fecundity and thus evolves as the target of
selection.
• Good Genes: Female choice increased the genetic
quality of its offspring for survival.
• Runaway Sexual Selection: The preference
increases in frequency because it becomes linked to
‘sexy son’ traits.
• Sensory Exploitation: Some aspect of the female
preference is a pleiotropic effect, and a preexisting
bias for certain male traits.
35
37. The Sexy Son Hypothesis
• There is genetic variation for male trait and
female preference.
• Both sexes possess both genes but only
express the one relevant to their sex.
• Trait alleles increase in the population
because they are preferred.
• Preference alleles increase because they are
linked with trait genes and ‘hitchhike’.
36
38. Stalk Eyed Flies
• Males have greater
eye spans than
females.
• Males defend root
hairs, and the harem
of females that
collect on them.
37
39. Eye Span and Mating
Success
• Males with greater
eye spans have
more females.
38
41. Correlated Response in
Artificial Selection Experiments
• Experimenter artificially
selects lines for small eye
span, large eye span, and
no selection (control).
• Female preference in
selected lines is then
measured.
• Females evolve
preference for smaller eye
span in that line,
preference for larger eye
span appears at a
maximum.
1.5
-1.5
Females
with
L - S males
Eye Span Selection Line
control long short
control
0
40
42. The Evolution of
Female Choice
• Direct Benefits: A female’s choice increases her
immediate fecundity and thus evolves as the target of
selection.
• Good Genes: Female choice increased the genetic
quality of its offspring for survival.
• Runaway Sexual Selection: The preference
increases in frequency because it becomes linked to
’sexy son’ traits.
• Sensory Exploitation: Some aspect of the female
preference is a pleiotropic effect, and a preexisting
bias for certain male traits.
41
46. Tungara frogs
P. caicai
P. coloradorum
P. enesefae
P. ephippifer
P. petersi
P. pustulatus
P. ‘roraima’
P. pustulosus
45
Sound for PC: Double click here
Sound for Mac: click once with cursor on speaker
The sound file does not play in adobe acrobat: 45_2frogcalls.wav can be found in the image directory
49. Physalaemus coloradorum
1. This is Physalaemus coloradorum. The live on the western side of the Andes near
Quito Ecuador. Their males don’t make chucks.
48
50. Tungara call with 3 chucks
49
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the image directory
Sound for PC:
Double click here
Sound for PC:
Double click here
53. Bird Song
52
Sound for PC:
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Sound for Mac: click once with cursor on the speaker
The sound file does not play in adobe acrobat: 52song.wav can be found in the image directory
54. Dancing baby
53
Movie for Mac: click once with cursor on image
The movie file does not play in adobe acrobat: 53oogachaka.avi or 53oogachaka.mov can be found in the image directory
Movie for PC:
Double click here
A warning may come
up about viruses.
Just click OK.
56. Sensory Biases for Music?
• “Naïve” infants show
preferences for
consonant sounds
versus disonant
sounds.
• This might be due to
inherent properties
of auditory system
structure rather than
cultural effects.
55
58. SWF/SWM
BEAUTIFUL, LONG
LEGGED, green eyed,
golden haired, SWF,
5'7", 122. Seeking tall
handsome, fit, SWM,
drug/disease free,
height/weight
proportionate, 40-52.
Must be financially and
emotionally secure
MATURE, SINCERE
GENTLEMAN seeks
non-smoking, attractive,
vivacious, slim, busty,
athletically inclined, 27-
42 year old female
positively interested in
mutual long-term
involvement, hopefully
college educated.
57
59. Dr. Michael Ryan
Michael Ryan, the Clark Hubbs Regents Professor of Zoology, began his
career at The University of Texas at Austin in 1984. He came to UT from a
post-doctoral Miller Fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley
and received his Ph.D. in Neurobiology and Behavior
from Cornell University. Since that time, Dr. Ryan has established himself
as a leading expert in the evolution and mechanisms of animal behavior,
with particular emphasis on communication and sexual selection. To date,
he has written a book on communication in tungara frogs, is the editor of
two more books on frog communication, and has over 140 publications in
journals including Science, Nature, and the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. Dr. Ryan is very actively involved with the
Zoology/Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior graduate program, having
served as its faculty advisor from 1993 to 1998 Courses he has taught
range from graduate seminars in Human Language and Animal
Communication to a non-major course in Ecology, Evolution and Society.
Dr. Ryan has been invited to deliver guest lectures worldwide on the topics
of animal behavior.