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We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Solid waste management in Shanghai faces several challenges. Shanghai generates over 7 million tons of municipal solid waste per year and over 24 million tons of industrial solid waste. It employs various methods to manage this waste, including landfills, incineration, and recycling. However, challenges remain due to rapid urbanization and population growth, which increase waste generation. Shanghai also struggles with inadequate waste infrastructure and a lack of incentives for residents to reduce waste. Officials are working to address these challenges and build Shanghai into a more sustainable city.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management practices in 11 Asian countries based on a survey conducted by the Asian Productivity Organization. It defines solid waste management and discusses key considerations like the type and composition of waste generated as well as available resources and environmental conditions that influence appropriate management strategies. Effective solid waste management requires an integrated approach combining generation reduction, reuse, recycling, collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Countries need legislative support and public participation for sustainable waste management. The survey gathered information on current practices, challenges and innovative solutions in Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam to help address waste issues facing Asia.
Vadodara City generates approximately 750 metric tons of solid waste per day. The municipal corporation has implemented an innovative solid waste management system including door-to-door waste collection, transportation to a processing plant, and disposal in a landfill. However, issues remain around mixing of medical waste, open burning and dumping of waste, and lack of participation. The objectives of the management system are to improve waste segregation, collection, transportation, and processing to enhance environmental protection and public health.
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNAPrashant .
This document summarizes a study on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Patna, India. It discusses what MSW is, current management practices, objectives of the study, methodology, results of interviews with residents, and recommendations. The key findings are that MSW collection and transportation in Patna is inefficient, no treatment currently occurs, and better coordination among stakeholders is needed to improve the system.
Understanding Environmental Degradation under ISA by the students of SBGJ, Gu...sbgjbritishcouncil
Malaysia is facing increasing waste generation that is causing social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Improper waste management leads to health issues and negatively impacts tourism. The government and private sectors are working to improve waste collection, disposal, and recycling but face challenges like a lack of coordination, clear legislation, technical expertise, and funding models. Overall, Malaysia's waste management system needs more proactive policies to better tackle the root causes of increasing waste production.
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Solid waste management in Shanghai faces several challenges. Shanghai generates over 7 million tons of municipal solid waste per year and over 24 million tons of industrial solid waste. It employs various methods to manage this waste, including landfills, incineration, and recycling. However, challenges remain due to rapid urbanization and population growth, which increase waste generation. Shanghai also struggles with inadequate waste infrastructure and a lack of incentives for residents to reduce waste. Officials are working to address these challenges and build Shanghai into a more sustainable city.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management practices in 11 Asian countries based on a survey conducted by the Asian Productivity Organization. It defines solid waste management and discusses key considerations like the type and composition of waste generated as well as available resources and environmental conditions that influence appropriate management strategies. Effective solid waste management requires an integrated approach combining generation reduction, reuse, recycling, collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Countries need legislative support and public participation for sustainable waste management. The survey gathered information on current practices, challenges and innovative solutions in Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam to help address waste issues facing Asia.
Vadodara City generates approximately 750 metric tons of solid waste per day. The municipal corporation has implemented an innovative solid waste management system including door-to-door waste collection, transportation to a processing plant, and disposal in a landfill. However, issues remain around mixing of medical waste, open burning and dumping of waste, and lack of participation. The objectives of the management system are to improve waste segregation, collection, transportation, and processing to enhance environmental protection and public health.
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNAPrashant .
This document summarizes a study on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Patna, India. It discusses what MSW is, current management practices, objectives of the study, methodology, results of interviews with residents, and recommendations. The key findings are that MSW collection and transportation in Patna is inefficient, no treatment currently occurs, and better coordination among stakeholders is needed to improve the system.
Understanding Environmental Degradation under ISA by the students of SBGJ, Gu...sbgjbritishcouncil
Malaysia is facing increasing waste generation that is causing social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Improper waste management leads to health issues and negatively impacts tourism. The government and private sectors are working to improve waste collection, disposal, and recycling but face challenges like a lack of coordination, clear legislation, technical expertise, and funding models. Overall, Malaysia's waste management system needs more proactive policies to better tackle the root causes of increasing waste production.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) takes a comprehensive approach to waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal. It involves evaluating local conditions and selecting appropriate waste management strategies to protect human health and the environment. An integrated approach aims to reduce waste, recover materials for recycling and energy generation, and balance environmental, social, and economic concerns. Benefits include cleaner neighborhoods, higher resource efficiency, cost savings, and local participation.
Public-private partnerships are emerging as a way to manage solid waste in India. The government can focus on governance and regulation while outsourcing operational activities to the private sector. Key benefits include the private sector avoiding issues that bog down the government. Economics also favor partnerships, as segregating waste at source allows for cleaner recycling and recovery of more resources. Activities well-suited for private participation include awareness programs, primary collection, transportation, and managing facilities like transfer stations and landfills.
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used the GaBi5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modeling tool to characterize the environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria. Waste composition data was collected from selected houses and dumping sites in the area. The LCA inventory and impact assessment evaluated a landfilling scenario using the TRACI and CML methods. Four environmental impact indices were analyzed: global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and ozone depletion potential. The results showed that biodegradable waste had the highest global warming potential, while different waste types had the highest impacts for the other indices. The study concluded the current waste management practices have detrimental environmental
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM) and developing an optimization model using GAMS to determine the most cost effective solid waste management strategy for a community. The model considers different waste disposal options like recycling, composting, incineration and landfills to minimize costs while maximizing revenue from compost material sales. The goal is to identify the optimal sites and allocation of waste across these treatment facilities.
Municipal Solid Waste: Is it Garbage or Gold?ESD UNU-IAS
Municipal Solid Waste: Is it Garbage or Gold?
Presented by Ms. Vishanthini Kanasan and Ms. Thitichaya Boonsom
2018 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
12-16 November, 2018
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between recycling, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and recycling system costs in Ontario, Canada. The study uses a cost model to analyze how emissions reductions and costs change based on the types of materials included in the residential recycling program. The study finds that targeting specific materials could maximize both diversion and emissions offsets while reducing costs. It also finds that there is an optimal emissions reduction target of around 2.05 million tonnes, beyond which targeting non-core materials would drive up costs significantly per tonne of emissions reduced.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) aims to provide environmental sustainability, economic affordability, and social acceptance for waste management in a given region. ISWM combines waste reduction, recycling, composting, and proper disposal in landfills. The major activities are reducing waste, recycling, composting, combustion, and landfilling. Waste collection involves on-site handling, storage, transportation to processing/disposal sites.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
In his PPT you will come to know about the TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE, ITS MANAGEMENT and MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE. do like, share and follow me to get more such PPT to be uploaded.
Composting,
vermicomposting, biogas production, thermal treatment, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification, biological treatment, Sanitary land filling, land fill leachate and gas management Latest Advances and Rules related to SWM, Hazardous Waste,
Plastic Waste and E-Waste Management
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Collection and Transfer of Solid Waste of Dhaka City CorporationNajmus Sakib
Collection and transfer of solid waste involves municipal collection services transporting waste to transfer stations. In Dhaka City, household, commercial, and industrial wastes are deposited into street collection bins and then transported by small vans to larger compactor vehicles. There is no formal transfer station system, but waste is brought to designated areas to be filled into compactor vehicles. These vehicles then transport the waste to its final disposal location.
The document summarizes the waste management market in India. It discusses the key segments of the market - municipal waste, industrial waste, e-waste, and biomedical waste. It outlines some of the major issues facing waste management in India like lack of proper collection and segregation, scarcity of land, and lack of awareness. It also provides an overview of the regulatory framework for different types of waste and some of the major players in the industry.
The document discusses solid waste management in Nepal and the opportunities and challenges of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in this area. It notes that solid waste management is a major challenge for municipalities in Nepal. While some innovative practices involving PPPs and community participation have emerged, municipalities still face issues like lack of funding, management capacity, and coordination with private partners. The case study of Biratnagar Municipality highlights how its PPP with a private operator helped improve waste collection coverage and make the system financially sustainable. Overall, the document argues that PPPs can help improve waste management performance if contracts are transparent and communities are engaged, but challenges like resistance to change and lack of private sector capacity remain.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
This document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management. It begins by describing the history of waste management practices from early human settlements to modern times. It then discusses definitions of waste and the development of integrated waste management approaches. The document outlines factors to consider in planning an integrated municipal solid waste management system, providing Bangalore, India as a case study. It analyzes Bangalore's current waste generation and collection rates, as well as the composition of its municipal solid waste.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) takes a comprehensive approach to waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal. It involves evaluating local conditions and selecting appropriate waste management strategies to protect human health and the environment. An integrated approach aims to reduce waste, recover materials for recycling and energy generation, and balance environmental, social, and economic concerns. Benefits include cleaner neighborhoods, higher resource efficiency, cost savings, and local participation.
Public-private partnerships are emerging as a way to manage solid waste in India. The government can focus on governance and regulation while outsourcing operational activities to the private sector. Key benefits include the private sector avoiding issues that bog down the government. Economics also favor partnerships, as segregating waste at source allows for cleaner recycling and recovery of more resources. Activities well-suited for private participation include awareness programs, primary collection, transportation, and managing facilities like transfer stations and landfills.
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used the GaBi5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modeling tool to characterize the environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria. Waste composition data was collected from selected houses and dumping sites in the area. The LCA inventory and impact assessment evaluated a landfilling scenario using the TRACI and CML methods. Four environmental impact indices were analyzed: global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and ozone depletion potential. The results showed that biodegradable waste had the highest global warming potential, while different waste types had the highest impacts for the other indices. The study concluded the current waste management practices have detrimental environmental
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM) and developing an optimization model using GAMS to determine the most cost effective solid waste management strategy for a community. The model considers different waste disposal options like recycling, composting, incineration and landfills to minimize costs while maximizing revenue from compost material sales. The goal is to identify the optimal sites and allocation of waste across these treatment facilities.
Municipal Solid Waste: Is it Garbage or Gold?ESD UNU-IAS
Municipal Solid Waste: Is it Garbage or Gold?
Presented by Ms. Vishanthini Kanasan and Ms. Thitichaya Boonsom
2018 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
12-16 November, 2018
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between recycling, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and recycling system costs in Ontario, Canada. The study uses a cost model to analyze how emissions reductions and costs change based on the types of materials included in the residential recycling program. The study finds that targeting specific materials could maximize both diversion and emissions offsets while reducing costs. It also finds that there is an optimal emissions reduction target of around 2.05 million tonnes, beyond which targeting non-core materials would drive up costs significantly per tonne of emissions reduced.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) aims to provide environmental sustainability, economic affordability, and social acceptance for waste management in a given region. ISWM combines waste reduction, recycling, composting, and proper disposal in landfills. The major activities are reducing waste, recycling, composting, combustion, and landfilling. Waste collection involves on-site handling, storage, transportation to processing/disposal sites.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
In his PPT you will come to know about the TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE, ITS MANAGEMENT and MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE. do like, share and follow me to get more such PPT to be uploaded.
Composting,
vermicomposting, biogas production, thermal treatment, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification, biological treatment, Sanitary land filling, land fill leachate and gas management Latest Advances and Rules related to SWM, Hazardous Waste,
Plastic Waste and E-Waste Management
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Collection and Transfer of Solid Waste of Dhaka City CorporationNajmus Sakib
Collection and transfer of solid waste involves municipal collection services transporting waste to transfer stations. In Dhaka City, household, commercial, and industrial wastes are deposited into street collection bins and then transported by small vans to larger compactor vehicles. There is no formal transfer station system, but waste is brought to designated areas to be filled into compactor vehicles. These vehicles then transport the waste to its final disposal location.
The document summarizes the waste management market in India. It discusses the key segments of the market - municipal waste, industrial waste, e-waste, and biomedical waste. It outlines some of the major issues facing waste management in India like lack of proper collection and segregation, scarcity of land, and lack of awareness. It also provides an overview of the regulatory framework for different types of waste and some of the major players in the industry.
The document discusses solid waste management in Nepal and the opportunities and challenges of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in this area. It notes that solid waste management is a major challenge for municipalities in Nepal. While some innovative practices involving PPPs and community participation have emerged, municipalities still face issues like lack of funding, management capacity, and coordination with private partners. The case study of Biratnagar Municipality highlights how its PPP with a private operator helped improve waste collection coverage and make the system financially sustainable. Overall, the document argues that PPPs can help improve waste management performance if contracts are transparent and communities are engaged, but challenges like resistance to change and lack of private sector capacity remain.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
This document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management. It begins by describing the history of waste management practices from early human settlements to modern times. It then discusses definitions of waste and the development of integrated waste management approaches. The document outlines factors to consider in planning an integrated municipal solid waste management system, providing Bangalore, India as a case study. It analyzes Bangalore's current waste generation and collection rates, as well as the composition of its municipal solid waste.
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
The document discusses solid waste management at the Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (KAHE) campus in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. A team of 7 students conducted a study to analyze the existing solid waste system and identify opportunities for improvement. Through surveys and waste analysis, the team found that the campus generates approximately 567kg of solid waste per day. The waste was then separated into degradable and non-degradable categories. An experiment was conducted to compare composting of degradable waste with and without the use of Effective Microorganisms (EM). The results showed that the compost produced with EM had higher nutrient levels and was a better quality organic fertilizer.
Optimization of solid waste collections and transportation in Bori using ArcG...Shola O. Aribido
This document presents a research project on optimizing solid waste collection and transportation in Bori town, Nigeria using ArcGIS. The project was carried out by three students - George, Sotonye, Aribido O. Shola, and Uhunoma E. Kelly - to fulfill the requirements for a Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology from Rivers State Polytechnic, Bori. The document includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, as well as chapters on literature review and the methodology that will be used to design waste collection routes and locate collection points and transfer stations on a map of Bori using ArcGIS software.
This document discusses solid waste management. It begins with an overview, defining municipal solid waste and noting its increasing generation rates. It then covers the sources and characteristics of municipal solid waste in more detail. The bulk of the document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management in greater detail, including collection and transportation methods, use of transfer stations, resource recovery through recycling and other methods, and incineration for waste treatment and energy recovery. It provides information on each of these various aspects of the solid waste management system and process.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management for sustainable development in Kalmunai Municipality. It introduces integrated solid waste management and sustainable development. It discusses the relationship between the two concepts and notes that proper waste management is key to environmental sustainability. The study aims to assess the significance of integrated solid waste management for sustainable development in the municipality, which currently struggles without a proper landfill and has not achieved recycling targets. The methodology, data analysis, recommendations are also summarized.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.
1. alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in indiaUmmi Khairia
1) The document explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India, comparing the costs of community participation, public-private partnerships, and management solely by the municipal corporation.
2) It finds that community participation, in which local organizations and NGOs work with the community and municipal corporation, has the lowest cost per ton of waste management at Rs. 1518 (US$35).
3) Management solely by the municipal corporation has the highest cost at Rs. 1908 (US$44) per ton. Public-private partnerships fall in between at Rs. 1797 (US$41) per ton.
Study of sustainable environmental sanitation management policies and program...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Environmental sanitation treatment, especially waste from the source is essential to be
implemented in the city of Makassar through government policies and programs as well as support from all
levels of society. The purpose of this study was to examine policies and programs for sustainable environmental
hygiene management. Data collection was carried out through interviews with the leadership and staff of the
Sanitation and Landscaping Office, sub-district leaders and staff, and the community. The data collected is in
the form of qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that the waste management policies and
programs in Makassar City are currently being managed by the Makassar City Sanitation and Landscaping
Office. Facilities and infrastructure for collection, transportation, and processing are still minimal, both in terms
of quantity and quality. The Antangl and fill will be able to accommodate municipal waste for 15-20 years if
community empowerment can be carried out optimally. The results of the contingency table found that there
was a significant relationship between environmental hygiene management policies and programs and the level
of community empowerment in the city of Makassar.
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American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM). It defines ISWM as a strategic approach covering all aspects of sustainable waste management, including generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery and disposal. The document outlines IETC's activities in supporting the development and implementation of ISWM plans in various cities through local capacity building and training. It discusses the benefits of ISWM and lessons learned from implementing ISWM projects globally.
• To transform the waste collection system in urban environment.
• To create a safe and conducive environment for waste collection in an urban environment
• To educate local people on how to take care of the environment through waste segregation
• To develop a circle of network of stakeholders that is local community, local government, private sector, and media societies for the implementation of the waste segregation system.
• To put waste segregation into practice and creating a reuse, reduce and a recycle waste oriented communities.
• To develop a monitoring and evaluation systems that checks if the work is done correctly and the correct work is done.
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The document discusses integrated solid waste management strategies at different levels. It provides an overview of solid waste characterization and management elements. These include waste collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal. The responsibilities of municipal authorities include obtaining authorization for waste facilities, adhering to waste processing standards, and submitting annual reports. Citizen participation and generator responsibilities are also reviewed.
The document discusses the key functional elements of solid waste management systems including waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. It notes that storage and collection are important elements that allow for waste removal from the source. Various collection services and modes of operation are described. The role of public awareness and non-governmental organizations in waste management is also summarized.
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineering research
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
Waste Source Separation Management for Urban Mining: A Change
Strategy to Improve Quality
1
Helen Morabi Heravia, 2Mohammad Reza Sabourb
A
(Environmental Management, Environmental Study/ Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 43300)
B
(Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering/ K.N.Toosi University, Tehran, Iran 1346)
Abstract : The aim of Urban Mines is to provide information, expert advice, support, direction and financial solutions
to waste, energy, and climate change problems [1]. There are several effective ways of separating recyclable materials;
one possible way is to separate it as mixed waste in suitable plants i.e. curbside, MRF (Material Recycling Facility) or
landfill. It identifies, evaluates, analyzes past experiences and their compliance with new methods of solid waste
management based on social, economic, technical, environmental and health considerations associated with the
management concerns that have a positive and valuable effect in solving problems and optimization of source
separation schemes in large cities. The aim of this study is to evaluate past experiences in Tehran, study positive and
negative points of view of different methods and provide a model for source separation. On the basis of an experimental
work and the merits of a new system, results suggested an "integrated waste source separation system" should be
adopted. In preparing a new plan on the resolution of the problem previous experience in Tehran was examined, as well
as the other metropolitan cities in Iran and similar projects that have been implemented in other countries.
Keywords - Waste management, Waste source separation, Urban mining
INTRODUCTION
The concept of Urban Mining challenges the status quo. Urban mining is the process of reclaiming compounds and
elements from products, building and waste. This definition is based on the concept of Sustainable Development, the
fact that our ecosystem is finite, non-growing and materially closed and uses industrial ecology, which examines
materials and energy flows in products, processes, industrial sectors and economies [2]. Urban mining includes actions
that can recover resources from waste as secondary materials or energy by separate collection or recovery of resources
etc. [3, 4].Most countries that have prepared reports on recycling household waste undertook them to assist those
involved in the waste management services and recommended collection techniques required for the recovery of
recyclable materials such as urban mining. The effectiveness of each regulatory schema studied and a brief review of
some of many countries have shown that both source separation and resource recovery schemes need to have an active
long-term role and a national strategy [5]. The results of the research for information on source separation could not
answer the question as to whether source separation of mixed waste should be before or after collection, or whether
both should be pursued in parallel. The results were based on very limited existing information and evidence [6].
The aim of the waste source separation of paper was gathering qualitative information on the waste collection
experiences and planning new methods of source separation. Source separation schemes are a step in developing new
environmental policy, the use of new technology and the development of social services. Now several local contractors
pay for the cost of the selected material (bread and ferrous-metal) in Tehran. Markets for the sale of all recyclables
should be secured - this is the first recovery strategy that has priority over other factors. Also it should be ensured that
there are incentive laws for the products collected for use. Skills and equipment are effective factors for reduction or
increase of the amount to be collected. If the income from this process does not cover the cost it will not find
acceptance and the only choice will be collection as mix-waste. In the present study, the objective is to investigate
points of strength and weakness in strategies adopted between the years 1997 to 2006 and from 2006 to 2010 in Tehran
to help the local and regional managers to establish the best collection system for household waste. The study covers
source separation in the residential area and not market issues.
I. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In Tehran, an average of 7,000 metric tons of waste are generated per day by each of the municipal regions. Currently,
more than two and a half million tons of waste annually is generated in Tehran. According to the waste analysis that
was carried out, 32% of dry material is recyclable. The promotion of source separation of recyclable materials will be of
help in the recycling and prevention of environmental pollution and loss of national capital. Several waste source
Issn 2250-3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1516
2. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
separation trials have been conducted in Tehran in recent years and were divided into two groups which have been well
documented.
a. Traditional strategies (1997 to 2006)
Resource recovery from mixed waste is the traditional method of separation that has been able to attract the most
participation of people. The major obstacles to effective dry waste collection operations in each of these systems are
examined. The implementation of better plans is considered separately in addition to traditional systems. Different ways
of motivating and encouraging people to cooperate with the municipality is a necessary requirement of any strategy
adopted. Waste pickers in the city collected waste door-to-door and purchased waste (bread and ferrous-metal)
separated by citizens. Waste pickers in this system, especially those collecting paper and plastic recyclables from
contaminated sources such as household garbage and hospital waste negatively affected the quality of recycled products
collected. Equipment used in this method includes a wide range of handheld devices such as carts, as well as pickup
trucks. In this program, citizens recycling material such as bread ,glass and ferrous-metal from home and then selling
them for cash or exchanging them for other materials and separated recyclable materials in the following ways:
At source using specific recycling centers and stores; returning waste to the producers and institutions and advertising it
for sale or free collection in newspapers; Taking it to storage sites and making use of collection and transportation
services provided by itinerant workers and by pickup from the door ;Disposing of it through municipal refuse collection
services at landfill sites.
b. Waste source separation strategies (2006 until 2010)
Tehran's waste management organization in most areas monitored performance of contractors in order to try to make
the process more efficient. The separation process was originally done with the evaluation contractor. Activities carried
out in this process included separation, collection and transportation. Scavengers often purchased goods from the
citizen, and then transferred them to a collection center where they could sell them at a higher price. Contractors also
offered these materials to other facilities at higher prices.
Between the years 2006 to 2010, several schemes were implemented for collecting recyclable materials by the Tehran
waste management organization as a pilot in different areas of Tehran. Trialing a system before full-scale
implementation is generally recommended. Short term trials were performed in Tehran as part of this scheme and were
divided into four groups:
Improvement of traditional separating by existing contractors; Use of public service vehicles for collecting dry waste
each day; Use of vehicles with towable containers for collecting wet and dry waste ; Use of public service vehicles for
collecting dry waste at night .
The buyback center system, door-to-door services and curbside sorting are the source separation initiative undertaken in
Tehran City. The area covered is 22 regions of the city. Buyback centers are the most common source separation system
currently in operation in Tehran, and are the preferred approach for high-density communities. Buyback centers are
privately operated. A standard one-ton recyclable materials collection pick-up truck with one driver and one container is
used, from which the collected material is sorted at the buyback center. The citizens keep recyclable materials separated
from other refuse, and can also deliver these materials to the buyback center during its hour’s operation (5:00-7:00 p.m.
in the afternoon). With the cooperation of the buyback center system, recyclable material is collected as co-mingled
materials of paper, glass, metal, and plastic. Citizens who keep their recyclable materials separate and sell it to the
center receive either promotional materials or a ticket for earn money, as described by the scheme in Figure 1.
Weighbridg
e
Buyback center
Collection from residential
area
Figure 1: Source separation by the buyback centers
The curbside sorting collection is a reuse system undertaken in Tehran. Curbside collection is made daily. Curbside
collection sorting of recyclable materials was started as a youth employment project over 40 years ago. Materials are
left at the curbside in a co-mingled state. At the MRF plant, sorted material is separated into specific categories which
can be sent directly for recycling. A motorized three-wheeled vehicle with one container is used for collecting
recyclable material at the curbside, passing four times daily. In co-mingled collection, sorting will result in a quality
product to sell to industry. In curbside co-mingled collection, all recyclable materials are collected except for bread, and
Issn 2250-3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1517
3. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
non-ferrous metal in the existing wheeled bins. Glass, because of the risk of breakage during due to both collection and
storage and mixing with other refuse is often not collected in collection systems. The 22 areas of the city are divided
into several posts per week, and the vehicles are assigned to these areas and their specific posts, as described by the
scheme in Figure 2.
Garbage bags
Weighbridge
Collection from residential area
Stations
Figure 2: Curbside sorting
The door-to-door services collection system is a reduction system undertaken in Tehran; the coverage area is 22 regions
of Tehran City. The collection vehicle is a 500 kg pickup truck; this vehicle has curbside loading and is unloaded by
hand. The sorting position is available to the collector outside the body of the vehicle. Weekly loading is utilized.
Citizens deliver recyclables using blue polyethylene bags, with recyclable materials separated as a co-mingled for the
scavenger. For a building complex, a wheeled 60-, 120-, or 240-liter bin is preferred; these are used for the collection of
co-mingled clean recyclables. The number of collections at each post is a two times daily. By undertaking this system,
we can achieve separation of glass. The door-to-door system is supported by a private sector contractor chosen by
regional municipalities, as described by the scheme in Figure 3.
Blue bags
Weighbridge
Collection from residential area
Stations
Figure 3: Source separation by the door-to-door services
At the MRF (Material Recovery Facility) plant, recyclable material is separated into specific categories which can be
marketed directly. An MRF will be required to deal with the unsorted products of the collection system, and this has not
yet been detailed or financially programmed. The ability to achieve realistic standards of products from a co-mingled
collection is as yet unproven. Service stations located in urban areas and all mechanical devices belong to the waste
management organization. Silos are located at an intermediate station for storage, and separation of collected recyclable
materials has weighing and administrative locations divided by types of materials and machinery. More recyclable
materials are collected by pickup track or three-wheeled vehicles that belong to the contractors than are collected and
carried by truck to recycling facilities. More recyclable materials are discharged onto the platforms; then the mixed
refuse is unloaded onto conveyors, where workers hand-pick some easy-to-remove items.
All waste separation is done by the workers immediately after they receive the recyclable materials at the station.
Garbage bags are broken, and the refuse is separated into components using various combinations of magnetic
separation and hand-sorting. Segregated materials include: PET, various plastics, ferrous and nonferrous metals, glass,
paper, and cardboard. Funeral waste is discharged into semi-trailers and sent to landfills. Recyclable materials such as
ferrous metal, cardboard, and aluminum cans are pressed and baled, then loaded onto trucks and transferred to recycling
facilities. The MRF is operated by the solid waste management organization. The tonnages handled emanate from the
curbside, door-to-door service, buyback center, and office paper collection rounds as well as the product, as described
by the scheme in Figure 4.
Issn 2250-3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1518
4. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
Conveyor
Rubbish
Figure 4: Separation at the MRF plant
II. RESULTS
Results in this paper show that carefully implemented waste collection systems should be successful, if they had high
participation rates and were carefully managed. This paper identifies strengths and weaknesses of traditional and new
schemes of waste collection in Tehran, and identifies matters required to implement a successful collection
system. Identifying points of strength and weakness of the traditional approach help to ensure that the best way forward
is found. Some reasons for failure in resolving the problems of traditional schemes implemented in Tehran before the
summer of 2006 are:
a) Lack of coordination between municipalities (22region) and the multiplicity of authorities involved in decision
making
b) Lack of clearly defined goals (short term and transient)
c) Lack of a systematic approach to schemes and applying non-expert opinion in decision-making
d) Lack of the necessary support to provide facilities, equipment and financial resources for the work involved
Local conditions in each country will affect the choice of the most viable waste collection system. Consideration of
market issues is also an important factor in the choice of waste-collection systems. In the past there were not many
differences between the buying and selling of recyclable materials. Now contractors offer their materials to recycling
facilities and manufacturers at higher prices. The reasons for the success of traditional systems may be cited as follows:
a) Lower costs and therefore a real and higher purchase price
b) The direct purchase system of the people
c) It was known as the native form, a very strong relationship with people and was usually punctual (true to one’s
promise)
III. DISCUSSION
In preparing a new plan on the resolution problem previous experience in Tehran has been considered and also plans
from other metropolitan cities in Iran have been examined as well as the implementation of similar projects in other
countries. Positive and negative points from all these examples were studied from social, economic, technical,
environmental and health points of view. The performance of suitable methods of source separation were considered
from different parameters such as the type of urban location, type of roads, as well as the social, cultural and economic
levels of households. The recommended actions to be taken to solve the problem were divided in two ways: firstly, the
effect on solid waste management system elements and secondly an emphasis on public awareness.
Eliminating the traditional system was possible, by attracting people to alternative clearing methods. This could include
buying waste from them or incentivizing donations through the award of prizes or points that can be redeemed for
goods and services; restrictions on waste disposal by the enforcement of local regulations using a more coercive
approach that could involve financial penalties prescribed by a court of law; establishing area offices for recycling ;
creating tax incentives for recycling and correct waste disposal ; creating cultural incentives that encourage the
protection and preservation of the local environment and human health; creating awareness of ethical considerations;
encouraging awareness of religious and moral requirements for cleanliness and correct disposal of waste; making it a
matter of national pride. By using all the integrated and overlapping motivational techniques suggested here and
promoting them through slogans, advertising and public service messages that can be combined to create the most
powerful campaign that can win hearts and minds and create a social transformation. A solid waste management system
was tried providing an "interim plan for the collection of dry and wet waste (through source separation)”; Recycling
Offices would be established in 22 regions of the Tehran municipality; a "technical and performance manual for
collecting dry waste” would be prepared; reform of "the technical and performing system of collecting dry waste"
would take place; reform of "technical and performing system with a new approach to the integrated collection of dry
waste" would also be designed.
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5. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
IV. CONCLUSION
To achieve their aims the Tehran waste management organization should put more emphasis on the technical
performance of each contractor by ranking them to create more motivation for effective collecting and separating of
waste (based on tonnage). It also should create more incentives for private sector investment and participation. The
municipality should provide systematic surveillance, and maximum participation by authorities in the process of
creating more effective, more desirable and more efficient services of contractors. Contractors should perform their
services based on time table and mechanized dry waste collections also performing an integrated approach to ensure no
overlapping of services. There should be better use of economic incentives that have an effect on performance. There
further needs to be better education and information provided through effective supervision by the councils.
Additionally, there must be improved coordination and integration of dry waste management. Finally, the systems must
be evaluated on their levels of planning and performance.
Tehran waste management organization’s best approach is known as "integrated waste source separation” using
buyback centers, a door-to-door service, and storage containers. These systems use a standard method of source
separation under consumer responsibility.
V. Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript by experts from the
recycling office of Tehran waste management organization.
REFERENCES
[1] Urban Mines team,2012 , http://www.urbanmines.org.uk/
[2] Thomas E. Graedel, (2011), What is Urban Mining?, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Science, takes
it further and includes energy as part of the concept of urban mining.
[3] Cossu R. (2012) The environmentally sustainable geological repository: The modern role of landfilling. Waste
Management, vol.32, 243–244
[4] Baccini P., P.H. Brunner (2012) Metabolism of the Anthroposphere - Analysis, Evaluation, Design. The MIT
Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge ISBN 978-0-262-01665-0
[5] Coleman. R.W,C.G.Hill,A.Marsden,(1991),Recycling Household Waste: the way ahead ,Association of
Municipal Engineers of the Institution of Civil Engineers ( Thomas Telford ,London E144JD,printed by Faygate
printing services , British Library )
[6] MIESZKIS. K. W. and F. E. THOMAS, (1980), Conservation & Recycling, Pergamon (The Welsh School of
Architecture, UWIST, Cardiff, U.K. Press Ltd., 1980. Printed in Great Britain. Vol. 3, pp. 413 -425)
Issn 2250-3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1520