1) The document explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India, comparing the costs of community participation, public-private partnerships, and management solely by the municipal corporation.
2) It finds that community participation, in which local organizations and NGOs work with the community and municipal corporation, has the lowest cost per ton of waste management at Rs. 1518 (US$35).
3) Management solely by the municipal corporation has the highest cost at Rs. 1908 (US$44) per ton. Public-private partnerships fall in between at Rs. 1797 (US$41) per ton.
CASE STUDIES - Urban Initiatives of Waste Management Across IndiaFaisal Hassan, MPP
The document summarizes urban waste management initiatives across four Indian municipalities - Sikkim, Chandigarh, Pune, and an unidentified fourth municipality. For Sikkim, it describes waste collection processes, a zero waste village program, and education campaigns partnering with schools. For Chandigarh, it outlines door-to-door collection but notes a lack of recycling and issues with landfill overflow. For Pune, it discusses the municipal corporation's decentralized approach incorporating informal workers and NGOs, as well as composting and energy programs.
The document discusses waste management strategies with a focus on reducing waste at the source. It notes that municipal solid waste in cities has significantly increased in recent years due to population growth and changes in lifestyle and consumption. Most waste is biodegradable household waste. The document advocates emulating European waste management strategies that prioritize waste prevention, recycling and reuse, and improving disposal methods. It also discusses approaches being taken in India like composting and converting waste to energy. The most effective approach is argued to be reducing waste at the source by changing production and consumption patterns.
Assessing ‘3Rs’ Model in Relation to Municipal Solid Waste Management in Wa, ...Dr. Kenneth Peprah
This document assesses the implementation of the '3Rs' (reduce, reuse, recycle) model for municipal solid waste management in Wa, Ghana over eight years since 2006. It finds that while individuals and households continue usual waste handling and 80% of management is outsourced, there are limited efforts to directly reduce waste or increase reuse and recycling beyond scrap metals and plastics. Effective waste management requires reducing responsibility of municipalities and increasing participation across sectors, but developing regions face challenges around skills, technology, and resources without partnerships between regions. The '3Rs' model remains a useful strategy if fully implemented.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
This document summarizes solid waste management in Southeast Asian nations, focusing on municipal and construction waste in Malaysia. It finds that rapid urbanization has increased municipal solid waste generation, which commonly gets disposed of through open dumping. Open dumping pollutes groundwater and air. While governments are developing sanitary landfills and using incineration and composting, transportation costs and pollution remain issues. Construction waste is also a major problem, with disposal sites often improperly managed. Sustainable solutions are needed to address waste management challenges.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
CASE STUDIES - Urban Initiatives of Waste Management Across IndiaFaisal Hassan, MPP
The document summarizes urban waste management initiatives across four Indian municipalities - Sikkim, Chandigarh, Pune, and an unidentified fourth municipality. For Sikkim, it describes waste collection processes, a zero waste village program, and education campaigns partnering with schools. For Chandigarh, it outlines door-to-door collection but notes a lack of recycling and issues with landfill overflow. For Pune, it discusses the municipal corporation's decentralized approach incorporating informal workers and NGOs, as well as composting and energy programs.
The document discusses waste management strategies with a focus on reducing waste at the source. It notes that municipal solid waste in cities has significantly increased in recent years due to population growth and changes in lifestyle and consumption. Most waste is biodegradable household waste. The document advocates emulating European waste management strategies that prioritize waste prevention, recycling and reuse, and improving disposal methods. It also discusses approaches being taken in India like composting and converting waste to energy. The most effective approach is argued to be reducing waste at the source by changing production and consumption patterns.
Assessing ‘3Rs’ Model in Relation to Municipal Solid Waste Management in Wa, ...Dr. Kenneth Peprah
This document assesses the implementation of the '3Rs' (reduce, reuse, recycle) model for municipal solid waste management in Wa, Ghana over eight years since 2006. It finds that while individuals and households continue usual waste handling and 80% of management is outsourced, there are limited efforts to directly reduce waste or increase reuse and recycling beyond scrap metals and plastics. Effective waste management requires reducing responsibility of municipalities and increasing participation across sectors, but developing regions face challenges around skills, technology, and resources without partnerships between regions. The '3Rs' model remains a useful strategy if fully implemented.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
This document summarizes solid waste management in Southeast Asian nations, focusing on municipal and construction waste in Malaysia. It finds that rapid urbanization has increased municipal solid waste generation, which commonly gets disposed of through open dumping. Open dumping pollutes groundwater and air. While governments are developing sanitary landfills and using incineration and composting, transportation costs and pollution remain issues. Construction waste is also a major problem, with disposal sites often improperly managed. Sustainable solutions are needed to address waste management challenges.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
This document provides an introduction to solid waste management issues in the Philippines. It discusses how rapid population growth and urbanization have increased waste generation. Improper disposal has degraded the environment. The study will assess awareness, practices, and attitudes around solid waste management among establishments in Alabel Public Market in Sarangani Province. It will determine compliance with waste management programs and how practices affect the market.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
A crisis in governance urban solid waste management in bangladeshUmmi Khairia
1) The document analyzes governance challenges facing solid waste management in Bangladeshi cities, where rapid urban population growth has outstripped cities' ability to collect waste, leaving around 50% of daily waste uncollected.
2) It examines operational problems that impede service delivery through case studies of two major cities, finding that city governments have failed to satisfactorily provide conservancy services to residents despite utilizing public resources.
3) This poor performance is argued to stem from a governance crisis in Bangladesh, suggesting public-private partnerships can help ensure effective solid waste management and good urban governance by sharing service delivery responsibilities.
Application of an integrative approach for municipal solid waste management a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that assesses municipal solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria and Putrajaya, Malaysia using an integrated solid waste management system approach. The study aims to adopt a conceptual model for efficient and sustainable solid waste management in Abuja based on comparing it to Putrajaya. The integrated solid waste management system recognizes three important dimensions: stakeholders, waste system elements like collection and disposal, and sustainability.
Public-private partnerships are emerging as a way to manage solid waste in India. The government can focus on governance and regulation while outsourcing operational activities to the private sector. Key benefits include the private sector avoiding issues that bog down the government. Economics also favor partnerships, as segregating waste at source allows for cleaner recycling and recovery of more resources. Activities well-suited for private participation include awareness programs, primary collection, transportation, and managing facilities like transfer stations and landfills.
Growing cotton provides livelihoods for an estimated 100 million households in as many as 85 countries. But adverse global market conditions and reliance on large doses of water, fertilizer, and pesticides impose considerable social and environmental costs.
Although synthetic materials are making inroads, cotton remains by far the most important natural fiber for textiles. In 2013/14, an estimated 26.3 million tons of cotton were produced worldwide.
Several initiatives exist to improve the social and environmental conditions under which cotton is produced.
Compost Quality Assessment Of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC),...IJERA Editor
India produces about 3000 million tons of MSW annually out of which 40 –50 % are compostable. Compost
Quality plays a very important role in making MSW compost a marketable product as they are tested for
fertilizing parameters, heavy metal parameters and harmful pathogens. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to understand the quality of compost so formed by the windrow composting process from the MSW
obtained from Jawahar Nagar, and the vegetable waste from the commercial area Hyderabad by it analysis
(Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such
as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index.Parameters like Moisture content, pH, EC, TOC, Total Nitrogen, Total
Phosphorous, Total Potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and
chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters are within the permissible limits prescribed by
FCO. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for both the samples and it was found that both
the samples had a fertility index value of 4.2 and clean index value of 4.2 for sample I and 3.6 for Sample II was
determined. These Indices values are used to find out the class to which the compost belongs to; and hence it
was found out that sample I belonged to Class A category whereas Sample II belonged to Class C category.
Hence it can be recommended that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of
view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses trends in solid waste management, including circular economy approaches, life cycle thinking, zero waste initiatives, and greater involvement of the informal waste sector, private sector, and community participation. It provides examples of these trends from countries like China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, India, and municipalities like Mumbai. Circular economy laws in China integrate waste reduction, reuse, and recycling into all stages of production and consumption. Life cycle thinking aims to consider full environmental and social impacts over a product or material's lifetime. Market-based instruments like waste levies, deposit-refund systems, and tax exemptions are used to promote recycling and waste processing.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
• To transform the waste collection system in urban environment.
• To create a safe and conducive environment for waste collection in an urban environment
• To educate local people on how to take care of the environment through waste segregation
• To develop a circle of network of stakeholders that is local community, local government, private sector, and media societies for the implementation of the waste segregation system.
• To put waste segregation into practice and creating a reuse, reduce and a recycle waste oriented communities.
• To develop a monitoring and evaluation systems that checks if the work is done correctly and the correct work is done.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR CITY, INDIA Dr. Naveen BP
- The document discusses municipal solid waste management in Gwalior City, India. It analyzes the current practices and proposes improvements.
- The total waste generation in Gwalior City is estimated to be 283 tons/day but only 208 tons/day is collected by the municipality.
- The municipality spends around 50% of its budget on waste collection, 30% on transportation, and 20% on disposal.
- The study examines the current waste management system and composition to suggest better management alternatives that are environmentally sound.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
This document provides an introduction to solid waste management issues in the Philippines. It discusses how rapid population growth and urbanization have increased waste generation. Improper disposal has degraded the environment. The study will assess awareness, practices, and attitudes around solid waste management among establishments in Alabel Public Market in Sarangani Province. It will determine compliance with waste management programs and how practices affect the market.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
A crisis in governance urban solid waste management in bangladeshUmmi Khairia
1) The document analyzes governance challenges facing solid waste management in Bangladeshi cities, where rapid urban population growth has outstripped cities' ability to collect waste, leaving around 50% of daily waste uncollected.
2) It examines operational problems that impede service delivery through case studies of two major cities, finding that city governments have failed to satisfactorily provide conservancy services to residents despite utilizing public resources.
3) This poor performance is argued to stem from a governance crisis in Bangladesh, suggesting public-private partnerships can help ensure effective solid waste management and good urban governance by sharing service delivery responsibilities.
Application of an integrative approach for municipal solid waste management a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that assesses municipal solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria and Putrajaya, Malaysia using an integrated solid waste management system approach. The study aims to adopt a conceptual model for efficient and sustainable solid waste management in Abuja based on comparing it to Putrajaya. The integrated solid waste management system recognizes three important dimensions: stakeholders, waste system elements like collection and disposal, and sustainability.
Public-private partnerships are emerging as a way to manage solid waste in India. The government can focus on governance and regulation while outsourcing operational activities to the private sector. Key benefits include the private sector avoiding issues that bog down the government. Economics also favor partnerships, as segregating waste at source allows for cleaner recycling and recovery of more resources. Activities well-suited for private participation include awareness programs, primary collection, transportation, and managing facilities like transfer stations and landfills.
Growing cotton provides livelihoods for an estimated 100 million households in as many as 85 countries. But adverse global market conditions and reliance on large doses of water, fertilizer, and pesticides impose considerable social and environmental costs.
Although synthetic materials are making inroads, cotton remains by far the most important natural fiber for textiles. In 2013/14, an estimated 26.3 million tons of cotton were produced worldwide.
Several initiatives exist to improve the social and environmental conditions under which cotton is produced.
Compost Quality Assessment Of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC),...IJERA Editor
India produces about 3000 million tons of MSW annually out of which 40 –50 % are compostable. Compost
Quality plays a very important role in making MSW compost a marketable product as they are tested for
fertilizing parameters, heavy metal parameters and harmful pathogens. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to understand the quality of compost so formed by the windrow composting process from the MSW
obtained from Jawahar Nagar, and the vegetable waste from the commercial area Hyderabad by it analysis
(Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such
as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index.Parameters like Moisture content, pH, EC, TOC, Total Nitrogen, Total
Phosphorous, Total Potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and
chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters are within the permissible limits prescribed by
FCO. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for both the samples and it was found that both
the samples had a fertility index value of 4.2 and clean index value of 4.2 for sample I and 3.6 for Sample II was
determined. These Indices values are used to find out the class to which the compost belongs to; and hence it
was found out that sample I belonged to Class A category whereas Sample II belonged to Class C category.
Hence it can be recommended that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of
view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses trends in solid waste management, including circular economy approaches, life cycle thinking, zero waste initiatives, and greater involvement of the informal waste sector, private sector, and community participation. It provides examples of these trends from countries like China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, India, and municipalities like Mumbai. Circular economy laws in China integrate waste reduction, reuse, and recycling into all stages of production and consumption. Life cycle thinking aims to consider full environmental and social impacts over a product or material's lifetime. Market-based instruments like waste levies, deposit-refund systems, and tax exemptions are used to promote recycling and waste processing.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
• To transform the waste collection system in urban environment.
• To create a safe and conducive environment for waste collection in an urban environment
• To educate local people on how to take care of the environment through waste segregation
• To develop a circle of network of stakeholders that is local community, local government, private sector, and media societies for the implementation of the waste segregation system.
• To put waste segregation into practice and creating a reuse, reduce and a recycle waste oriented communities.
• To develop a monitoring and evaluation systems that checks if the work is done correctly and the correct work is done.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR CITY, INDIA Dr. Naveen BP
- The document discusses municipal solid waste management in Gwalior City, India. It analyzes the current practices and proposes improvements.
- The total waste generation in Gwalior City is estimated to be 283 tons/day but only 208 tons/day is collected by the municipality.
- The municipality spends around 50% of its budget on waste collection, 30% on transportation, and 20% on disposal.
- The study examines the current waste management system and composition to suggest better management alternatives that are environmentally sound.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNA - Weaknesses and OpportunitiesAshok Ghosh
Municipal waste management at Patna is in pathetic state.The state capital of Bihar is also famous now as municipal waste capital of India.The presentation is an attempt to highlight the issues and possible solution.
Municipal solid waste management of gwalior, m.p., indiaNiladri Roy
The document summarizes a study on municipal solid waste management in Gwalior, India. It discusses that waste management is conducted in two steps by the Gwalior Municipality and a private company. The municipality collects waste and dumps it, while the company then segregates recyclables, composts biodegradable waste, and sends the outputs to appropriate sectors. The study observed issues like irregular collection, open dumping, and lack of awareness. It recommends improving workers, attention to sensitive areas, awareness programs, and following a waste management hierarchy.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP MODELIAEME Publication
Objective: The aim of this paper is to consider the new capital city of A.P “AMARAVATHI” as a case study which is going to handle a huge population in upcoming years. Municipal solid waste is the key alert which would be soon knocking the city with managing and handling issues. Methodology: To study and evaluate the best fit PPP model that suits to the solid waste management as per the land fill estimate that can be implemented to generate revenue and manage solid waste effectively. Extent of land required for the solid waste management and population is estimated by exponential method growth to be generated for the projected year 2040. Findings: Results revels that the best model for solid is waste management for the new capital city AMARAVATHI is automated plastic separation module. The estimated cost and land required for implementing this projected is 260,00,000 and 4500sqm.Total amount of estimated solid waste generated in the year 2040 is 1079 tonnes/day. Applications: Control and management of the municipal solid waste in cities. This model on application could reduce the maintenance cost for the sectors handling and also generate the revenue on using model. Automated plastic separation module which can be undertaken on public private partnership model.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management for sustainable development in Kalmunai Municipality. It introduces integrated solid waste management and sustainable development. It discusses the relationship between the two concepts and notes that proper waste management is key to environmental sustainability. The study aims to assess the significance of integrated solid waste management for sustainable development in the municipality, which currently struggles without a proper landfill and has not achieved recycling targets. The methodology, data analysis, recommendations are also summarized.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
Solid Waste Management on slide share.pptAmritaDaripa3
This document summarizes solid waste management initiatives in India. It notes that India produces around 42 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, with urban populations generating around 1.15 lakh metric tons per day. The composition of Indian solid waste includes 30-55% biodegradable matter, 40-55% inert matter, and 5-15% recyclables. It also discusses key government policies and initiatives around solid waste management in India like the Swachh Bharat Mission and opportunities for innovation in areas like smart waste management and public-private partnerships.
Ijaems apr-2016-27 Public-Private Partnership Approach to Governance of Solid...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This research intended to determine the performance of the PPP Approach to governance in the Solid Waste Management Program of Batangas City. It utilized descriptive research design involving 393 urban and rural households. The tasks of solid waste collection and disposal were given to a private contractor based on a mutually agreed Terms of Reference. The PPP approach was found efficient in terms of cost efficiency, quick response time, manpower, and minimization of backlogs and effective in four dimensions – promptness, sustainability, equity and progressiveness, and ineffective on adequacy. Rural residents viewed the PPP approach as ineffective in terms of said dimensions. There is significant difference between the perception of urban and rural residents on the effectiveness of the PPP approach. The results of this study would seem to suggest that in developing countries, like the Philippines, it might be necessary to tap the private sector to partner with local government units, so that the management of solid wastes could be done in a more efficient and a more effective way.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1 Course Le.docxaryan532920
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management.
7. Examine the impact of solid waste on human populations.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Chapter 2:
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Quantities
Unit Lesson
During the last 10 years, the European Union (EU) has seen a 25% increase in the per capita generation of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and a 30% increase in the generation of hazardous waste (European
Environment Agency, 2013; Eurostat, 2016). In Asia, MSW is expected to increase by 150% in the next 20
years (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Government regulators and corporations are looking for ways to
reduce and better manage these wastes. One option is to use the principles of the Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) program. The ISWM program is structured with the highest priority being the prevention
of waste from being generated. The lowest-ranked priority involves the final disposal of the waste in a landfill
facility. When waste is generated in a manufacturing facility, every attempt is made to reduce its quantity by
using sustainable consumption processes that utilize fewer toxic and hazardous materials in the
manufacturing processes. The next highest priority in the hierarchy is recycling or reusing waste in
commercially viable products. To properly protect human health and the environment, waste that has no
commercial value must be disposed of. Before going straight to a landfill, opportunities need to be explored
that are related to the recovery of heat and energy by incineration or other thermal oxidation processes.
Incineration also has the added advantage of converting the large quantity of organic materials down to a
reduced quantity of ash residue that is disposed of in the landfill.
As cities grow in population and commerce leading to the generation of increased quantities of waste,
communities need to adopt and implement an ISWM program to manage these wastes. The composition of
municipal wastes is also shifting as lifestyles and consumption patterns change between the generations.
Industrial facilities are becoming more complex, and they are using more complex hazardous and toxic
materials to maximize profits in global markets. In many older communities, there are legacy sites where
waste has been improperly disposed of, and these sites are now exerting adverse impacts to groundwater
and drinking water aquifers. During the last few years, residents have been taking control of their
environments, and they are now requiring companies to be more responsible in how they manage their
wastes. Companies are being held accountable to fulfill their promise to be good corporate citizens in the
local communities where they operate. With the implementation ...
A REVIEW ON THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MA...Kelly Lipiec
Community participation is key to the success of solid waste management. Effective communication among
stakeholders and welcoming new community participants are important success factors. Communication allows
understanding of issues to develop and identification of conflicts. Welcoming participants openly and valuing their
contributions encourages ongoing involvement.
This document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management. It begins by describing the history of waste management practices from early human settlements to modern times. It then discusses definitions of waste and the development of integrated waste management approaches. The document outlines factors to consider in planning an integrated municipal solid waste management system, providing Bangalore, India as a case study. It analyzes Bangalore's current waste generation and collection rates, as well as the composition of its municipal solid waste.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
A Research Paper on Community Led-Total Sanitation Approach in Peri-urban and...Stephen Olubulyera
A Research Paper on Community-Led-Total Sanitation in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Case Study of Kakuma, Kainuk, Lodwar, Lokichar, Lokichoggio Towns/Cities--Turkana County.
RECYCLING SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the significance of waste management and recycling in addressing issues caused by improper waste disposal. It discusses how rapid urbanization and population growth have increased solid waste generation, posing risks to the environment and public health. The document then reviews waste management policies and initiatives in India, highlighting the importance of proper collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. It also provides examples of sustainable waste management practices in Indore, India, including segregated waste collection, transportation to transfer stations, and recommendations to promote reduce, reuse and recycling.
Why is managing solid waste in Indian cities such a difficult task.pdfnayanaNMH
Solid waste management is one of the largest development concerns in metropolitan India. Studies show that improper waste disposal produces harmful leachates and gases. Urban local bodies (ULBs) are therefore required to maintain clean cities and towns.
However, the bulk of ULBs struggle with inadequate infrastructure. This involves a lack of political commitment, inadequate money, and insufficient institutional capacity. Despite receiving government financing, many ULBs nevertheless experience financial volatility.
The document discusses (1) the role of informal waste workers in filling gaps in waste management services, (2) approaches to integrating informal workers such as job training and formalization assistance, and (3) how integration can help achieve UN Millennium Development Goals like reducing poverty and improving health.
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
Research Paper ProposalNameInstitutional Affiliation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Paper Proposal
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Working Thesis
Solid waste management plays a pivotal role in the society given the fact that it results in the improvement of the waste management, collection and disposal practices.
Explanation
The government should put in place specific planning and cost analysis metrics in an effort to address the waste management menace. One such metric is the adoption of an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) program that forms the basis of the paper.
Sub points
Acceding to the study by USEPA (2002), there are both positive and negative effects of waste management to the environment. These are; pollution of human health and the environment, increased waste generation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions from poor waste management.
All these challenges out of solid waste management can be contained by the use of the ISWM program in place. It is because the ISWM program is comprised of various characters namely waste prevention, recycling, composting and disposal (USEPA, 2002). The goal of the program is to prevent waste generation, collecting, reprocessing and recovery of waste materials and landfilling and combustion activities of unpreventable and unrecyclable.
Objections
The insufficiency of appropriate measures in place to sustain the solid waste management services in various parts of the world is an inconvenience. It affects natural resources, life support systems, social harmony, human rights, economic growth and public participation in decision-making (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The ineffective on the government raise serious concerns on the ability of the concerned authority to handle the issue.
Reply to Objections
Despite the growing disbelief in the measure put in place by the government concerning the containment of the waste management, there are solid programs that help a lot. The uses of the Waste hierarchy are greatly helping to contain the issue raised effectively. Through the program, messages about waste management sustainability in urban areas are communicated to the target audience (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The content of the messages is information on how avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose of waste.
Reference
Baud I. Post. J & Furedy C. (2004). Solid Waste Management and Recycling: Actors, Partnerships and Policies in Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya: NY, Boston, Dordrecht, London, And Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020- 175-0
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Solid Waste Management: A Local Challenge With Global Impacts. USA: USEPA.
...
Municipal solid waste: A strategic resource sajjalp
A largely rural country, with only 18% of the population living in urban areas, Nepal is urbanizing rapidly with urban population growth rates of up to 7%. With a population growth rate of about 4% per year, the municipalities of Kathmandu Valley are facing the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization on a metropolitan scale. The average rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is 341.63 gm per capita per day in five municipalities (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur) of Kathmandu Valley. The increasing and unmanageable waste volume is a major concern for all the municipalities. In Kathmandu Valley most of the MSW is land-filled, leading to a significant pressure on the environment. The truth is very little is recycled. In this paper, the basic indicators of MSW are analyzed: generation per capita per day, total waste generation, and waste generation from household, commercial and institutional activities etc. The municipalities of Kathmandu valley are focusing on sweeping the street,
collecting and transferring the waste to the landfill rather than minimizing the waste. The important priorities to consider MSW as a strategic resource are: reduction of waste at source, re-use, compost, recycle and recovery which will minimize the disposal volume and increase the life of landfill.
KEY WORDS: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), waste generation, resource, recycling
This document discusses challenges and proposed solutions related to waste management in India. The key challenges are service level inefficiency in waste collection, lack of source segregation, and the non-inclusion of the informal waste sector. Proposed solutions include using technology like mobile apps to improve collection routes, enable complaints and payments, incentivize segregation, and create a more organized system that includes waste pickers. An integrated approach is needed between government, citizens, and private companies to transform India's waste management ecosystem.
1. What are the current challenges of waste management in our towns/municipals/cities today?
2. What are the possible measures that can be put forward to overcome the above challenges?
The document summarizes the Eco Health Centre, a successful model for managing municipal solid waste in Kodungallur, Kerala. The model features an Automated Plastic Separation Machine (APSM) that separates plastic from mixed waste with 99.91% accuracy. The APSM allows recovery of separated plastic and production of bio-degradable slurry. The slurry is further processed to generate biogas and high-quality compost, providing an effective waste management solution that prevents pollution and recovers resources from waste.
Solid Waste Management in Gazipur, Bangladesha989work
This study examined the behaviors and practices around household solid waste management among microcredit borrowers in two urban areas of Gazipur, Bangladesh. Through surveys and focus groups, the researchers analyzed participants' knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and practices regarding waste management, and how socioeconomic factors influence these. While most participants understood the health and economic benefits of proper waste management, their behaviors did not consistently reflect this. Higher education and income were associated with better waste management practices. However, additional income from microcredit loans was not being used to improve household waste management. Improving waste management in these areas will require incentives or systemic changes beyond just providing additional income.
Similar to 1. alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in india (20)
This document discusses models for assessing the impacts of infrastructure on water-driven geomorphological processes. It begins by explaining that impacts on dynamic landscape features must be evaluated differently than static features, as the impacts themselves will be dynamic. It then describes how changes to hydrology from construction can impact processes like infiltration, runoff, and erosion. Finally, it proposes using predictive models incorporating infrastructure to better assess these hydrological impacts, especially where data is limited as in environmental impact assessments.
This document discusses the role and relevance of the polluter-pays principle (PPP) in implementing the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the agricultural sector. It notes that agriculture is a major cause of diffuse water pollution across Europe. The PPP is a guiding principle of the WFD, but its application to agriculture depends on whether agricultural activities are considered water services or water uses. The traditional view treats meeting standards of "good farming practice" as satisfying the PPP, but the WFD may require redefining these standards and allocating more costs to agriculture. Further discussion is needed on adapting practices, determining the financial burden on the sector, and developing financing mechanisms to achieve WFD objectives
Undang-undang ini mengatur tentang penataan ruang di Indonesia. Tujuannya adalah mewujudkan ruang wilayah nasional yang aman, nyaman, produktif dan berkelanjutan dengan terwujudnya keharmonisan antara lingkungan alam dan buatan serta keterpaduan penggunaan sumber daya alam, buatan dan manusia dengan melindungi fungsi ruang dan lingkungan. Penataan ruang diklasifikasikan berdasarkan sistem, fungsi kawasan, wilayah administratif,
The document discusses a city-to-city cooperation between Surabaya, Indonesia and Kitakyushu, Japan to address their shared waste management problems. Both cities previously faced severe pollution issues due to rapid industrialization that degraded the environment. Through the CITYNET framework and with support from JICA, Surabaya and Kitakyushu established a partnership to share knowledge and expertise on improving waste management systems. The cooperation helped Surabaya transition to a more sustainable community-based waste governance system based on Kitakyushu's experience overcoming similar issues in the past.
urban air quality management – experience of kitakyushuUmmi Khairia
- Kitakyushu City experienced severe air pollution problems in the 1960s-1970s as its industries rapidly developed. Local movements protested the pollution.
- In response, the city and industries undertook major initiatives including installing pollution control equipment, switching to cleaner fuels, and developing new technologies to reduce emissions. These efforts helped control air pollution while also improving productivity.
- Through cooperation between government, industries, and citizens, Kitakyushu was able to successfully manage its air quality issues.
A multiple criteria analysis for household solid waste managementUmmi Khairia
This document summarizes a study that analyzed household solid waste management across nine areas of Dakar, Senegal using multiple criteria analysis. Data was collected in 1998 across criteria related to waste production, collection, and treatment. The PROMETHEE method and ARGOS software were used to rank the nine areas according to each criteria family and overall. The rankings identified the worst and best performing areas to inform targeted remedies. General remedies proposed included private-public partnerships, recognizing the informal sector, and community involvement. The study aimed to evaluate relative nuisance across areas to discover reasons for performance differences and suggest specific remedies.
A multiple criteria analysis for household solid waste management
1. alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in india
1. Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management
in Mumbai, India
Sarika Rathi
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Monell, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Accepted 27 September 2005
Available online 8 November 2005
Abstract
Waste is an unavoidable by product of human activities. Economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cit-
ies, have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades
the urban environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inef-
ficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment in most cities of the developing
world. Municipal corporations of the developing countries are not able to handle increasing quantities of waste, which results in uncol-
lected waste on roads and in other public places. There is a need to work towards a sustainable waste management system, which requires
environmental, institutional, financial, economic and social sustainability.
This study explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste (MSW) management and estimates the cost of waste management
in Mumbai, India. Two alternatives considered in the paper are community participation and public private partnership in waste man-
agement. Data for the present study are from various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and from the private sector involved in
waste management in Mumbai. Mathematical models are used to estimate the cost per ton of waste management for both of the alter-
natives, which are compared with the cost of waste management by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). It is found
that the cost per ton of waste management is Rs. 1518 (US$35) with community participation; Rs. 1797 (US$41) with public private
partnership (PPP); and Rs. 1908 (US$44) when only MCGM handles the waste. Hence, community participation in waste management
is the least cost option and there is a strong case for comprehensively involving community participation in waste management.
Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Cities in the world are facing a high level of pollution;
the situation in developing countries is more acute, partly
caused by inadequate provision of basic services like water
supply, sanitation facilities, transport infrastructure and
waste collection (UNCHS (Habitat), 2001). There is a tre-
mendous increase in the amount of solid waste generated in
the cities due to a more affluent lifestyle. Municipal corpo-
rations in developing countries are not able to handle
increasing quantities of waste, which results in uncollected
waste on roads and in other public places. There is a need
to work towards a sustainable waste management system,
which requires environmental, institutional, financial, eco-
nomic and social sustainability. There is an emerging glo-
bal consensus to develop local level solutions and to
involve community participation for better waste manage-
ment (United Nations, 1992).
The trend of involving the private sector and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) in municipal solid
waste (MSW) management in Mumbai has started in the
recent past with involvement of private industries like
Excel Industry Limited (1999) and NGOs like Stree Mukti
Sangathan (SMS). There are a number of successful case
studies of community and private sector participation in
MSW management in developing countries (Anand, 1999;
Poerbo, 1991; Ogu, 2000). A study done for waste manage-
ment in urban Tanzania has advocated for a community
based waste management approach (Kironde and Yhdego,
0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.09.006
E-mail address: sarika@iri.columbia.edu.
www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200
2. 1997). However, these kinds of studies are missing in the
Indian context and, therefore, this study will be a valuable
addition to MSW management literature. The present
study explores alternative approaches to MSW manage-
ment and estimates the cost of waste management in Mum-
bai. The alternatives considered are as follows:
Community participation in waste management: a case
of cooperation among community based organizations
(CBOs), NGOs and local government.
Public private partnership (PPP) in waste management:
a case of cooperation between the private sector and
local government.
2. Data collection
Data and information were collected from various
NGOs, the private sector and research organizations work-
ing on various aspects of MSW management, including
SMS, Bhawalkar Ecological Research Institute, Excel
Industry, Exnora, Pakruti, etc. Data were collected on
waste generation, cost of collection, transportation and dis-
posal. Personal interviews were carried out with concerned
resource personnel in these organizations to obtain the nec-
essary information and data for the present study. Data
were collected for the year 2001–2002.
3. Alternative approach I: Community based waste
management
Community participation is a crucial element in solid
waste management (Anschutz, 1996). Case studies from
different countries have documented the success of commu-
nity and private sector participation in waste management
(UNESCAP, 2002). Community participation in waste
management has been initiated in Mumbai as a result of
a good urban governance campaign, which started as a
joint project between the Government of India and
MCGM, in collaboration with United Nations Center for
Human Settlements. This model of decentralized waste
management system is called ÔAdvanced Locality Manage-
ment (ALM)Õ. ALM is a community based approach for
effective management of civic services at the grass root
level. The concept of ALM was introduced in 1997 and
was implemented in 1998.
3.1. Main goal of community participation
ALM is based on the principle of cooperation and part-
nership amongst CBOs, NGOs and the Municipal Corpora-
tion of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) for managing civic
services at the local level. The main objective behind this
scheme is to ensure segregation of waste at the source into
biodegradable and recyclable material, where the biodegrad-
able waste is processed locally and the recyclable materials
are sold.
3.2. Functional model
The ALM model works as follows: The locality partici-
pating under this scheme forms a committee, which is
responsible for planning, implementing and inspecting var-
ious aspects of locality development. It also coordinates
between MCGM and local residents for smooth function-
ing of civic services. MCGM carries out various educa-
tional programs to create awareness among citizens.
Moreover, MCGM gives priority in solving the civic prob-
lems of the communities involved in waste management
programs. MCGM appoints an officer at the ward level
to look into citizensÕ complaints and to coordinate with
the local committee. Various stages of waste management
under ALM are shown in Fig. 1.
All residents who fall under the ALM scheme have to
segregate their waste into wet and dry fractions, corre-
sponding to biodegradable and recyclable materials. Rag
pickers, organized and trained by NGOs, collect these
wastes and process the biodegradable waste and sell the
recyclable material. MCGM helps to establish composting
pits in these areas and also gives priority attention to such
areas for other civic services. In this scheme, NGOs also
play a very important role by organizing the rag pickers
and giving them necessary training for collecting and com-
posting waste. There are 360 ALM groups which have been
formed, covering 0.2 million people generating 69 tons/day
of waste. In addition, 283 composting centers are working
under this scheme. Table 1 explains the division of respon-
sibilities among CBOs, NGOs and MCGM for manage-
ment of waste with under the community participation
approach.
3.3. Financial viability
Residents make monetary contribution towards the sal-
aries of the rag pickers. MCGM contribute towards the ini-
tial set up cost.
3.4. Costs and benefits of converting waste into manure
Under this scheme, residents segregate their waste in two
categories – wet and dry wastes. Trained rag pickers collect
these wastes and sort them out further. Organic waste is fed
into composting pits and processed. These schemes mostly
use vermicomposting or aerobic composting techniques for
composting waste. There are a number of social and environ-
mental benefits associated with this approach, shown in
Fig. 2. In this study intangible benefits associated with better
living standard for rag pickers and clean and healthy sur-
roundings are not estimated. This paper focuses on estimat-
ing tangible costs and benefits associated with this approach.
3.5. Case studies of community participation
There are a number of successful case studies on com-
munity participation in waste management. NIUA (1999)
S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200 1193
3. explains successful case studies of community participa-
tion in waste management in a number of Indian cities.
Memon (2002) had studied community participation in
Dhaka. A research based NGO, Waste Concern, initiated
a pilot community compost plant in 1995 in Dhaka. It
introduced door-to-door collection of waste for which
households paid TK 15–60 (US$0.23–0.91) per month.
On the demand side, Waste Concern conducted a survey,
which revealed that there is a good demand for compost
in Dhaka and the adjoining area, as 94% of farmers indi-
cated they were willing to buy compost. Waste Concern
signed an agreement with Map Agro Ltd., a fertilizer
marketing company and Proshika, one of the largest
NGOs in Bangladesh, to market compost. Community
participation in Dhaka was highly successful (Memon,
2002).
Inchon city, Republic of Korea, introduced a Ôvolume
based collection fee systemÕ for solid waste. This program
was successful because it not only generated revenue for
the corporation but also led to a reduction in the amount
of waste generated (UNESCAP, 2002). In Nonthaburi,
Thailand, a pilot project was implemented in 2001–2002
to motivate households to segregate waste at the source
in order to increase recycling. It was highly successful. This
model of community government partnership shows that
public awareness is the most vital component in promoting
separation of waste at the source.
Table 1
Division of responsibilities among CBOs, NGOs and MCGM
CBOs NGOs MCGM
Collection of waste from households Training rag pickers Collection and transportation of non-biodegradable
and non-recyclable materials
Composting of organic waste Coordinating between
CBOs and MCGM
Disposal of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable materials
Payment of salary of rag pickers Looking after the complaints of communities participating
in waste management programme
Benefits to CBOs and
society
• Value of recyclable
materials
• Value of compost
• Reduced burden on
disposal sites
• Better standard of
living for rag pickers
• Clean and healthy
surroundings
Benefits to MCGM
• Decline in cost of
waste management
• Lower burden on
disposal sites
Costs borne by CBOs
• Cost of labour and
supervision
• Cost of land
• Cost of equipments
Costs borne by MCGM
• Collection cost
• Transportation cost
• Disposal cost of inert
materials
Community participation
Fig. 2. Different costs and benefits associated with community compost
plant.
TransportedSold
Dumpsite
Other
Recyclable
Sold
Composting
Compost
House to House
Collection
Sorting by
workers
Organic Non-
Organic
Fig. 1. ALM (community participation in waste management).
1194 S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200
4. 3.6. Economic valuation of waste management system based
on community participation
The economic valuation of the community participation
scenario has been conducted using a mathematical model
for each activity of MSW management. The economic val-
uation for community participation can be divided into
two parts:
Costs and benefits associated with CBOs and NGOs.
Costs borne by MCGM.
The cost of waste management under the community par-
ticipation scenario is calculated as follows:
Labor and supervision cost per ton (Rs./ton) = C1.
Cost of land per ton of waste (Rs./ton) = R1.
Total benefits of waste management per ton (Rs./
ton) = B1.
Cost borne by MCGM per ton of waste (Rs.) = C1M.
Fraction of biodegradable waste = f.
Cost per ton of waste management with community par-
ticipation (Rs./ton) (CCM) CCM = C1 + R1 · f +
C1M À B1.
3.6.1. Costs and benefits associated with CBOs and NGOs
3.6.1.1. Labor and supervision cost. Labor and supervision
costs are calculated as follows:
Waste handled by ALM per day (ton) = WALM.
Fraction of biodegradable waste = f.
Waste composted per day under ALM (ton) = WALM ·
f.
Wage of ALM workers (Rs./day) = W.
Productivity of ALM workers (ton/worker) = w.
Miscellaneous expenditure per day (Rs./day) = 20% of
salary of workers = W ALMÂf
w
 Ã
 W  0:20.
Labor and supervision cost per day under ALM (C1)
(Rs./ton) =
W ALMÂf
w ÂW Âð1:20Þ
 Ã
W ALM
.
3.6.1.2. Land cost. Data on land requirement for compo-
sting a ton of waste per day is collected from Bhawalkar
Ecological Research Institute, and is calculated as follows:
Area required for a ton of waste (ft2
) (L) = (w + s) · l · 4.
Rent per ft2
(Rs.) = r.
Rent on land per ton of waste (R1) (Rs./ton) = r · L.
3.6.1.3. Benefits per ton of waste management.
Compost produced by weight = 25% of input (survey
data).
Price of compost (Rs./ton) = p.
Revenue from compost (Rs.) = p · 0.25 · (WALM · f).
Price of paper (Rs./ton) = Ppa.
Price of plastic (Rs./ton) = Ppl.
Price of metal (Rs./ton) = PM.
Price of glass (Rs./ton) = PG.
Amount of paper recovered (ton) (APa) = WALM ·
0.0790.
Amount of plastic recovered (ton) (APl) = WALM ·
0.0446.
Amount of metal recovered (ton) (AM) = WALM ·
0.0097.
Amount of glass recovered (ton) (AG) = WALM ·
0.0188.
Total revenue from recyclable material (Rs.) (RR) =
Apa · Ppa + Apl · Ppl + AM · PM + AG · PG.
Benefits of waste management under ALM (B1) (Rs./
ton) = pÂ0:25ÂðW ALMÂf ÞþRR
W ALM
.
3.6.2. Costs borne by MCGM
All non-biodegradable and non-recyclable material is
handled by MCGM under the community participation
alternative. Considering C1M as the cost borne by MCGM
for management of 1 ton of waste with community partic-
ipation, below is a mathematical formulation for C1M:
Cost of collection per ton of waste (Rs.) = Cc.
Cost of transportation per ton of waste (Rs.) = Ct.
Cost of disposal per ton of waste (Rs.) = Cd.
Cost of personnel and other exp per ton of waste
(Rs.) = Cm.
Amount of waste handled under MCGM = fnbnr, where
fnbnr is fraction of non-biodegradable and non-recycla-
ble material.
Cost borne by MCGM per ton of waste management
with community participation (Rs.) = C1M = (Cc +
Ct + Cd + Cm) · fnbnr.
4. Alternative approach II: PPP for waste management
Public private partnerships in providing basic environ-
mental services like waste management and wastewater
management are gaining importance in many Asian cities.
This aspect of waste management has been successfully dem-
onstrated by various private sector companies participating
in waste management; Excel Industry in Mumbai is one such
case of demonstration. In the present study, the advantages
of applying public private partnerships in waste manage-
ment are demonstrated by considering the case of a partner-
ship between Excel Industry and MCGM (see Table 2).
4.1. Mathematical model of PPP
Excel Industry Limited was found in 1941 and is one of
the IndiaÕs larger agro chemical companies. The company
converts the organic component of MSW into manure
through mechanical aerobic composting. It processes
S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200 1195
5. 30–40 tons of waste per day, which is supplied for free from
MCGM to Excel Industry. The entire process requires 2 ha
of land. The annual costs for land rental and electricity are
Rs. 0.50 lakh (US$1142) and Rs. 1.6 lakh (US$3646),
respectively. Detailed information on costs associated with
composting is given in Tables 4–6. Under this partnership,
waste is collected and transported by MCGM, and Excel
Industry processes the organic waste by aerobic compo-
sting. All non-biodegradable and non-recyclable material
separated by the company is transported to dump sites.
Fig. 3 presents the flow chart of activities carried out under
this partnership. Table 2 explains the division of responsi-
bilities between MCGM and the private sector for waste
management under PPP.
4.2. Case studies of PPP
NIUA (1999) provides an account of a case study in
Rajkot, India, where private sector participation in waste
collection has resulted in lower cost. Kathmandu Munici-
pal Corporation, Nepal, introduced the participation of
private sector for door-to-door collection, street sweeping
and waste transfer, without providing any subsidy to the
private sector (Manandhar, 2002). In this case, households
were charged by the private sector for providing the ser-
vices. After 1 year, it was seen that private sector was mak-
ing a profit and was willing to continue and expand
services. However, in this public–private cooperation, the
role of local government in management and inspection
was important. Some of the other places where private sec-
tor participation is encouraged in delivery of waste services
are Sao Paulo, Brazil and Malaysia (Bartone et al., 1991).
4.3. Economic valuation of waste management system with
PPP
This section presents mathematical models for each
activity of MSW management for case study two. The var-
ious costs and benefits associated with waste management
with public private sector participation are as shown in
Table 3
Expenditure statements by SMS for composting of waste
Date Expenditure on salary
of workers in Rs. (US$)
Amount paid to
supervisors in Rs. (US$)
Misc. cost
in Rs. (US$)
Cost of filter of
manure in Rs. (US$))
Total cost in Rs. (US$)
Apr-01 13,040 (300) 5241 (121) 466 (11) – 21,747 (500)
May-01 12,600 (290) 4529 (104) 398 (9) – 24,027 (552)
Jun-01 13,425 (309) 5119 (118) 3676 (85) 900 (21) 25,270 (581)
Jul-01 13,500 (310) 6003 (138) 1426 (33) – 24,028 (552)
Aug-01 13,687 (315) 5836 (134) 1719 (40) – 24,342 (560)
Sep-01 13,275 (305) 5448 (125) 265 (6) – 21,988 (506)
Oct-01 13,875 (319) 4337 (100) 371 (9) – 21,858 (503)
Nov-01 13,275 (305) 5502 (127) 17,183 (395) 2525 (58) 41,385 (951)
Dec-01 13,950 (321) 5634 (130) 1369 (32) – 24,053 (553)
Jan-02 13,380 (308) 4736 (109) 40 (0.9) 220 (5) 21,476 (494)
Feb-02 12,352 (284) 4448 (102) 60 (1.4) – 19,661 (452)
Table 4
Types of equipment used and investment for mechanical aerobic
composting
Types Capital cost
in million Rs.
(million US$)
Operation and maintenance
cost in million
Rs. per year (US$ per year)
Life period
(year)
Processing
machines
12.0 (0.3) 0.28 (6437) 10
Automobiles 3.5 (0.1) 0.39 (8966) 5
Civil works 22.5 (0.5) 25
Table 5
Salary of staff and other expenditure by Excel Industry
Types of worker Number Expenditure in million
Rs. (US$)
Managerial 3 0.288 (6621)
Skilled 5 0.350 (8046)
Unskilled 15 0.900 (20,690)
Miscellaneous
(water, electrical and others)
2.500 (57,471)
Table 6
Distribution of cost of waste management under different headings
MCGM Community participation PPP
Rs. per ton (US$ per ton)
Cost of collection 950 (22) 428 (9.8) 950 (22)
Cost of
transportation
and disposal
390 (9) 178 (4) 394 (9)
Personnel cost 319 (7) 144 (3) 361 (8)
Cost of land 380 (8.7) 730 (17) 451 (10)
Cost of capital – 147 (3.4)
Operation and
maintenance cost
562 (13) 18 (0.4)
Table 2
Division of responsibility between MCGM and private sector for waste
management under PPP
MCGM Private sector
Collection of waste
from community bins
Capital investment for processing
of organic waste
Transportation of waste
to private sector compound
Conversion of organic waste in
to compost
Disposal of non-biodegradable
and non-recyclable materials
Marketability of compost
1196 S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200
6. Fig. 4. Based on this model, the cost per ton of waste man-
agement for PPP is estimated. Economic valuation for PPP
can be divided into two parts:
Costs and benefits associated with private sector.
Costs borne by MCGM.
The cost of waste management under the public private
partnership scenario is calculated as follows:
Operation and maintenance cost per ton (Rs./ton) = C2.
Annualized capital cost per ton of waste (Rs./ton) = A.
Value of land per ton (Rs./ton) = R2.
Fraction of biodegradable waste = f.
Total benefits of waste management per ton (Rs./
ton) = B2.
Cost borne by MCGM per ton of waste management
(Rs.) = C2M.
Cost per ton of waste management (Rs./ton) = CPM,
CPM = C2 + A + R2 · f + C2M À B2.
4.3.1. Costs and benefits associated with PPP
4.3.1.1. Operation and maintenance cost.
Salary of workers per ton of waste (Rs.) = S.
Total miscellaneous expenditure per ton of waste
(Rs.) = M.
Total expense per ton of waste (Rs.) (C2) = S + M.
4.3.1.2. Annualized cost of land.
Investment in equipment (Rs.) = Ie.
Life of equipment (year) = n.
Rate of discount = r.
Annualized cost of equipment (Rs.) = A ¼ IeÂr
1Àð1þrÞÀn.
4.3.1.3. Cost of land. The data on land requirement for
composting a ton of waste per day is collected from Excel
Industry. Let us consider:
Land required for one ton of waste (ft2
) = La.
Rent per ft2
(Rs.) = r.
Rent on land for a ton of waste (R2) (Rs.) = La · r.
4.3.1.4. Benefits per ton of waste management.
Compost produced by weight = 25% of input (Excel
Industry).
Price of compost (Rs./ton) = p.
Revenue from compost per day (Rs.) = p · 0.25 ·
WEx · f.
Price of paper (Rs./ton) = Ppa.
Price of plastic (Rs./ton) = Ppl.
Price of metal (Rs./ton) = PM.
Price of glass (Rs./ton) = PG.
Amount of paper recovered (ton) (APa) = WEx · 0.0790.
Amount of plastic recovered (ton) (APl) = WEx · 0.0446.
Amount of metal recovered (ton) (AM) = WEx · 0.0097.
Amount of glass recovered (ton) (AG) = WEx · 0.0188.
Total revenue from recyclable material (Rs.) (RR) =
Apa · Ppa + Apl · Ppl + AM · PM + AG · PG.
Benefits of waste management under Excel (B2)
(Rs./ton). = pÂ0:25ÂW ExÂf þRR
W Ex
.
Benefits to Excel
Industry
Value of recyclable
material
Value of compost
Benefits to MCGM
Reduced burden on
disposal sites
Reduced cost of
waste management
Costs borne by Excel
Industry
Cost of labour
Cost of capital
Cost of land
Cost borne by MCGM
Cost of collection and
transportation
Cost of disposal of inert
materials
Public Private Partnership
Fig. 4. Different costs and benefits associated with PPP.
Municipal
bins
Transported
by MCGM to
Excel site
Sorting
by Excel
Organic
Recyclable
Other
Transported
to dumpsite
Compost
SoldAerobic
composting
Sold
Households
carry waste
Fig. 3. Waste management by private sector participation.
S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200 1197
7. 4.3.1.5. Cost borne by MCGM. All non-biodegradable and
non-recyclable material is handled by MCGM. In this sec-
tion a mathematical formulation is derived for costs borne
by MCGM for management of 1 ton of waste with public
private partnership that is C2M.
Cost borne by MCGM per ton of waste manage-
ment with public private partnership (Rs./ton) C2M =
(Cc + Ct + Cm) + Cd · fnbnr.
Here all the notations have same meaning as given in
Section 3.6.2.
5. Results
Various costs and benefits associated with community
participation and public private participation in waste
management are calculated using the mathematical formu-
lation outlined above. Following is the estimation of costs
and benefits associated with both of the alternatives
studied.
5.1. Estimation of unit cost of waste management with
community participation
Labor and supervision cost (C1) of waste management
with community participation is estimated from Table 3
to be Rs. 561.5 (US$13) per ton. The land requirement
for composting pits differs depending upon the technol-
ogy used. Bhawalkar Ecological Research Institute has
estimated a land requirement of 2153 ft2
(200 m2
) for
processing 1 ton of organic waste per day. It implies that
840 ft2
(78 m2
) of land are required for 1 ton of waste
generated, since the wase has only 39% wet waste. Con-
sidering a rental rate of Rs. 20 (US$0.4) per ft2
per mo
(Accommodation Times, 2003), the cost of land (R1) per
ton of waste per day comes out to be Rs. 559.2
(US$12.9).
The benefits per ton of waste with community participa-
tion (B1) = Rs. 524 (US$12).
The costs per ton of waste management by MCGM are
estimated from data collected through personal interviews.
Collection cost per ton of waste management under
MCGM (CC) = Rs. 950 (US$22).
Cost of transportation per ton of waste under MCGM
(CT) = Rs. 389.65 (US$9).
Cost of personnel per ton of waste management under
MCGM (CM) = Rs. 318.9 (US$7).
Cost of disposal per ton of waste under MCGM
(CD) = Rs. 8.8 (US$0.2).
Cost of land per ton of waste under MCGM (CL) = Rs.
380 (US$9).
Fraction of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable
material per ton of waste generated (fnbnr) = 0.45.
Cost borne by MCGM per ton of waste management
with community participation C1M = (950 + 389.65
+ 318.9 + 8.8 + 380) · 0.45 = Rs. 921.30 (US$21).
Net cost per ton of waste management with community
participation CCM = 561.5 + 559.2 + 921.30À524 = Rs.
1518 (US$35).Some of the other advantages of community
participation in waste management are as follows:
Lessened requirement for community bins, which in
turn implies cleaner, better and healthier surroundings.
Decline in transportation cost.
Reduced burden on land for waste disposal, resulting in
extended landfill life.
Reduced use of burning of waste to a large extent.
Reduction in environmental pollution.
Better living standard for rag pickers.
5.2. Estimation of unit cost of waste management under PPP
Table 4 shows the investment costs for a mechanical
aerobic composting plant. Assuming a discount rate of
10% per year and a plant capacity of 100 tons per
day, using data from Table 4, the annualized capital cost
(A) of the processing equipment is estimated to be Rs.
1.95 million (US$44,828) and the annualized capital cost
of the automobiles is estimated to be Rs. 0.92 million
(US$21,149). This works out to be a capital cost of
Rs. 79 (US$2) per ton of waste. Operation and mainte-
nance costs (C2) are estimated to be Rs. 18 ($0.4) per
ton. Further, assuming the life of civil works to be 30
years and a discount rate of 10% per year, the annual-
ized cost of buildings is estimated to be Rs. 2.48 million
(US$57,012), which is Rs. 68 rupees ($1.6) per ton of
waste.
The expenditure of Excel Industry on worker salaries
is shown in Table 5. The expenditure on salaries per
ton of waste is estimated to be Rs. 42 (US$1) per ton
of waste. The land requirement to process 100 tons of
wet waste per day is 2 ha (215,278 ft2
) of land (data col-
lected from Excel Industry). The land required to process
1 ton of waste = (215,278·0.39)/100 = 839.58 ft2
(where
0.39 is the fraction of organic waste in 1 ton of waste
generated). The average rental rate is Rs. 20 (US$0.46)
per ft2
per month (Accommodation Times, 2003). How-
ever, since the composting plant is located near the
dumpsite, land value will be much lower. Hence, a dis-
count factor of 0.5 is applied to the rental prices. Rent
on land for processing per ton of waste per day
(R2) = Rs. 280 (US$6.4).
The cost borne by MCGM for 1 ton of waste manage-
ment with PPP is:
C2M = 950 + 389.65 + 318.9 + (8.8 + 380) · 0.45 = Rs.
1833.51 (US$42).
Benefits per ton of waste with PPP (B2) = Rs. 524
(US$12).
Net cost of waste management with PPP:
C2M = 18 + 79 + 68 + 42 + 280 + 1833.51 À 524 = Rs.
1797 (US$41) per ton.
1198 S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200
8. 6. Analysis
Fig. 5 shows the net cost of waste management for three
approaches: (1) waste is handled only by MCGM; (2) waste
is handled with community participation; and (3) private
sector participation in waste management. The cost per
ton of waste management with community participation
is Rs. 1518 (US$35), with PPP it is Rs. 1797 (US$41) and
when waste is handled solely by MCGM it is Rs. 1908
(US$44). (When waste is handled only by MCGM, the
value for recyclable materials is lower because recyclable
materials are retrieved from rag pickers from community
bins and disposal sites, which reduces the quality of recy-
clable materials and hence results in a lower price.)
The cost per ton of waste management is least with
community participation, which is substantially lower
than with PPP. Fig. 6 shows the cost sharing among
MCGM, CBOs and the private sector for waste manage-
ment under different alternatives. In case of community
participation, a larger proportion of the cost, that is
Rs. 1121 (US$26) per ton, is borne by CBOs and Rs.
921 (US$21) is borne by MCGM, whereas in the case
of PPP a larger proportion of cost, that is Rs. 1834
(US$42), per ton is borne by MCGM and Rs. 487
(US$11) is borne by the private sector. It is clear from
Fig. 6 that the cost of waste management borne by
MCGM is reduced in both the cases, i.e., with commu-
nity participation and with PPP.
Further, in the case of community participation, the cost
is borne by waste generators whereas in the case of PPP
there is no mechanism to recover cost from waste genera-
tors. Table 6 presents a distribution of the cost of waste
management with community participation and PPP under
different headings. The cost of collection and transporta-
tion of waste management is much lower with community
participation than with PPP because in the case of commu-
nity participation waste is separated at the source and only
non-biodegradable and non-recyclable materials are trans-
ported to dumpsites. It reduces the requirement for com-
munity bins and transportation of waste. From the above
analysis, it is clear that the community participation
approach to waste management out performs private sec-
tor participation in terms of the net cost of waste
management.
6.1. Barrier and implementation analysis
Although community participation is the least cost
option, there are certain bottlenecks associated with it.
Some of the bottlenecks in the community participation
alternative, which were identified during the data collection
and field survey, are as follows:
CBOs and NGOs faced the problem of non-participa-
tion from some people in the community.
Problem with the revenue recovery from compost.
CBOs frequently face a lack of cooperation in the com-
munity. This problem arises because it is the general per-
ception that it is the duty of MCGM to pick up the
garbage. Hence, there is a need to work towards changing
the perception of people. There is a need to sensitize the
public to the need for public cleanliness and to the problem
of limited resources of municipal corporations, which will
help to increase community participation in waste manage-
ment. Moreover, MCGM can make ALM schemes more
attractive by providing incentives in the form of municipal
tax reductions.
There is also a problem with selling the compost gener-
ated from waste. A small proportion of compost can be
used by city dwellers, whereas a large proportion of com-
post needs to be sold to farmers. However, farmers have
not shown much interest in compost produced from
MSW. It has been demonstrated in Dhaka that if a proper
marketing network is developed and the quality of the com-
post is controlled, there will not be any problem with reve-
nue recovery from compost (Memon, 2002).
Fig. 5. Comparison of net cost of waste management under three
approaches.
Fig. 6. Cost sharing among MCGM, CBOs and private sector for waste
management.
S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200 1199
9. A number of case studies have demonstrated that if PPP
is designed properly, it can be efficient and cost effective
(Bartone et al., 1991; NIUA, 1999). However, in the pres-
ent study it has been analyzed that PPP as practiced cur-
rently in Mumbai is more expensive than community
participation because the design of PPP is inefficient. In
the current design, the private sector is involved only in
the processing of waste whereas collection and transporta-
tion of waste is handled by MCGM. This in turn does not
improve the collection and transportation of waste and
results a higher cost of waste management. Hence, there
is a need to remove inefficiencies associated with collection
and transportation of waste in order to reduce the cost of
PPP. There is a need to investigate the role of private sector
participation in collection and transportation of waste.
7. Conclusions
In the current study two alternative approaches to MSW
management are explored. The first approach is commu-
nity participation and the second is private sector partici-
pation. Data for the present study is from various NGOs
and the private sector. Mathematical models are developed
to estimate the cost per ton of waste management for both
of the alternative approaches and to compare those costs
with the cost of waste management by MCGM alone.
It is found that the cost per ton of waste management is
Rs. 1518 (US$35) with community participation; Rs. 1797
(US$41) with PPP; and Rs. 1908 (US$44) when only
MCGM handles the waste. Hence, community participa-
tion in waste management is the least cost option. A sub-
stantial reduction in the cost of waste management with
community participation is achieved due to separation of
waste at source, which in turn leads to a reduction in the
requirement for community bins and transportation of
waste. However, the PPP system focuses on processing of
waste without improving the collection and transportation
activities, which leads to a higher cost per ton of waste
management. There is a strong case for community partic-
ipation in waste management. However, there has to be
concerted efforts from urban local bodies and NGOs to
build up an informed community and overcome the bottle-
necks for community participation in waste management.
Moreover, there is a need to further analyze the role of
PPP in waste management.
Acknowledgements
I thank my supervisors, Sudhakar Yedla and reviewers
for their valuable comments on this paper. I gratefully
acknowledge the scholarship received from IGIDR for
completing this work.
References
Accommodation Times, 2003. 1st–15th April 2003, vol. 17, no. 21,
Mumbai.
Anand, P.B., 1999. Waste management in Madras revisited. Environment
and Urbanization 11 (2), 161–176.
Anschutz, J., 1996. Community Based Solid Waste Management and
Water Supply Project: Problems and Solutions compared – a survey of
the literature, UWEP working paper document 2, Gouda, WASTE.
Bartone, C.R., Leite, L., Triche, T., Schertenleib, R., 1991. Private sector
participation in municipal solid waste service: Experiences in Latin
America. Waste Management and Research 9 (6), 495–509.
Excel Industries limited, 1999. Excel Environmental, Capability docu-
ment, Bombay, India.
Kironde, J.M. Lusugga, Yhdego, Michael, 1997. The Governance of waste
management in urban Tanzania: towards a community based
approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 21, 213–226.
Manandhar, Rajesh, 2002. Private Sector Participation in Solid Waste
Management in Kathmandu, Directory: Successful and transferable
practice, Kitakyushu Initiative Network. Available from: http://
host3.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu/Successful%20Practices/SP%20(Analyzed)/
Solid%20Waste/3%20Kathmandu%20%20(Paper).pdf accessed on 16th
August 2004.
Memon, Mushtaw Ahmed, 2002. Innovation in Community Driven
Composting, Kitakyushu Initiative Network. Available from: http://
host-3.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu/practices_database.htm accessed on 23rd
July 2004.
NIUA (National Institute of Urban Affairs), 1999. Solid Waste Manage-
ment: Improvement Initiatives in Selected Cities of India, Research
study series no. 75, New Delhi.
Ogu, Vincent Ifeanyi, 2000. Private sector participation and municipal
waste management in Benin city, Nigeria. Environment and Urban-
ization 12 (2), 103–117.
Poerbo, Hasan, 1991. Urban solid waste management in Bandung:
towards an integrated resource recovery system. Environment and
Urbanization 3 (1), 60–69.
UNCHS (Habitat), 2001. The State of the WorldÕs Cities 2001, Nairobi,
Kenya.
UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific), 2002. Best practice/case study portfolio Environment
and Natural Resources Development Division, UNESCAP.
UnitedNations,1992.EnvironmentallySoundManagementofSolidWastes
and Sewage Related Issues, chapter 21 of Agenda 21, United Nations.
Available from: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?Docu-
mentID=52ArticleID=69 accessed, 13th
March 2004.
1200 S. Rathi / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1192–1200