This chapter discusses theories of social and personality development in early childhood. It covers psychoanalytic perspectives from Freud and Erikson, and social-cognitive perspectives on person perception, understanding rules and intentions. Gender development is examined through psychoanalytic, social-cognitive and information processing lenses. Parenting styles including authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved are defined. The impacts of family structure such as single parenting, divorce and ethnicity on development are also explored, along with peer relationships, aggression, prosocial behavior and friendships.
Lifespan Psychology Module 7 Early Adulthood PowerpointLumen Learning
CC-BY-SA 3.0 Lifespan Psychology Module 7 Early Adulthood Powerpoint by Laura Overstreet: https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B9nrmpuRmC4ENjVGdVo3dVh6NzQ&usp=sharing
Lifespan Psychology Module 7 Early Adulthood PowerpointLumen Learning
CC-BY-SA 3.0 Lifespan Psychology Module 7 Early Adulthood Powerpoint by Laura Overstreet: https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B9nrmpuRmC4ENjVGdVo3dVh6NzQ&usp=sharing
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Freud: gain control over bodily functions and
renegotiate parent relationships
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
4. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Erikson: agreed with Freud with added focus
on social skill development
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Initiative versus Guilt
5. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Person perception: increasing ability to
classify others
Use category trait labels.
Describe others’ behavior patterns of
others.
Categorize based on observation
characteristics.
6. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Understanding Rule Categories
Social conventions
Moral rules
Differentiation of response
Increased cognitive capabilities and adult
emphasis
7. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Understanding Others’ Intentions
Children do understand intentions to some
degree:
Punishment is for intentional acts.
Actors’ intentions matter.
Choices bound by consequences.
8. Theories of Social and Personality
Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Racism in Preschool Classroom
Early judgments reflect ego thinking and
cognitive immaturity, not true racism.
Judgment of others related to race schemas.
Understanding of cultural racial stereotypes
and prejudices slowly acquired.
9. True or false?
Children know more about intentions than
Piaget theorized but still have limited
ability to base their judgments entirely
on intentions.
10. Figure 8.1 A Test of Children’s
Understanding of Intentionality
FIGURE TO COME
11. Personality and Self-Concept
A Brief Overview
Gains in social environment understanding
contribute to emergence of distinctive
personality.
Self-concept becomes more complex.
Exercise of greater control over behavior is
aided.
12. Personality and Self-Concept
Transition from Temperament to Personality
Personality represents combination of
temperament at birth and knowledge about
temperament-related behavior during
childhood.
Social rewards encourage impulse control
and behavior is modified.
15. Gender Development
Gender Concept Sequence
Gender understanding develops in stages:
Gender identity
Gender stability
Gender constancy
16. What is this five-year-old conveying
about her understanding of gender?
“This is
how I will
look when I
grow up.”
Figure 8.2 Gender Stereotyping in a Child’s
Drawing
17. Gender Development
Information-Processing Approach
Gender schema theory: development of
gender schema underlies gender
development and occurs with recognition of
gender differences
Schema organization
First primitive gender schema and
assimilation
20. Figure 8.3 Gender and Playmate
Preferences
How would you
structure
preschooler play
opportunities?
21. Family Relationships and Structure
Attachment
Securely attached preschoolers exhibit
fewer behavior problems.
Insecurely attached children display more
anger and aggression at daycare and
preschool.
By age 4, children form goal-corrected
partnerships.
24. Family Relationships and Structure
Parenting Styles: Authoritarian
Parenting Characteristics
High levels of demand and control
Low levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences
Good school performance
Lower self-esteem and less peer interaction
skills
Some subdued; others highly aggressive
25. Family Relationships and Structure
Parenting Styles: Permissive
Parenting Characteristics
High in warmth and communication
Low in demand and control
Child Consequences
Poor adolescent school performance
More aggressive and immature
Less responsible and independent
26. Family Relationships and Structure
Parenting Styles: Authoritative
Parenting Characteristics
High in warmth and communication
High in demand and control
Child Consequences
Higher self-esteem, independence, and
altruism
More parental compliance
Self-confident and achievement-oriented
Better school performance
27. Family Relationships and Structure
Parenting Styles: Uninvolved
Parenting Characteristics
Low in levels of demand and control
Low in levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences
Disturbances in social relationships
More impulsive and antisocial in adolescence
Less competent with peers
Much less achievement-oriented in school
29. Family Relationships and
Structure
Effects of Parenting Styles: Overview
Authoritative Parents
More likely to be involved in child’s school
Often use inductive discipline
Not equally effective for all children
30. Family Relationships and Structure
Effects of Parenting Styles: Spanking
Most parents believe spanking effective if
used sparingly
Short-term effects
Long-term effects
Premack’s principle
31. Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and
Parenting Styles
Authoritative pattern
Positive outcomes seen in all ethnic
groups
More common in white families and
middle class
Usually more common among intact
families
Least common among Asian Americans
33. Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in Asian American
families
High levels of school achievement in
Asian American children
Economic success
Maintenance of ethnic identity
34. Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in African American
families
Enhances children’s potential for self-
control and success
Prepares children to deal with social
forces such as racism that impede social
success
Reduces use of substance abuse
35. What kind of parenting style was used to raise
you? What effects did it have on your
development? What style will you use as a
parent?
What can single parents do to improve the
developmental progress of their children?
Questions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To Ponder
36. Family Relationships and Structure
Family Structure: Diversity in Two-Parent and
Single-Parent Families
Only 70% of U.S. children lived with both
biological parents in 2007.
Many children from two-parent families
have experienced single-parenting.
2% of U.S. children live with custodial
grandparents.
37. Ethnicity and U.S. Family Types
Figure 8.7 Ethnicity and Family Structure
38. Family Structure and Ethnicity
Single Parents
Family Structure: Single-Parent Families
More common among African Americans
and Native Americans
Single mothers are less likely to marry.
Grandparents and other relatives
traditionally help support single mothers.
Some single mothers are financially secure.
39. Family Relationships and Structure
Other Types of Family Structures
Custodial Grandparents
Aging and parenting stress cause anxiety
and depression.
Gay and Lesbian Parents
No expressed social or cognitive
developmental differences between the
children of gay and lesbian parents and
the children of heterosexual couples.
41. True or False?
When considering the psychological effects on
children, the optimal family structure has two
biological parents.
Use information from your text to support your
answer.
42. Family Relationships and Structure
Understanding Results from Psychological
Research
• Parenthood or divorce reduces financial and
emotional resources available to a child
• Any transition involves upheaval
• Authoritative parenting likely diminishes
during upheaval
• Extended family networks mitigate impact
44. Peer Relationships
Group Entry and Play
Poor group entry skills
Lead to aggressive behaviors
Optimize peer rejection
May change with social skills training to
help gain acceptance for rejected children
45. Can you define two types of
aggression?
Aggression: Behavior intended to hurt
another or object
Instrumental
Hostile
Under what circumstances would you most
likely observe each kinds of preschool
aggression?
47. Peer Relationships
Development of Aggression
Aggression Theories
Aggression-frustration hypothesis
Reinforcement and modeling hypothesis
(Bandura)
Trait aggression (genetic base)
Environmental influence
48. Prosocial Behavior and Friendships
Prosocial behavior: Actions that benefit or
help another person
Development of prosocial behavior
increases during preschool years.
Parental influences affect children’s
empathy.
49. Prosocial Behavior and Friendships
Friendships
18 months: some toddlers express
friendships
3 years: 20% of preschoolers have stable
playmate
4 Years: 30% of time spent with another
child
Early friendships become more stable with time,
but are still primitive by adult standards.
Editor's Notes
Freud: Gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships
Anal Stage
Toilet training battles
Control over bodily functions
Phallic Stage
Oedipus or Electra Complex
Identification with the same sex parent
Freud and Erikson saw the changing role of the parent as the child exerts more control on the environment.
Freud and Erikson did not talk about peers or their significance in development.
Erikson: agreed with Freud with added focus on social skill development
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Centered around toddler’s new mobility and desire for autonomy
Initiative versus Guilt
Ushered in by new cognitive skills
Developing conscience dictates boundaries
Preschoolers’ perceptions are inconsistent because they base them on their most recent interactions with individuals.
Preschoolers categorize based on race, gender, and age.
Cross-race effect – individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race.
Preschoolers talk about “big kids” and “little kids.”
Preschoolers self-segregate by gender and this begins as early as 2. They also sometimes segregate themselves according to race. Cross race effect phenomena by 5 years
Social conventions
Rules that serve to regulate behavior
Moral rules
Regulations based on individual or society’s sense of right and wrong
Preschoolers respond differently to social rules and moral rules between 2 and 3
Understanding develops on basis of increased cognitive capabilities and adult emphasis of moral transgressions
A child saying, “It was an accident . . . . I didn’t mean to do it,” when about to be punished indicates an understanding that intentional wrongdoing is punished more severely than unintentional transgressions of the rules.
Recent research suggests that children do understand intentions to some degree.
Understand that punishment is for intentional acts
Can make judgments about actors’ intentions when faced with abstract problems and with punishment
But still can be bound by consequences in their judgments
Early judgments reflect ego thinking and immature cognitive structures versus true racism
Understanding of cultural racial stereotypes and prejudices slowly acquired-age 5
True
Playmate “good” if failed to hit other child with ball
Suggest children know more about intentions than Piaget thought
Self-Concept
Categorical Self
Focus on visible characteristics
Emotional Self
Acquisition of emotional self-regulation
Associated with peer popularity
Lack of control associated with aggression
Ability to obey moral rules
Associated with emergence of empathy
Social Self
Child sees self as player in social games
Learns many social scripts, which provide appropriate situational behaviors
Personality begins to replace temperament as children interact with peers and family.
Control of emotions shifts from parental control to the child.
Children begin to internalize the values of the parent.
Parents who expect age-related behaviors increase the switch to self control.
Psychoanalytic Explanations
Identification with same sex parent
Social-Cognitive Explanations
Linked to gender-related behavior
Becomes motivated to exhibit same-sex behaviors
Parents shape sex role behaviors and attitudes
Gender Schema Theory
Learn gender scripts
Learn likes and dislikes of own gender
Develops a complex view of other gender
Gender understanding develops in stages:
Gender identity
Child’s ability to label his or her own sex correctly
Gender stability
Understanding that you are the same gender throughout life
Gender constancy
Recognition that someone stays the same gender even though appearances may change with clothing
Gender schema theory: development of gender schema underlies gender development and occurs with recognition of gender differences
Schema organize process of thinking and remembering
First primitive gender schema is assimilation of experiences
Women associated with gentleness, weakness, appreciativeness, and soft-heartedness
Men associated with aggression, strength, cruelty, and coarseness.
Children learn these stereotypes by 3 or 4
Can assign stereotypical behaviors to jobs, toys, and activities
By age 5, children begin to associate personality traits with gender
Develops earlier than ideas about gender
18 – 24 months – children prefer sex-stereotyped toys
Age 3 – children prefer same-sex friends
Learn from older same-sex children
Sex-typed behaviors are learned differently.
Girls use an enabling style
Supporting a friend, expressing agreement, making suggestions
Boys use a constricting or restrictive style
Derails inappropriate interactions, bringing them to an end
Securely attached preschoolers exhibit fewer behavior problems
Insecurely attached children display more anger and aggression at daycare and preschool
By age 4, children form goal-corrected partnerships
Relationships continues to exist even when the partners are apart
Internal model of attachment begins to generalzie
Diana Baumrind
Focused on 4 dimensions
Warmth or nurturance
Clarity and consistency of rules
Maturity of expectations and demands
Communications between child and parent
Three parenting styles
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Maccoby and Miller add uninvolved, neglecting
Maccoby and Martin expanded on Baumrind’s categories
Traits last well into high school
Most consistently positive outcomes
Maccoby and Martin add the Uninvolved Type
Most consistently negative outcomes
Making the grade
Grades varied with parenting style in Steinberg and Dombusch’s Study. Can you think of a way to explain this?
Authoritative Parents
More likely to be involved in child’s school
Inductive discipline
Strategy in which parents explain to the child why a punished behavior is wrong
Helps children in preschool to gain control of their behavior and gain perspective of other’s feelings
ST: works; temporarily reduces undesirable behavior
LT: models infliction of pain; associates spanking parents with physical pain; leads to family climate of emotional rejection; higher levels of aggression between children who are spanked and those who are not
Premack’s principle: Any high-frequency activity can be used as a reinforcer for any lower-frequency activity.
See Figure 8.4, page 206.
Teenagers raised in and authoritative household showed more self-reliance and less delinquency in whites and Hispanics.
Strong connections between authoritarian pattern and school performance and social competence appear for Asian Americans and African Americans.
Key variables may be parenting goals rather than ethnicity
Parenting style may be related to style which enhances child’s potential for success
More common among poor families
Estimate of 3 family types among white, African American, Asian American, Native American, and Hispanic American children in U.S.
More common among African Americans and Native Americans
These groups have higher rates of births to single mothers
Single mothers are less likely to marry
Grandparents and other relatives traditionally help support single mothers
Look at Figure 8.5
Look at Figure 8.6
Concerns about children’s sex-role identity and orientation are not supported by research
Children in step-parent families have higher rates of delinquency, more behavior problems, and lower grades
Divorce
Creates financial hardships.
Transitions create upheaval lasting several years.
Parenting patterns shifts away from authoritative.
Extended families can mitigate some difficulties with divorce.
Supports suggestion that optimal family structure is two biological parents
Single parenting when poverty is an issue correlates with negative effects on development
Children of single parents
Twice as likely to drop out of high school
Twice as likely to have a child by 20
Less likely to have a steady job
Preschoolers are less cognitively and socially advanced
Solitary play
All ages of children
Parallel play
14 – 18 months
Cooperative play
3 – 4 years old
3-year-old girls engage in more parallel play.
3-year-old boys tended to be aggressive and rejected.
Social skills training helps to gain acceptance for rejected children
Poor group entry skills display differently in boys and girls
Girls spend more time in parallel rather than cooperative play
Boys use tend to use aggression when rejected
Poor group entry skills put children at risk for development of high risk internal working model of relationships
Initial aggression in 2 – 3-year-olds
Hitting and throwing things
Instrumental – intended to obtain something a child wants
Older children
Hostile aggression – used to hurt another or to gain advantage
With good verbal skills comes verbal aggression
Physical aggression declines as dominance hierarchies emerge
Dominance hierarchies – arrangements of children into pecking order of leaders and followers.
Aggression-frustration hypothesis
Declines with communication skills
Reinforcement and modeling of aggression
Trait aggression
Personality style that develops as a way of life
May have genetic basis
Seen in abusive families
Lack of affection in families
Aggressive children lag behind in understanding other children’s intentions, can improve with training
Aggression-frustration hypothesis
Declines with communication skills
Reinforcement and modeling of aggression
Trait aggression
Personality style that develops as a way of life
May have genetic basis
Seen in abusive families
Lack of affection in families
Aggressive children lag behind in understanding other children’s intentions, can improve with training
Development of Prosocial Behavior
Evident at 2 – 3 years of age
Some behaviors increase with age
Children who show altruistic behaviors are popular with peers
Parental Influences
Loving and warm family climate
Explain consequences clearly to children
Provide prosocial attributions – positive statements about the underlying cause for helpful behavior
Become more stable with time
Early friendships related to social competence