This document provides an overview of the Basic Electronics course EEE-231. The key details are:
- The course is 3 credit hours with lectures, quizzes, assignments, and exams throughout the semester. Minimum 80% attendance is required to sit for the final exam.
- The course will cover fundamentals of semiconductor physics, diodes, transistors, amplifiers, and digital circuits.
- Two textbooks are required for the course. Prerequisites include knowledge of DC circuit analysis.
Semiconductor materials like silicon can be used as either conductors or insulators depending on doping. Doping involves adding small amounts of other elements to the semiconductor crystal lattice which provides extra electrons (n-type) or electron vacancies called holes (p-type). The type and amount of doping determines whether the semiconductor acts as a good conductor with low resistance and easy electron flow, or as an insulator with high resistance that suppresses current.
This document discusses different types of electron emission from metal surfaces. Thermionic emission occurs when heat is applied to a metal, increasing the kinetic energy of electrons and allowing them to overcome the surface barrier. Common thermionic emitters discussed are tungsten, thoriated tungsten, and oxide coatings, with their respective work functions and operating temperatures listed. The Richardson-Dushman equation describes how emission current density increases exponentially with temperature but depends on the work function of the emitter material.
The document provides an overview of basic electronics engineering concepts including:
1. The evolution of electronics from early experiments with vacuum tubes in the 1850s to the invention of the transistor in 1947 and integrated circuits in 1958.
2. Atomic structure including Bohr's atomic model, quantum numbers, and the periodic table which orders elements by atomic number and electron configuration.
3. How electrons behave in solids, forming energy bands, and the types of bonding that occur between atoms in solids including metallic, covalent and ionic bonding.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It begins by explaining electricity and electron bands in atoms. It then discusses the properties and atomic structures of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to act as insulators or conductors through doping, which introduces impurity atoms. The document describes how n-type and p-type semiconductors are formed and their current flow. It concludes by explaining how a p-n junction diode is formed at the interface of p-type and n-type semiconductors and its current-voltage characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the 3C3 - Analogue Circuits course taught at Trinity College Dublin. It includes information about assessment, module details, reading materials, lecture and tutorial times, and the course outline. The course outline lists topics that will be covered such as physical operation of transistors, amplifier configurations, filters, and oscillators. It provides subtopics for some of the main topics as well. The document aims to give students an introduction to the course and what will be covered over the semester.
- Materials are classified based on their ability to conduct electricity, with conductors allowing easy flow, insulators blocking flow, and semiconductors in between.
- Semiconductors form the basis of modern electronics. Their ability to conduct electricity can be altered through doping with impurities, creating n-type or p-type materials.
- Bringing a p-type and n-type semiconductor together creates a diode, which allows current to flow easily in one direction but blocks it in the other. This property is key to their use in electronic devices.
This document discusses basic semiconductor theory, including:
1. Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators and include materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.
2. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates n-type or p-type materials by introducing excess electrons or holes.
3. The atomic structure of semiconductors includes valence and conduction energy bands separated by a bandgap through which electrons can jump with sufficient energy.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor PN junction theory. It begins with atomic theory, discussing the structure of atoms and energy bands in conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are introduced, where doping introduces impurities to alter conductivity. A PN junction is formed at the interface between a p-type and n-type semiconductor. During diffusion, majority carriers cross the junction, recombining and leaving a depletion region. A voltage can forward or reverse bias the junction, changing the depletion width and current flow characteristics.
Semiconductor materials like silicon can be used as either conductors or insulators depending on doping. Doping involves adding small amounts of other elements to the semiconductor crystal lattice which provides extra electrons (n-type) or electron vacancies called holes (p-type). The type and amount of doping determines whether the semiconductor acts as a good conductor with low resistance and easy electron flow, or as an insulator with high resistance that suppresses current.
This document discusses different types of electron emission from metal surfaces. Thermionic emission occurs when heat is applied to a metal, increasing the kinetic energy of electrons and allowing them to overcome the surface barrier. Common thermionic emitters discussed are tungsten, thoriated tungsten, and oxide coatings, with their respective work functions and operating temperatures listed. The Richardson-Dushman equation describes how emission current density increases exponentially with temperature but depends on the work function of the emitter material.
The document provides an overview of basic electronics engineering concepts including:
1. The evolution of electronics from early experiments with vacuum tubes in the 1850s to the invention of the transistor in 1947 and integrated circuits in 1958.
2. Atomic structure including Bohr's atomic model, quantum numbers, and the periodic table which orders elements by atomic number and electron configuration.
3. How electrons behave in solids, forming energy bands, and the types of bonding that occur between atoms in solids including metallic, covalent and ionic bonding.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It begins by explaining electricity and electron bands in atoms. It then discusses the properties and atomic structures of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to act as insulators or conductors through doping, which introduces impurity atoms. The document describes how n-type and p-type semiconductors are formed and their current flow. It concludes by explaining how a p-n junction diode is formed at the interface of p-type and n-type semiconductors and its current-voltage characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the 3C3 - Analogue Circuits course taught at Trinity College Dublin. It includes information about assessment, module details, reading materials, lecture and tutorial times, and the course outline. The course outline lists topics that will be covered such as physical operation of transistors, amplifier configurations, filters, and oscillators. It provides subtopics for some of the main topics as well. The document aims to give students an introduction to the course and what will be covered over the semester.
- Materials are classified based on their ability to conduct electricity, with conductors allowing easy flow, insulators blocking flow, and semiconductors in between.
- Semiconductors form the basis of modern electronics. Their ability to conduct electricity can be altered through doping with impurities, creating n-type or p-type materials.
- Bringing a p-type and n-type semiconductor together creates a diode, which allows current to flow easily in one direction but blocks it in the other. This property is key to their use in electronic devices.
This document discusses basic semiconductor theory, including:
1. Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators and include materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.
2. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates n-type or p-type materials by introducing excess electrons or holes.
3. The atomic structure of semiconductors includes valence and conduction energy bands separated by a bandgap through which electrons can jump with sufficient energy.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor PN junction theory. It begins with atomic theory, discussing the structure of atoms and energy bands in conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are introduced, where doping introduces impurities to alter conductivity. A PN junction is formed at the interface between a p-type and n-type semiconductor. During diffusion, majority carriers cross the junction, recombining and leaving a depletion region. A voltage can forward or reverse bias the junction, changing the depletion width and current flow characteristics.
The document discusses different types of semiconductors and semiconductor devices. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, and n-type and p-type semiconductors. NPN junction transistors are discussed, including their basic structure and operation. Chemical bonding in silicon and germanium is explained through covalent bonding. Finally, the document covers half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, describing their circuit configurations and operating principles.
This document discusses conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It explains that semiconductors are metalloids that have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity to increase with temperature. Semiconducting elements like silicon and germanium form the basis of solid state electronic devices. Doping semiconductors with other elements can produce either n-type or p-type materials, and joining n-type and p-type materials creates a p-n junction that can function as a rectifier. The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and has revolutionized electronics, with integrated circuits continuing to shrink in size following Moore's Law.
This document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors. It describes how semiconductor materials like silicon can be made to conduct electricity through doping, which involves adding impurities to the crystal lattice structure. Doping can produce either N-type semiconductors with extra electrons or P-type semiconductors with electron holes. Current then flows through the movement of these electrons or holes when a voltage is applied. The document outlines the basic properties and behaviors of semiconductors that make them useful in electronic devices.
Semiconductor materials have intermediate conductivity between conductors and insulators. They are made from elements in groups III and V of the periodic table, like silicon and germanium. Doping involves adding small amounts of other elements to change the number of free electrons and create n-type or p-type semiconductors. Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, while transistors can amplify small voltages or currents to control larger currents. Common semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors, LEDs, and integrated circuits which are used in applications such as power supplies, amplifiers, and microprocessors.
This document outlines the grading policy and course outline for a semiconductor physics course. It states that the midterm and final exams will count for 25% and 50% respectively, while quizzes, assignments, a class presentation, and lab work will make up the remaining 25% of the course grade. The lab portion will be graded based on lab manuals, performance, an MCQ paper, a lab viva, and a term project. The course outline covers topics like band theory, PN junctions, transistors, amplifiers, and analog to digital conversion. Reference books and the chapter outline on atomic structure are also provided.
This is an introduction to Basic Electronics which includes the people behind its development, the parts and parameters of a simple circuit, the materials and tools needed in project making and safety related information.
Topics of the Presentation
1.Semiconductor
2.Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
3.Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
4.Superconductor
5.Application of Superconductor
1. The document discusses semiconductor devices and PN junctions. It covers semiconductor equations relating variables like carrier density, current, potential, and continuity equations.
2. It also discusses the analysis of semiconductor devices, beginning with equilibrium conditions and then non-equilibrium conditions. Numerical simulation and analytical solutions are two approaches used.
3. The key concepts covered include energy bands in semiconductors, the role of impurities/doping, direct and indirect band gaps, and the differences between conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
Semiconductors are materials with controllable conductivity that is intermediate between conductors and insulators. They conduct electricity better than insulators but not as well as conductors. Semiconductors require less energy than insulators but more than good conductors to remove electrons for conductivity. Common semiconductor materials include silicon, germanium, and compounds like gallium phosphide. Semiconductors can be classified as intrinsic, containing a limited number of free electrons and holes, or extrinsic, which are doped with impurities to add more electrons or holes to increase conductivity.
Silicon is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is commonly found in dust, sands, and rocks. It is a metalloid that is tetravalent and forms covalent bonds. Silicon is a semiconductor and forms the base material for many electronic devices. Some key electronic devices that use silicon include diodes, transistors, solar cells, and integrated circuits. These devices exploit the electrical properties of doped silicon and p-n junctions to control and modulate the flow of electrons.
Introduction
Formation Of Bond.
Formation Of Band.
Role Of Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Fermi Dirac Distribution Equation
Classification Of Material In Term Of Energy Band Diagram.
Intrinsic Semiconductor.
a)Drive Density Of State
b)Drive Density Of Free Carrier.
c)Determination Of Fermi Level Position
Extrinsic Semiconductor.
a) N Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
b) P Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
Compensated semiconductor.
E Vs. Diagram.
Direct and Indirect Band Gap.
Degenerated and Non-degenerated.
PN Junction.
Semiconductor Diodes Engineering Circuit AnalysisUMAR ALI
Semiconductor diodes are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators due to covalent bonding. Their electrons exist in energy levels/bands. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates n-type and p-type materials. A semiconductor diode consists of a p-n junction, where a depletion region inhibits current flow. In forward bias, current flows easily but in reverse bias, it does not due to the depletion region. Ideal diodes switch perfectly between on and off states while practical diodes have small leakage currents.
This document discusses energy bands in solids and classifications of materials based on their band structure. It explains that in solids, electron energy levels form bands of allowed energies separated by forbidden bands. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators or semiconductors depending on their band gap. Conductors have overlapping bands resulting in no band gap, insulators have a large band gap, and semiconductors have a narrow band gap that allows excitation of electrons with small amounts of energy. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are also described based on their pure or doped material composition and charge carrier types.
This slide give you idea about the atomic structure, classification of solids based on valance electron, free electron, energy band description, why the silicon is used as semiconductor substance compare to germanium, semiconductor and its types.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their resistivity decreases as temperature increases, unlike metals. Semiconductors include silicon and gallium arsenide. Doping semiconductors with impurities can alter their conducting properties. The behavior of charge carriers in semiconductor junctions forms the basis of modern electronics like diodes and transistors. Common types of semiconductors are intrinsic, n-type and p-type.
This document discusses semiconductors and their types. It defines a semiconductor as a material with conductivity between a metal and an insulator. There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to be either N-type (excess electrons) or P-type (excess holes). The document explains the carrier concentrations and energy band diagrams of the different semiconductor types.
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for a module on electrical properties and free electron theory. It discusses key concepts from classical and quantum free electron theory, including postulates, failures of the classical theory, the importance of Fermi energy, and advantages of the quantum theory. Example questions are also provided to test comprehension of topics like thermal velocity, root mean square velocity, and the effects of temperature on conductivity.
Engineering Physics - II second semester Anna University lecturer notes24x7house
This document provides an overview of conducting materials and classical free electron theory of metals. It discusses key concepts such as conductors, insulators, semiconductors, free electrons, drift velocity, electric field, current density, Fermi level, density of states, and work function. The classical free electron theory proposes that metals consist of free electrons that move randomly and conduct electricity. It can explain several electrical and thermal properties but has limitations and fails to explain newer phenomena, leading to the development of quantum free electron theory.
This document provides an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It begins with an introduction to crystalline solids and classifications of solids as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors. It then discusses intrinsic semiconductors, how increasing temperature generates electron-hole pairs, and how conductivity increases with temperature. Extrinsic or doped semiconductors are introduced, including n-type and p-type semiconductors created by adding donor or acceptor impurities. The document explains how doping increases the number of charge carriers and conductivity.
This document provides information about the course EEE111 Analog Electronics offered in the spring 2023 semester. It includes details like the course code, title, semester, instructor's name and contact information. The document outlines the topics that will be covered, such as semiconductor devices, diodes, transistors, and electronic circuits. It lists the course objectives, outcomes, assessment methods including exams, quizzes, assignments and laboratory work. Recommended textbooks and references are also provided.
The document provides information about Engineering Physics taught by Prof. Puneet Mathur. It includes the course objectives, syllabus, and outcomes. The syllabus covers semiconductor physics, magnetic materials, lasers, logic gates, and numerical analysis methods. It then provides details on semiconductors, including their properties, classification as intrinsic, p-type, and n-type. It discusses carrier generation, recombination, transport mechanisms, p-n junctions, metal-semiconductor junctions, LEDs, and their characteristics. The key topics covered are properties and types of semiconductors, carrier generation and recombination processes, p-n junction operation, and light emission in LEDs.
The document discusses different types of semiconductors and semiconductor devices. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, and n-type and p-type semiconductors. NPN junction transistors are discussed, including their basic structure and operation. Chemical bonding in silicon and germanium is explained through covalent bonding. Finally, the document covers half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, describing their circuit configurations and operating principles.
This document discusses conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It explains that semiconductors are metalloids that have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity to increase with temperature. Semiconducting elements like silicon and germanium form the basis of solid state electronic devices. Doping semiconductors with other elements can produce either n-type or p-type materials, and joining n-type and p-type materials creates a p-n junction that can function as a rectifier. The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and has revolutionized electronics, with integrated circuits continuing to shrink in size following Moore's Law.
This document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors. It describes how semiconductor materials like silicon can be made to conduct electricity through doping, which involves adding impurities to the crystal lattice structure. Doping can produce either N-type semiconductors with extra electrons or P-type semiconductors with electron holes. Current then flows through the movement of these electrons or holes when a voltage is applied. The document outlines the basic properties and behaviors of semiconductors that make them useful in electronic devices.
Semiconductor materials have intermediate conductivity between conductors and insulators. They are made from elements in groups III and V of the periodic table, like silicon and germanium. Doping involves adding small amounts of other elements to change the number of free electrons and create n-type or p-type semiconductors. Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, while transistors can amplify small voltages or currents to control larger currents. Common semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors, LEDs, and integrated circuits which are used in applications such as power supplies, amplifiers, and microprocessors.
This document outlines the grading policy and course outline for a semiconductor physics course. It states that the midterm and final exams will count for 25% and 50% respectively, while quizzes, assignments, a class presentation, and lab work will make up the remaining 25% of the course grade. The lab portion will be graded based on lab manuals, performance, an MCQ paper, a lab viva, and a term project. The course outline covers topics like band theory, PN junctions, transistors, amplifiers, and analog to digital conversion. Reference books and the chapter outline on atomic structure are also provided.
This is an introduction to Basic Electronics which includes the people behind its development, the parts and parameters of a simple circuit, the materials and tools needed in project making and safety related information.
Topics of the Presentation
1.Semiconductor
2.Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
3.Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
4.Superconductor
5.Application of Superconductor
1. The document discusses semiconductor devices and PN junctions. It covers semiconductor equations relating variables like carrier density, current, potential, and continuity equations.
2. It also discusses the analysis of semiconductor devices, beginning with equilibrium conditions and then non-equilibrium conditions. Numerical simulation and analytical solutions are two approaches used.
3. The key concepts covered include energy bands in semiconductors, the role of impurities/doping, direct and indirect band gaps, and the differences between conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
Semiconductors are materials with controllable conductivity that is intermediate between conductors and insulators. They conduct electricity better than insulators but not as well as conductors. Semiconductors require less energy than insulators but more than good conductors to remove electrons for conductivity. Common semiconductor materials include silicon, germanium, and compounds like gallium phosphide. Semiconductors can be classified as intrinsic, containing a limited number of free electrons and holes, or extrinsic, which are doped with impurities to add more electrons or holes to increase conductivity.
Silicon is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is commonly found in dust, sands, and rocks. It is a metalloid that is tetravalent and forms covalent bonds. Silicon is a semiconductor and forms the base material for many electronic devices. Some key electronic devices that use silicon include diodes, transistors, solar cells, and integrated circuits. These devices exploit the electrical properties of doped silicon and p-n junctions to control and modulate the flow of electrons.
Introduction
Formation Of Bond.
Formation Of Band.
Role Of Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Fermi Dirac Distribution Equation
Classification Of Material In Term Of Energy Band Diagram.
Intrinsic Semiconductor.
a)Drive Density Of State
b)Drive Density Of Free Carrier.
c)Determination Of Fermi Level Position
Extrinsic Semiconductor.
a) N Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
b) P Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
Compensated semiconductor.
E Vs. Diagram.
Direct and Indirect Band Gap.
Degenerated and Non-degenerated.
PN Junction.
Semiconductor Diodes Engineering Circuit AnalysisUMAR ALI
Semiconductor diodes are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators due to covalent bonding. Their electrons exist in energy levels/bands. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates n-type and p-type materials. A semiconductor diode consists of a p-n junction, where a depletion region inhibits current flow. In forward bias, current flows easily but in reverse bias, it does not due to the depletion region. Ideal diodes switch perfectly between on and off states while practical diodes have small leakage currents.
This document discusses energy bands in solids and classifications of materials based on their band structure. It explains that in solids, electron energy levels form bands of allowed energies separated by forbidden bands. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators or semiconductors depending on their band gap. Conductors have overlapping bands resulting in no band gap, insulators have a large band gap, and semiconductors have a narrow band gap that allows excitation of electrons with small amounts of energy. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are also described based on their pure or doped material composition and charge carrier types.
This slide give you idea about the atomic structure, classification of solids based on valance electron, free electron, energy band description, why the silicon is used as semiconductor substance compare to germanium, semiconductor and its types.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their resistivity decreases as temperature increases, unlike metals. Semiconductors include silicon and gallium arsenide. Doping semiconductors with impurities can alter their conducting properties. The behavior of charge carriers in semiconductor junctions forms the basis of modern electronics like diodes and transistors. Common types of semiconductors are intrinsic, n-type and p-type.
This document discusses semiconductors and their types. It defines a semiconductor as a material with conductivity between a metal and an insulator. There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to be either N-type (excess electrons) or P-type (excess holes). The document explains the carrier concentrations and energy band diagrams of the different semiconductor types.
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for a module on electrical properties and free electron theory. It discusses key concepts from classical and quantum free electron theory, including postulates, failures of the classical theory, the importance of Fermi energy, and advantages of the quantum theory. Example questions are also provided to test comprehension of topics like thermal velocity, root mean square velocity, and the effects of temperature on conductivity.
Engineering Physics - II second semester Anna University lecturer notes24x7house
This document provides an overview of conducting materials and classical free electron theory of metals. It discusses key concepts such as conductors, insulators, semiconductors, free electrons, drift velocity, electric field, current density, Fermi level, density of states, and work function. The classical free electron theory proposes that metals consist of free electrons that move randomly and conduct electricity. It can explain several electrical and thermal properties but has limitations and fails to explain newer phenomena, leading to the development of quantum free electron theory.
This document provides an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It begins with an introduction to crystalline solids and classifications of solids as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors. It then discusses intrinsic semiconductors, how increasing temperature generates electron-hole pairs, and how conductivity increases with temperature. Extrinsic or doped semiconductors are introduced, including n-type and p-type semiconductors created by adding donor or acceptor impurities. The document explains how doping increases the number of charge carriers and conductivity.
This document provides information about the course EEE111 Analog Electronics offered in the spring 2023 semester. It includes details like the course code, title, semester, instructor's name and contact information. The document outlines the topics that will be covered, such as semiconductor devices, diodes, transistors, and electronic circuits. It lists the course objectives, outcomes, assessment methods including exams, quizzes, assignments and laboratory work. Recommended textbooks and references are also provided.
The document provides information about Engineering Physics taught by Prof. Puneet Mathur. It includes the course objectives, syllabus, and outcomes. The syllabus covers semiconductor physics, magnetic materials, lasers, logic gates, and numerical analysis methods. It then provides details on semiconductors, including their properties, classification as intrinsic, p-type, and n-type. It discusses carrier generation, recombination, transport mechanisms, p-n junctions, metal-semiconductor junctions, LEDs, and their characteristics. The key topics covered are properties and types of semiconductors, carrier generation and recombination processes, p-n junction operation, and light emission in LEDs.
Materials can be classified as insulators, conductors, or semiconductors based on their resistivity. Insulators do not conduct electricity well, conductors conduct electricity easily, and semiconductors have intermediate conductivity that can be modified. Semiconductors form the basis of modern electronics and their properties are determined by their crystal structure, electronic band structure, and ability to be doped with impurities to create excess electrons or holes. The Fermi level and Fermi-Dirac distribution describe the probability that electronic energy levels will be occupied, determining the concentrations of charge carriers in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Current in semiconductors has components due to drift from an applied electric field and diffusion from
This presentation explains a brief in-depth view of electronic devices and there evolution history. Basic components of devices and their practical applications in this world
Semiconductor materials like silicon can be made to act as conductors or insulators through doping. Doping involves adding impurity atoms that add or remove electrons. N-type semiconductors are doped with atoms having extra electrons, making them conductive. P-type are doped with atoms missing electrons, creating holes. A voltage applied across N-type or P-type material causes electron or hole flow, generating an electrical current. Semiconductors are widely used in electronics due to their tunable conductivity.
The document introduces semiconductor materials, defining them as materials that can be conditioned to allow or suppress electrical current flow. It discusses the atomic structure of semiconductors like silicon and how doping them with impurities makes them conductive. Doping can produce either an excess of electrons, making it an N-type semiconductor, or a shortage of electrons resulting in holes, making it a P-type semiconductor. The conductivity and resistance of the semiconductor depends on the amount of doping.
The document introduces semiconductor materials, defining them as materials that can be conditioned to allow or suppress electrical current flow. It discusses the atomic structure of semiconductors like silicon and how doping them with impurities makes them conductive. Doping can produce either an excess of electrons, making it an N-type semiconductor, or a shortage of electrons producing holes, making it a P-type semiconductor. The doping level controls the material's resistance and conductivity.
The document introduces semiconductor materials, defining them as materials that can be conditioned to allow or suppress electrical current flow. It discusses the atomic structure of semiconductors like silicon and how doping them with impurities makes them conductive. Doping can produce either an excess of electrons, making it an N-type semiconductor, or a shortage of electrons producing holes, making it a P-type semiconductor. The doping level controls the material's resistance and conductivity.
This document discusses band theory and its application to understanding the properties of materials. It begins by introducing classical and quantum free electron theories, which treat electrons in solids as free particles. The behavior of electrons in periodic potentials is then described, leading to the development of band theory. Band theory explains that the discrete energy levels of isolated atoms merge into continuous energy bands as atoms form solids. This allows classification of materials as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators based on whether their energy bands are fully filled, partially filled, or fully empty. Band formation in silicon is provided as an example. The document concludes that band theory determines a material's ability to conduct electricity based on its energy band structure.
This document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It explains that semiconductors have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their valence and conduction bands are almost full and empty respectively, with a small energy gap that allows electrons to cross over with a smaller electric field compared to insulators. Common semiconductors like silicon and germanium form covalent bonds and have crystalline structures. Doping semiconductors with impurities can create an excess or shortage of electrons, making them either n-type or p-type semiconductors respectively.
Semiconductor materials like silicon can be made to conduct electricity through "doping" with other atoms. Doping with atoms having extra electrons makes the material N-type and conductive, while doping with atoms missing electrons makes it P-type conductive. Semiconductor devices widely use controlled doping of silicon to generate and regulate electric current flow.
This document provides information about an electrical engineering course taught by Associate Professor Mohammed A. S. Al-Mekhlafi at Sana'a University. The key details include:
- Class meets on Thursdays from 8:00-10:00 AM. The instructor is Assoc. Prof. Mohammed A. Saeed and the course assistant is Dr. Abdo.
- The course focuses on fundamentals of electrical circuit engineering, analysis of series and parallel circuits, basic laws and theorems for DC and AC systems.
- The objectives are to provide basic electrical engineering knowledge and train students to analyze simple electrical systems and circuits.
- The course outline covers topics like voltage, current
The document provides an overview of semiconductors including:
- Types of semiconductors such as intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors are further divided into n-type and p-type.
- Properties of semiconductors such as resistivity, conductivity, and how resistivity decreases with increasing temperature.
- Band theory and the roles of conduction and valence bands.
- How doping semiconductors with different impurities creates either n-type or p-type semiconductors by introducing more electrons or holes.
The document provides information on electronics components and concepts:
1. It describes cathode ray oscilloscopes and their functions such as measuring voltage and time intervals. Thermionic emission and how it is used in CRTs is also explained.
2. Semiconductors are discussed, including how doping creates excess electrons or holes. This allows control of conductivity and the creation of diodes and transistors.
3. Different types of logic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT are introduced along with their truth tables. Combinations of logic gates can be used to perform operations.
Semiconductor materials like silicon can be made to conduct electricity through doping. Doping involves adding impurity atoms that add either extra electrons (N-type) or holes where electrons are missing (P-type). The presentation covers the crystal lattice structure of semiconductors and how current flows differently in N-type and P-type materials when a voltage is applied. It also defines key terms like intrinsic conductivity, doping, and the two main types of semiconductors: N-type and P-type.
1. Devices in which a controlled flow of electrons can be obtained are the basic building blocks of all electronic circuits.
2. In solids, the energy levels of isolated atoms split and form energy bands as atoms are brought together. Materials are classified based on whether their valence and conduction bands do or do not overlap.
3. Semiconductors have a small forbidden energy gap between their valence and conduction bands, allowing some electrons to cross between the bands when heated or exposed to light. This gives them electrical properties between conductors and insulators.
The document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors and pn junctions. It discusses how semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors have few charge carriers, while extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities to increase charge carriers, making them n-type or p-type. A pn junction forms at the interface of a p-type and n-type semiconductor, creating a depletion region and potential barrier. Forward biasing reduces and reverse biasing increases the potential barrier.
Semiconductors can act as both conductors and insulators depending on doping. Doping involves adding impurity atoms to alter a semiconductor's electron configuration. N-type doping adds free electrons through atoms with extra valence electrons. P-type doping creates "holes" by using atoms with fewer electrons, producing shortages that can hold positive charge. Controlling doping levels precisely regulates conductivity, allowing semiconductors to function in diverse electronic devices.
This document provides an introduction to semiconductor materials. It discusses three types of electronic materials: conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors are able to allow or suppress electrical current depending on conditions. The document explains intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, how doping with impurities transforms a semiconductor into an n-type or p-type material. It also covers crystal lattice structures, band structures, carrier concentrations and conductivity in semiconductors. Optical and photoconductive properties of semiconductors are briefly discussed.
witter is a microblogging and social networking service owned by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, while unregistered users only have a limited ability to read public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Prior to April 2020, services were accessible via SMS.[9] Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but the limit was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017.[10] Audio and video tweets remain limited to 140 seconds for most accounts.
Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year. Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California and has more than 25 offices around the world.[11] By 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day,[12] and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day.[13][14][15] In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".[16] By the start of 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.[17] In practice, the vast majority of tweets are written by a minority of users.[18][19]
On April 25, 2022, the Twitter board of directors agreed to a $44 billion buyout by Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, potentially making it one of the biggest deals to turn a company private.[20][21] Musk said on July 8, 2022, that he was terminating the deal, claiming that the social media company had failed to provide information about fake accounts on the platform.[22] Twitter board chair Bret Taylor subsequently pledged to pursue legal action against Musk, launching a lawsuit against him in the Chancery Court of Delaware on July 12.[23] In early October, 2022, Musk reversed his position, again -- saying he would go ahead with the deal at the originally agreed $44 billion price.witter is a microblogging and social networking service owned by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, while unregistered users only have a limited ability to read public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Prior to April 2020, services were accessible via SMS.[9] Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but the limit was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017.[10] Audio and video tweets remain limited to 140 seconds for most awitter is a microblogging and social networking service owned by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, while unregistered users only have a lim
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6. Course Outline
• Fundamentals of Semiconductor Physics: Band Theory, Intrinsic and
Extrinsic Semi-conductors
• P.N. Junction Diode, P.N. Junction as Rectifier
• Clipper and Clamper Circuits
• Zener Diode and Voltage Regulator, LED and LCD etc.
• Transistors, BJT Transistors, Biasing Techniques, Q Point Variations,
BJT as switch, BJT amplifiers
• Classes of amplifiers, Power amplifiers
• Metal oxide transistors, nMOS, pMOS, and CMOS Inverter circuits
• Introduction to A/D and D/A circuits
Basic Electronics 6
7. Required Literature
Book 1
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad,
Eleventh Edition
Book 2
Electronic Devices by Thomas L. Floyd Ninth Edition
Basic Electronics 7
8. Prerequisite: DC Circuit analysis
Circuit analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every
component in the circuit.
For dc circuits the components are resistive only and analysis is simpler.
Ohm Law,
Series, Parallel circuits,
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws,
Current, Voltage divider rules,
Thevenin, Norton’s theorems.
Basic Electronics 8
9. THE ATOM
• All matter is composed of atoms; all atoms consist of electrons,
protons, and neutrons except normal hydrogen, which does not have
a neutron.
• The atom is not a single particle but was made up of a small dense
nucleus around which electrons orbit at great distances from the
nucleus, similar to the way planets orbit the sun.
• The nucleus consists of positively charged particles called protons
and uncharged particles called neutrons. The basic particles of
negative charge are called electrons.
Basic Electronics 9
10. THE ATOM
• The atomic number equals the number of protons in the nucleus,
which is the same as the number of electrons in an electrically
balanced (neutral) atom.
Basic Electronics 10
12. Electrons and Shells
• Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the
nucleus.
• Electrons near the nucleus have less energy than those in more
distant orbits.
• Each discrete distance (orbit) from the nucleus corresponds to a
certain energy level.
• In an atom, the orbits are grouped into energy levels known as shells.
• The shells (energy levels) are designated 1, 2, 3, and so on, with 1
being closest to the nucleus.
Basic Electronics 12
14. Equation 1–1
• The Maximum Number of Electrons in Each Shell The
maximum number of electrons (Ne) that can exist in
each shell of an atom is a fact of nature and can be
calculated by the formula,
Basic Electronics 14
15. MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRONICS
• In terms of their electrical properties, materials can be classified into
three groups:
i. Conductors,
ii. Semiconductors
iii. Insulators
• An atom can be represented by the valence shell and a core that consists of
all the inner shells and the nucleus.
Basic Electronics 15
16. Insulators
• An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current
under normal conditions.
• Most good insulators are compounds rather than single-element
materials and have very high resistivities.
• Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms; therefore, there are
very few free electrons in an insulator.
• Examples of insulators are rubber, plastics, glass, mica, and quartz.
Basic Electronics 16
17. Conductors
• A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current.
• Most metals are good conductors. The best conductors are single-
element materials, such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and
aluminum (Al), which are characterized by atoms with only one
valence electron very loosely bound to the atom.
• These loosely bound valence electrons become free electrons.
Therefore, in a conductive material the free electrons are valence
electrons.
Basic Electronics 17
18. Semiconductors
• A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors
and insulators in its ability to conduct electrical current.
• A semiconductor in its pure (intrinsic) state is neither a good
conductor nor a good insulator.
• Single-element semiconductors are antimony (Sb), arsenic
(As), astatine (At), boron (B), polonium (Po), tellurium (Te),
silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge).
Basic Electronics 18
19. Band Gap
• Recall that the valence shell of an atom represents a band of energy levels and
that the valence electrons are confined to that band.
• When an electron acquires enough additional energy, it can leave the valence
shell, become a free electron, and exist in what is known as the conduction
band.
• The difference in energy between the valence band and the conduction band is
called an energy gap or band gap.
• This is the amount of energy that a valence electron must have in order to jump
from the valence band to the conduction band.
Basic Electronics 19
22. Band Gap
• The energy gap also reveals which elements are useful in the
construction of light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes
(LEDs), which will be introduced shortly.
• The wider the energy gap, the greater is the possibility of energy
being released in the form of visible or invisible (infrared) light waves.
• The unit of measure is appropriate because W (energy) = QV (as
derived from the defining equation for voltage: V = W / Q ).
• Substituting the charge of one electron and a potential difference of 1
V results in an energy level referred to as one electron volt .
Basic Electronics 22
23. Comparison of a Semiconductor Atom to a Conductor Atom
• Silicon is a semiconductor and copper is a conductor. Bohr diagrams
of the silicon atom and the copper atom are shown in Figure 1–8.
Basic Electronics 23
24. Silicon and Germanium
• The atomic structures of silicon and germanium are compared in
Figure 1–9.
• Silicon is used in diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and other
semiconductor devices.
• Notice that both silicon and germanium have the characteristic four
valence electrons.
Basic Electronics 24
25. Atomic structure of (a) silicon; (b) germanium; and
(c) gallium and arsenic.
Basic Electronics 25
26. Covalent Bonds
• Figure shows how each silicon atom positions itself with four adjacent
silicon atoms to form a silicon crystal.
• This sharing of valence electrons produces the covalent bonds that
hold the atoms together
• Covalent bonding in an intrinsic silicon crystal is shown in Figure. An
intrinsic crystal is one that has no impurities.
Basic Electronics 26
28. Conduction Electrons and Holes
• An intrinsic (pure) silicon crystal at room temperature has sufficient
heat (thermal) energy for some valence electrons to jump the gap
from the valence band into the conduction band, becoming free
electrons. Free electrons are also called conduction electrons.
Basic Electronics 28
29. Conduction Electrons and Holes
• When an electron jumps to the conduction band, a vacancy is left in
the valence band within the crystal.
• This vacancy is called a hole. For every electron raised to the
conduction band by external energy, there is one hole left in the
valence band, creating what is called an electron-hole pair.
• Recombination occurs when a conduction-band electron loses energy
and falls back into a hole in the valence band.
Basic Electronics 29
31. Electron Current
• When a voltage is applied across a piece of intrinsic silicon, as shown
in Figure, the thermally generated free electrons in the conduction
band, which are free to move randomly in the crystal structure, are
now easily attracted toward the positive end.
• This movement of free electrons is one type of current in a semi
conductive material and is called electron current.
Basic Electronics
31
32. Hole Current
• Another type of current occurs in the valence band, where the holes
created by the free electrons exist.
• A valence electron can move into a nearby hole with little change in
its energy level, thus leaving another hole where it came from.
• Effectively the hole has moved from one place to another in the
crystal structure, as illustrated in Figure.
• Although current in the valence band is produced by valence
electrons, it is called hole current to distinguish it from electron
current in the conduction band.
Basic Electronics 32
34. N-TYPE AND P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
• Semi conductive materials do not conduct current well and are of limited
value in their intrinsic state.
• This is because of the limited number of free electrons in the conduction
band and holes in the valence band.
• Intrinsic silicon (or germanium) must be modified by increasing the
number of free electrons or holes to increase its conductivity and make it
useful in electronic devices.
• This is done by adding impurities to the intrinsic material.
• Two types of extrinsic (impure) semi conductive materials, n-type and p-
type, are the key building blocks for most types of electronic devices.
Basic Electronics 34
35. N-Type Semiconductor
• To increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon,
pentavalent impurity atoms are added. These are atoms with five valence
electrons such as arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), bismuth (Bi), and antimony
(Sb).
• As illustrated in Figure, each pentavalent atom (antimony, in this case)
forms covalent bonds with four adjacent silicon atoms.
• Four of the antimony atom’s valence electrons are used to form the
covalent bonds with silicon atoms, leaving one extra electron.
• This extra electron becomes a conduction electron because it is not
involved in bonding.
• Because the pentavalent atom gives up an electron, it is often called a
donor atom.
Basic Electronics 35
37. Majority and Minority Carriers
• Since most of the current carriers are electrons, silicon (or
germanium) doped with pentavalent atoms is an n-type
semiconductor (the n stands for the negative charge on an electron).
• The electrons are called the majority carriers in n-type material.
Although the majority of current carriers in n-type material are
electrons, there are also a few holes that are created when electron-
hole pairs are thermally generated.
• These holes are not produced by the addition of the pentavalent
impurity atoms. Holes in an n-type material are called minority
carriers.
Basic Electronics 37
38. P-Type Semiconductor
• To increase the number of holes in intrinsic silicon, trivalent impurity
atoms are added.
• These are atoms with three valence electrons such as boron (B),
indium (In), and gallium (Ga).
• As illustrated in Figure, each trivalent atom (boron, in this case) forms
covalent bonds with four adjacent silicon atoms.
• All three of the boron atom’s valence electrons are used in the
covalent bonds; and, since four electrons are required, a hole results
when each trivalent atom is added. Because the trivalent atom can
take an electron, it is often referred to as an acceptor atom.
Basic Electronics 38
40. Majority and Minority Carriers
• Since most of the current carriers are holes, silicon (or germanium)
doped with trivalent atoms is called a p-type semiconductor. The
holes are the majority carriers in p-type material.
• Although the majority of current carriers in p-type material are holes,
there are also a few conduction-band electrons that are created when
electron-hole pairs are thermally generated.
• These conduction-band electrons are not produced by the addition of
the trivalent impurity atoms.
• Conduction-band electrons in p-type material are the minority
carriers
Basic Electronics 40
42. THE PN JUNCTION
• When you take a block of silicon and dope part of it with a trivalent
impurity and the other part with a pentavalent impurity, a boundary
called the pn junction is formed between the resulting p-type and n-
type portions and a diode is created, as indicated in Figure.
• The pn junction is the basis for diodes, certain transistors, solar cells,
and other devices.
Basic Electronics 42
44. Formation of the Depletion Region
• At the instant of the pn junction formation, the free electrons near
the junction in the n region begin to diffuse across the junction into
the p region where they combine with holes near the junction, as
shown in Figure.
• The term depletion refers to the fact that the region near the pn
junction is depleted of charge carriers (electrons and holes) due to
diffusion across the junction. Keep in mind that the depletion region
is formed very quickly and is very thin compared to the n region and
p region.
Basic Electronics 44
45. Barrier Potential
• The potential difference of the electric field across the depletion
region is the amount of voltage required to move electrons through
the electric field. This potential difference is called the barrier
potential and is expressed in volts.
Basic Electronics 45
53. Characteristics of a semiconductor diode
• It can be demonstrated through the use of solid-state physics that the
general characteristics of a semiconductor diode can be defined by
the following equation, referred to as Shockley’s equation, for the
forward- and reverse-bias regions:
Basic Electronics 53