This report summarizes the analysis of construction sequences for two residential building projects in Madhubagh and Lalmatia. It outlines the key steps in site preparation such as soil testing, excavation, leveling and foundation work. It also describes processes for constructing columns, beams, slabs, stairs and adding finishes like plastering, painting and distempering. Common foundation types like shallow foundations and deep foundations are also summarized. The report provides a high-level overview of construction elements and sequences for the residential buildings.

1. 
REPORT ON
ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES
SUBMITTED BY: 15.02.01.015
15.02.01.033
15.02.01.046
15.02.01.052

3. LOCATION: MADHUBAGH
DEVELOPERS: Green Land Town Development Ltd
LAND AREA: 300 sqm
BUILDING TYPE: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
LOCATION: Lalmatia
DEVELOPERS: EHL Development Ltd
LAND AREA:
BUILDING TYPE: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

4. PILING
FOUNDATION
PILING, DRAWINGS & BORE HOLE LOCATION
SITE LEVELING
SITE CLEANING
SOIL TEST
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
SITE VISIT
SITE SELECTION
COLUMN LOCATION
FOOTING

5. DISTEMPERING
PAINTING
DAMP PROOFING
PLASTERING & POINTING
CONCRETE CASTING
SHUTTERING
A B O U T T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N P R O C E S S
Most homebuyers have a lot of questions about the construction of their home:
How long will it take to build?
What happens when?
What does each step involve?
When can we visit the site and see our home in progress?
When do we have to make final decisions about cabinets, fixtures, flooring and so on?
When do the building inspections take place?
Will we have a chance to inspect it our-selves before we take possession?

7. The following factors are considered for the construction site
preparation.
 The first step of site preparation work is to remove all the scrubs or
jungle if there exists any on the site for building construction.
 The whole area will be roughly leveled.
 The holes of the construction site will be filled with sands or
rammed earth and leveled off as required or redirected by the
authority.
 As a part of site preparation, the trees will be cut off and their roots
are totally uprooted as directed by the authority.
 Before starting the work, permanent bench marks must be
established at a suitable point in the construction site.
 The orientation and trench lines of the building should be correctly
laid out in the construction site and the location for the storage and
stacking of the materials should be definitely set on the ground in
the site.
 Site preparation also includes fixing position of the site office, go
downs, the guard and the labor shed, the access and existing roads
for trucks and carts etc.

8. Soil testing is often performed by commercial labs that
offer a variety of tests, targeting groups of compounds and
minerals. The advantages associated with local lab is that
they are familiar with the chemistry of the soil in the area
where the sample was taken. This enables technicians to
recommend the tests that are most likely to reveal useful
information

9. Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or explosives. It
includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground. Excavation is used in construction to create
building foundations, reservoirs and roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching,
digging, dredging and site development.
During new construction, site excavation is one of the earliest stages. The site is excavated to create a level,
clean area to work, with the foundations being established in the excavated area. A site may also be excavated and
backfilled to confirm that the material directly under the site is of high quality. The depth of site excavation can
vary, depending on what is being built and where the building is occurring. Before a foundation can be laid, it is
necessary to excavate a trench of the required depth and width (by hand or mechanical excavator)
Timbering – term used to cover temporary supports to the sides of excavations and is sometimes called planking
and strutting
Type and amount – depend on the depth, nature of subsoil, weather conditions and duration

10.  Levelling is the measurement
of geodetic height using an optical
levelling instrument and a level staff or
rod having a numbered scale. Common
levelling instruments include the spirit
level, the dumpy level, the digital level,
and the laser level.

11.  A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectural
structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the
ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. Foundation
engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical
engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
 Earthfast or post in ground construction
Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the
ground. Post in ground construction may technically have no foundation. Timber
pilings were used on soft or wet ground even below stone or masonry walls. In marine
construction and bridge building a crisscross of timbers or steel beams in concrete is
called grillage.
 Stone foundations
Dry stone and stones laid in mortar to build foundations are common in many parts of the
world. Dry laid stone foundations may have been painted with mortar after construction.
Sometimes the top, visible course of stone is hewn, quarried stones. Besides using mortar,
stones can also be put in a gabion.One disadvantage is that if using regular steel rebars,
the gabion would last much less long than when using mortar (due to rusting).
Using weathering steel rebars could reduce this disadvantage somewhat.
 Rubble trench foundations
Rubble trench foundations are a shallow trench filled with rubble or stones. These
foundations extend below the frost line and may have a drain pipe which helps
groundwater drain away. They are suitable for soils with a capacity of more than 10
tonnes/m² (2,000 pounds per square foot)

12. Shallow foundations, often called footings
Another common type of shallow foundation
is the slab-on-grade foundation where the
weight of the building is transferred to the
soil through a concrete slab placed at the
surface.
A deep foundation is used to transfer the
load of a structure down through the upper
weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of
subsoil below. There are different types of
deep footings including impact driven piles,
drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-
piers and earth stabilized columns.
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13. BASED ON
CHARACTERISTICS:
MECHANISM OF LOAD
TRANSFER
METHOD OF INSTALLATION
TYPE OF MATERIALS
BASIS ON LOAD TRANSFER:
END/POINT BEARING PILES
FRICTION PILES
FRICTION CUM ENDBEARING
PILES
DRIVEN OR DISPLACEMENT
PILES
BORED OR REPLACEMENT
PILES
BASE OF
MATERIALS:
TIMBER PILES
STEEL PILES
CONCRETE PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES
FIGURE: END BEARING
PILE
FIGURE: FRICTION
PILE
FIGURE: BORED
PILEFIGURE: DRIVEN PILE

14. WOOD IN PLANKS OR STRIPS USED AS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE TO CONTAIN
SETTING CONCRETE, TO SUPPORT THE SIDES OF TRENCHES, OR SIMILAR.
WOODEN SHUTTERING STEEL SHUTTERING

15. BY USE OF LARGE SIZE PANELS IT IS POSSIBLE TO EFFECT
SAVING IN THE LABOR COST OF FIXING AND
DISMANTLING.
NUMBER OF REUSES ARE MORE AS COMPARED WITH
TIMBER SHUTTERING. FOR ESTIMATION PURPOSE,
NUMBER OF REUSES CAN BE TAKEN AS 20 TO 25.
THIS CONSIST OF PANELS FABRICATED OUT OF THIN
STEEL PLATES STIFFENED ALONG THE EDGES BY SMALL
STEELANGLES

16. 12
Fix the
reinforcement
bar for
concrete beam
Fix the formwork
for the concrete
beam
Pour concrete,
wait for the
concrete to be
cured then
remove the
formwork
Ground beams sometimes
are casted together with the
slab, but in our site, they
casted the beams before
they cast the slab.
As for the first floor beam,
they casted the beam
together with the slab
because it is not possible
to cast the beam first then
the slab later.

17. Concrete Column
Columns are rigid, relatively
slender structural members
designed primarily to support
axial compressive loads
applied to the ends of the
members. The concrete
column that is built in our site
was built along with the
concrete beam and slab.
12
Concrete column
section
Type of columns
Wood/Timber column
Steel column
Concrete column
The column that is applied in
our site is concrete column.
Concrete column construction
process
Fix the
reinforcement
bar for the
concrete
column
Fix the
formwork for
the concrete
column
Pour concrete, wait for
it to be cured then
remove the formwork

18. WALL SLAB STRUCTURE:
IN THIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WALL BEARS ALL LOAD.
COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURE:
A STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT IS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL
COMPRESSION AND TRANSVERSE BENDING AT THE
SAME TIME

19. 19
A column is an isolated vertical load bearing
member, the width of which is neither less than
its thickness nor more than four times its
thickness. A pier is a member similar to a
column except that it is bonded into load
bearing wall at the sides to form integral part
and extends to the fuli height of the wall. A pier
is used to increase the stiffness of the wall to
carry additional load or to carry vertical
concentrated load.
Every floor has a structural component: (i)
the sub-floor, which is a structural
component to impart strength and stability
to support the super-imposed loads
and (ii) floor covering or flooring
consisting of suitable florr finish.
FLOOR STRUCTURE

20. Soil / Fill
Concrete Slab
According to our observation on the
site, the type of slab that they use is
concrete slab. Concrete slabs are
plate structures that are reinforced to
span either one or both directions of a
structural bay.
12
Two-way Slab
Suspended Slab
22

21. 21
STAIRS
Introduction
A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor
to the other. It is provided to afford the means
of ascent and descent between various floors
of a building. The room or enclosure of the
building, in which the stair is located is known
as stair-case. The opening or space occupied
by the stair is known as stairway. It should be
suitably located in a building. In a domestic
building the stairs should be centrally located
to proved easy access to all the rooms. In
public buildings, stairs should be located near
the entrance. In big buildings, there can be
more than on stairs. Stairs may be
constructed of timber, bricks, stone, steel or
reinforced cement concrete. Apart from stairs
other means of vertical transportation
between the floors of a building are: lifts,
ramps, ladders and escalators.

22. GRADE BEAM
A GRADE BEAM OR GRADE BEAM FOOTING IS A
COMPONENT OF A BUILDING'S FOUNDATION.
IT CONSISTS OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
THAT TRANSMITS THE LOAD FROM A BEARING
WALL INTO SPACED FOUNDATIONS SUCH AS PILE
CAPS OR CAISSONS.
IT IS USED IN CONDITIONS WHERE THE SURFACE
SOIL’S LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY IS LESS THAN
THE ANTICIPATED DESIGN LOAD

23. CURING
• PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE ON STRENGTH
DEVELOPMENT AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE.
• TAKES PLACE IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONCRETE
PLACING AND FINISHING.
• INVOLVES MAINTENANCE OF DESIRED MOISTURE
AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.
THE LENGTH OF ADEQUATE CURING TIME IS
DEPENDENT ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
• MIXTURE PROPORTIONS
• SPECIFIED STRENGTH
• SIZE AND SHAPE OF CONCRETE MEMBER
• AMBIENT WEATHER CONDITIONS
• FUTURE EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

24. 24
DOORS AND WINDOWS
A door may be defined as an open-able barrier
secured in a wall opening. A door is provided to
give as access to the inside of a room of a
building. It serves as a connecting link between
the various internal portions of a building.
Basically a door consists of two parts : door
frame, and door shutter. The door shutter is held
in position by the door frame which in turn is
fixed in the opening of the wall by means of hold
fasts etc.
A window is also a vented barrier secured in a
wall opening. The function of the window is to
admit light and air to the building and to give a
view to the outside. Windows must also provide
insulation against heat loss and in some cases
against sound. Some windows are also required
to give a measure of resistance to fire. A window
also consists of two parts : window frame,
secured to the wall opening with the help of hold
fasts, and window shutters held in position by
the window frame.

25. 25
PLASTERING
Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces of walls,
columns, ceiling and other building components with thin
coat of plastic mortars to form a smooth durable surface.
The coating of plastic material (i.e. mortar) is termed as
plaster. Plastering on external exposed surfaces is known
rendering.
POINTING
The term pointing is applied to the finishing of mortar joints
in masonry. In exposed masonry, joints are considered to be
the weakest and most vulnerable spots from which rain
water or dampness can enter. Pointing consists of raking the
joints to a depth of 10 to 20 mm and filling it with better
quality mortar in desired shape.

26. 26
Distempers are considered to be water-paints. A distemper is
composed of the following:
A base, such as whiting or chalk.
A carrier (water).
A binder, such as glue or casein.
Coloring pigments.
Water-bound distempers are available in powder or paste form
and they are mixed with hot water before use. Oil bound
distempers are a variety of oil paint, in which the drying oil is
so treated that it mixes with water. Glue or casein is the
emulsifying agent. Oil bound distempers are washable.
Distempers are cheaper than oil paints. They are generally
light in color and they provide good reflective coating.
However, they are less durable than oil paints.
Paints are liquid compositions of pigments and binders which
when applied to the surface in thin coats dry to form a solid film
to impart the surface a decorative finish, apart from giving
protection to the base material (i.e. concrete, masonry and
plaster surfaces) from weathering, corrosion and other
chemical and biological attacks. Paints preserve timber
structures against warping and decay. Most of the metals
corrode if not painted at suitable interval. Painting on surfaces
impart decoration, sanitation and improved illumination.

27. THANK YOU