Biotechnology can play an important role in abating environmental pollution through various applications. Microorganisms and biological processes can be used for wastewater treatment, bioremediation of polluted soil and water, producing more sustainable alternatives to plastics, fuels and other materials, and reducing overall environmental pollution. Examples discussed include using enzymes for detergents, cultivating meat without animals, and producing flavors and cosmetic ingredients through fermentation rather than traditional extraction methods.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines different types of waste such as solid waste, hazardous waste, and municipal solid waste. It describes the problems caused by improper solid waste management such as pollution, diseases, and clogged drainage. The document outlines an integrated approach to solid waste management that aims to minimize environmental impacts, address social and economic factors, and promote sustainability.
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES IN WATER SUPPLY & SANITATIONRAMSIDDARTHAN .
1. The document discusses sustainable strategies for water supply and sanitation. It covers various topics including the importance of water, different water sources, the hydrological cycle, water distribution on Earth, portable water, domestic water uses, water pollution, and improving water quality.
2. It also discusses sustainability, factors affecting water source sustainability, elements of sustainability, ground and surface water harvesting systems, and a support model for selecting sustainable structures.
3. The document provides information on sanitation challenges in India, definitions of sanitation, steps to solve sanitation problems, available sanitation technologies, criteria for selecting technologies, and strategies for successful sanitation projects in developing countries.
This document discusses the use of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. It begins with definitions of phycoremediation and discusses how it utilizes microalgae and macroalgae to remove or transform pollutants from wastewater. The document then outlines several applications of phycoremediation including removal of nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals. Specific examples of phycoremediation being used to treat domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater from textile, food, tannery, chemical and pharmaceutical facilities, are provided. The document emphasizes that phycoremediation is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
Sustainable waste management is an efficient way to minimize pollution from waste. It involves using resources efficiently to reduce waste production and dealing with waste in a way that contributes to economic, social and environmental goals. The strategy of sustainable waste management provides an action plan for effective waste collection, segmentation, treatment, and applying the 3R approach of reduce, reuse and recycle. It is important to collect organic and inorganic wastes separately, with organic materials used to produce fertilizers and fuel and inorganic materials sent to recycling facilities. Proper waste management flows and separation of materials can improve sustainability versus open dumping which creates health and environmental issues.
Municipal solid waste comes from households, businesses, and institutions and does not include industrial, construction, or hazardous waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated is increasing due to population growth and modern lifestyles. Municipal solid waste management involves collection, sorting, and disposal or utilization through methods like composting, landfilling, and incineration. India faces significant challenges in sustainably managing its growing municipal solid waste. Hazardous wastes from industries and agriculture can contaminate water sources and harm human health if not properly controlled through methods such as waste minimization and alternative disposal technologies.
This document discusses wastewater treatment and management. It begins by explaining that wastewater from homes and businesses goes through sewer systems to local wastewater treatment plants. It then describes the three main levels of wastewater treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical separation processes. Secondary treatment uses biological processes with microbes and oxygen to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides additional treatment using chemical or physical methods. After treatment, effluent is discharged back into streams while sludge is disposed of through various methods. The document emphasizes that wastewater treatment protects water quality in receiving streams.
The town of Kamikatsu, Japan has established itself as a zero waste town by implementing an extensive waste sorting and recycling program. Residents sort their waste into 45 categories and place them in the proper bins. Through these efforts, the town achieved an 81% waste recycling rate in 2016 and serves as a model for other communities pursuing zero waste goals.
Biotechnology can play an important role in abating environmental pollution through various applications. Microorganisms and biological processes can be used for wastewater treatment, bioremediation of polluted soil and water, producing more sustainable alternatives to plastics, fuels and other materials, and reducing overall environmental pollution. Examples discussed include using enzymes for detergents, cultivating meat without animals, and producing flavors and cosmetic ingredients through fermentation rather than traditional extraction methods.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines different types of waste such as solid waste, hazardous waste, and municipal solid waste. It describes the problems caused by improper solid waste management such as pollution, diseases, and clogged drainage. The document outlines an integrated approach to solid waste management that aims to minimize environmental impacts, address social and economic factors, and promote sustainability.
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES IN WATER SUPPLY & SANITATIONRAMSIDDARTHAN .
1. The document discusses sustainable strategies for water supply and sanitation. It covers various topics including the importance of water, different water sources, the hydrological cycle, water distribution on Earth, portable water, domestic water uses, water pollution, and improving water quality.
2. It also discusses sustainability, factors affecting water source sustainability, elements of sustainability, ground and surface water harvesting systems, and a support model for selecting sustainable structures.
3. The document provides information on sanitation challenges in India, definitions of sanitation, steps to solve sanitation problems, available sanitation technologies, criteria for selecting technologies, and strategies for successful sanitation projects in developing countries.
This document discusses the use of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. It begins with definitions of phycoremediation and discusses how it utilizes microalgae and macroalgae to remove or transform pollutants from wastewater. The document then outlines several applications of phycoremediation including removal of nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals. Specific examples of phycoremediation being used to treat domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater from textile, food, tannery, chemical and pharmaceutical facilities, are provided. The document emphasizes that phycoremediation is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
Sustainable waste management is an efficient way to minimize pollution from waste. It involves using resources efficiently to reduce waste production and dealing with waste in a way that contributes to economic, social and environmental goals. The strategy of sustainable waste management provides an action plan for effective waste collection, segmentation, treatment, and applying the 3R approach of reduce, reuse and recycle. It is important to collect organic and inorganic wastes separately, with organic materials used to produce fertilizers and fuel and inorganic materials sent to recycling facilities. Proper waste management flows and separation of materials can improve sustainability versus open dumping which creates health and environmental issues.
Municipal solid waste comes from households, businesses, and institutions and does not include industrial, construction, or hazardous waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated is increasing due to population growth and modern lifestyles. Municipal solid waste management involves collection, sorting, and disposal or utilization through methods like composting, landfilling, and incineration. India faces significant challenges in sustainably managing its growing municipal solid waste. Hazardous wastes from industries and agriculture can contaminate water sources and harm human health if not properly controlled through methods such as waste minimization and alternative disposal technologies.
This document discusses wastewater treatment and management. It begins by explaining that wastewater from homes and businesses goes through sewer systems to local wastewater treatment plants. It then describes the three main levels of wastewater treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical separation processes. Secondary treatment uses biological processes with microbes and oxygen to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides additional treatment using chemical or physical methods. After treatment, effluent is discharged back into streams while sludge is disposed of through various methods. The document emphasizes that wastewater treatment protects water quality in receiving streams.
The town of Kamikatsu, Japan has established itself as a zero waste town by implementing an extensive waste sorting and recycling program. Residents sort their waste into 45 categories and place them in the proper bins. Through these efforts, the town achieved an 81% waste recycling rate in 2016 and serves as a model for other communities pursuing zero waste goals.
Basic information on waste management system and the various type of waste and the disposal methods. few requirement to start the waste management company is discussed. also practical challenges were explain with points in the slide
Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to pollution and disease outbreaks. Proper solid waste management through collection, treatment, and disposal is needed globally. Key methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling. Industrial and agricultural waste as well as saline water also require specialized treatment methods. Metrics to measure sustainability assess environmental, social and economic impacts over time to guide balanced development.
Zero waste is a philosophy that aims to redesign resource life cycles so that all products are reused and nothing is sent to landfills or incinerators. It involves avoiding waste, reusing items, and recycling materials. Many cities and countries have adopted zero waste plans and policies to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and encourage recycling. Common elements of zero waste plans include separate bins for different types of waste, composting of organic waste, and recycling programs.
Waste management refers to the activities of collecting, transporting, and disposing of or recycling waste materials. In India, 62 million tons of waste is generated annually, much of which is improperly disposed of. Effective waste management systems follow the waste hierarchy of reducing, reusing, recycling, and properly disposing of or converting remaining waste. Improving waste management practices can help curb pollution, health impacts, and other environmental issues caused by unchecked waste generation and disposal.
This document summarizes different types of non-hazardous waste and their management. It discusses classification of non-hazardous waste into classes 1, 2, and 3 based on their harmfulness. It also outlines various management techniques like source reduction, recycling, composting, treatment, disposal in landfills, and regulations around universal waste and special wastes. Complete destruction of non-hazardous waste is possible through waste-to-energy facilities while maintaining a cost competitive rate for disposal.
- Municipal solid waste generation in Malaysia has increased significantly and averages 0.85-1.5 kg of waste generated per person daily.
- Improper management of solid waste poses negative impacts on human health such as increased risks of cancer, respiratory and skin diseases, and neurological problems.
- Suggested solutions to better manage solid waste include reducing waste production, increasing recycling rates, improving disposal methods, implementing responsible production practices, and promoting public education.
Zero waste is a philosophy that aims to redesign resource life cycles so that all products are reused and nothing is sent to landfills or incinerators. The document discusses various zero waste plans and initiatives adopted by different cities and countries around the world, including New Zealand becoming the first country to adopt a national zero waste policy. It also outlines steps involved in zero waste management like avoiding, reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.
India faces a major waste management problem due to rapid urbanization and economic growth. It generates over 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, of which only 43 million tonnes is collected and under 12 million tonnes is treated. Major forms of waste include plastic, water pollution, food waste, and e-waste. Plastic pollution is a huge global problem, with 9% of plastic produced recycled and the rest accumulating in landfills and oceans. India also struggles with water pollution from domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewater. Food waste is a major issue in India, especially at social gatherings, and e-waste recycling presents health and environmental risks if not handled properly. Short term solutions proposed include reducing waste
Think of what you need to survive. Just survive. Air? Water? Food? Snapchat (Weibo)? Well, you can live 3 minutes without air, 3 to 5 days without water, 46 to 73 days without food. Water is the new luxury. Beauty brands need to change how they manufacture and formulate products to limit their dependence on water.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
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Waste management is an important issue due to the large amounts of waste generated worldwide from various sources such as homes, businesses, industries, and agriculture. Waste can be classified based on its physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous, and as biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The management of different types of waste such as municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, e-waste, and liquid waste presents different challenges. An ideal waste management system aims to minimize waste generation and maximize resource recovery through methods like reducing, reusing, recycling, and proper treatment and disposal.
Waste management is an important public health issue in India due to the large amount of waste generated and improper disposal methods used. The document discusses the different types of waste produced, including solid, liquid, hazardous, biomedical, and e-waste. It outlines the ideal integrated solid waste management system and compares it to the current inadequate practices in India. The challenges faced in waste management are also examined, such as the lack of segregation, expertise, and funding. Proper waste treatment and disposal methods are described for different categories of waste.
Waste management is an important issue due to the large amounts of waste generated from various sources. There are different types of waste classified by physical state (solid, liquid, gaseous), biodegradability, and effects on health. An ideal waste management system minimizes environmental impacts and maximizes resource recovery. In India, most cities currently have crude waste disposal practices. Integrated solid waste management aims to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste through various approaches. Special types of waste like e-waste, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste require specific management and disposal methods due to their harmful effects.
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME, NATIONAL GREEN CORPS, CLIMATE EDUCATION AND WASTE MA...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
food waste disposal is an important operation in food manufacturing industries for sanitation. Effluent treatment plants are used in industries for the waste water treatment.
Name-shubhansh jain is a student in section a6 of mechanical engineering with roll number 1802373. The document defines different types of waste such as solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste, and biodegradable waste. It describes solid waste as non-liquid materials ranging from garbage to industrial waste, including materials such as garbage, rubbish, demolition products, and dead animals. The document discusses the effects of improper solid waste management, which can lead to health hazards and environmental impacts through decomposition. It outlines objectives for solid waste management such as public hygiene, reuse, and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management. It begins with definitions of key terms like biomedical waste and discusses the types of wastes generated from healthcare facilities. It covers the history of regulations around biomedical waste and the key Indian laws from 1998 and 2011. Methods of waste management are summarized, including segregation, treatment approaches like incineration, and final disposal. The roles and responsibilities of waste generators and operators are also mentioned. Overall, the document aims to introduce the topic of biomedical waste management and the approaches and regulations around safe handling of this waste.
This document provides information and examples for calculating surface areas and volumes of rectangular and round tanks, as well as clarifier loading calculations. It includes formulas and step-by-step worked examples for determining surface area of rectangles and circles, and volume of rectangular and cylindrical tanks, including those with conical bottoms. Clarifier detention time is defined as the time it takes for water to travel from inlet to outlet.
Membrane bio reactor- Waste water treatmentakalankar
The document discusses MBR (membrane bioreactor) wastewater treatment technology. MBR combines microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes with a suspended growth bioreactor. It provides advantages over conventional activated sludge processes like higher quality effluent, less sludge production, and shorter retention times. Industrial Solutions Lanka has experience designing and implementing MBR systems for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants. Their project for a Morison facility treating 80 m3/day of wastewater achieved over 99% COD reduction using an MBR system.
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Basic information on waste management system and the various type of waste and the disposal methods. few requirement to start the waste management company is discussed. also practical challenges were explain with points in the slide
Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to pollution and disease outbreaks. Proper solid waste management through collection, treatment, and disposal is needed globally. Key methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling. Industrial and agricultural waste as well as saline water also require specialized treatment methods. Metrics to measure sustainability assess environmental, social and economic impacts over time to guide balanced development.
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India faces a major waste management problem due to rapid urbanization and economic growth. It generates over 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, of which only 43 million tonnes is collected and under 12 million tonnes is treated. Major forms of waste include plastic, water pollution, food waste, and e-waste. Plastic pollution is a huge global problem, with 9% of plastic produced recycled and the rest accumulating in landfills and oceans. India also struggles with water pollution from domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewater. Food waste is a major issue in India, especially at social gatherings, and e-waste recycling presents health and environmental risks if not handled properly. Short term solutions proposed include reducing waste
Think of what you need to survive. Just survive. Air? Water? Food? Snapchat (Weibo)? Well, you can live 3 minutes without air, 3 to 5 days without water, 46 to 73 days without food. Water is the new luxury. Beauty brands need to change how they manufacture and formulate products to limit their dependence on water.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
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WASTES
Waste - is source in the wrong place at wrong time. Once it finds its
rightful place, it will be just as valuable as any other resource.
Type of waste
• Solid
• Liquid
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SOLID WASTES
In Simple Words - Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials.
Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized
gaseous material.
Examples of solid wastes include the following materials when discarded:
Food industries - stalks, shells, peels and cores of fruits and vegetables; trimmings, bones,
hides, aquatic animals and spillages, whey
Agro Processing - crop waste (rice husk, wheat straws, sugarcane bagasse), animal waste
(animal excreta, dead animals), processing waste (packaging material, fertilizer cans) and
hazardous waste (pesticides, insecticides)
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WASTE COMPOSITION GENERATED IN SRI LANKA
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QUANTITIES OF WASTE
GENERATED IN
SRI LANKA - 2019
( Karunarathna et al)
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WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT ?
Waste management could be defined as the processes and
practices aimed at collecting, transporting and disposing of
garbage, sewage and other waste products. The goal of waste
management is to increase the product’s lifecycle and reuse and
recover materials where possible, in order to reduce the total
amount of waste that goes into landfill and minimize the
environmental burden.
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WHY IT IS IMPORTANT ?
• Environmental protection and pollution reduction.
• Resource conservation
• Economic benefits
• Enabling a circular economy.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
Surface water contamination
Ground Water contamination
Soil contamination
Air contamination
• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
Municipal wellbeing
Recycling revenue
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
Surface water contamination
Ground Water contamination
Soil contamination
Air contamination
• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
Municipal wellbeing
Recycling revenue
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Minamata disease
• On May 1, 1956, a doctor in Japan reported an "epidemic of an unknown
disease of the central nervous system," marking the official discovery of
Minamata disease.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
• In the late 1950s Minamata Bay, Japan became contaminated with
mercury from a nearby factory manufacturing the chemical acetaldehyde
(Chisso Corporation's chemical waste pipe).
• The mercury was bio transformed by bacteria in the water into
methylmercury, or organic mercury, that bio-accumulated and
biomagnified in the muscle of fish.
• First, local cats that ate the fish began to stagger about and die.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Chromium contamination at Ranipet (Vellore District, Tamil Nadu)
• In 1995 at Ranipetin Tamil Nadu,a factory calledTamilNadu Chromates and
Chemicals Limited (TCCL) shut down its operations.
• TCCL, before it shut operations in 1995, used to manufacture sodium
dichromate, basic chromium sulphate and sodium sulphate.
• It dumped around 227,000 tonnes of chromium-bearing solid waste in an
area of two hectares in its compound.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Ozone Depletion:
• The CFC (Chloro Fluoro Carbon) & HCFC (Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon) emissions from
the industries are damaging the ozone layer.
Acid Rain:
• The SO2, CO2and nitrous oxides coming out of the industrial chimneys react with the
moisture in the atmosphere and forms mild acids (sulphuric acid, carbonic acid & nitric
acid respectively). With rainfall this falls on the ground and this is termed as acid rain
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Eutrophication :
• Industrial effluents containing nitrogen and phosphorus may lead to eutrophication
and algal boom which in turns decreases the BOD of a water body destroying the
organisms living in it.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Adverse Effect on Crop Productivity:
• Degradation of land due to industrial pollution makes it unsuitable for cultivation, thus,
bringing down the agricultural production.
Example:
• In the vicinity of the thermal power plant at Barauni industrial complex (Begusarai
District, Bihar ) a thick layer of fly ash has been deposited on the ground making it
useless for cultivation. Earlier in the same area the land was so fertile that three crops
could be cultivated in a year.
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EFFECTS OF WASTES
Human Health Problems:
• Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, tetanus, whooping cough etc. are other common
diseases spread due to improper waste management.
Example: Blue baby syndrome
Methemoglobinemia. This condition stems from nitrate poisoning. It is can happen in
babies who are fed infant formula mixed with well water.
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CHALLENGERS IN WASTE MANEGEMNT
• Lack of awareness about the benefits and approaches of waste reduction
at source, leading to little or no efforts to reduce waste generation in the
first place.
• Inefficient production practices and manufacturing equipment in the
factories.
• Limited data collection and record keeping.
• Limited awareness on refining and reusing practices between factories,
but they are practicing selling material to third parties by weight.
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HAZARDOUS AND NON HAZARDOUS
• Non-hazardous waste is industrial waste that can't go into a waterway or
garbage container. The primary difference between hazardous and non-
hazardous waste is that the latter isn't considered dangerous.
• Packaging and paper: Generally speaking, these items are non-hazardous and may become part
of a recycling program. Lab chemicals: Pharmaceutical and other bioscience wastes are frequently
deemed unsafe and require special procedures for proper disposal, such as lab packing.
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COLLECTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Use waste containers with leak-proof, screw-on caps so
contents can't leak if a container tips over.
• If necessary, transfer waste material to a container that
can be securely closed.
• Keep waste containers closed except when adding waste.
• Wipe down containers prior to your scheduled collection
date.
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By reducing inefficiencies in production processes, manufacturers can
save money and resources, and reduce the amount of waste they
produce.
Importance of waste reduction
• waste prevention benefits the environment
• makes good financial sense.
• benefits society.
R- REDUCE
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• Implement Lean Manufacturing Techniques - Lean manufacturing
techniques are a set of principles and practices that aim to reduce waste in the manufacturing process.
This includes reducing the number of resources used and minimizing any steps that don’t add value.
• Optimize Production Processes - analyzing and streamlining production processes to
reduce energy and material consumption, improve productivity and minimize waste.
• Invest in Sustainable Technologies
• Effective Inventory Management
• Waste Reduction Audits
REDUCE WASTE IN MANUFACTURING
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Reuse refers to using an object as it is without breaking it down.
Reuse is preferred over recycling because it consumes less energy.
• Reusable overalls and aprons – A laundering service for your coveralls and
aprons can extend the life of your PPE textiles
• Switch to pallets – Instruct suppliers to ship things on reusable pallets and backhaul
them for reuse
• Reuse wastewater – If you are a heavy water user, consider the possibility of doing
your own wastewater treatment
R- REUSE
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Recycling means turning an item into raw materials which can be
used again, usually for a completely new product.
• Establish key partnerships – Seek partnerships with local recyclers, waste
management companies, and even colleges and universities that may be interested in
related school projects, or even a graduate student thesis.
• Use a waste exchange program – What you consider waste can be a resource
for another business. Exchange the generated waste through a waste exchange program with
such businesses
• Send your food waste to a local farm – Local farms can sometimes feed your
food waste to their livestock after treating/heating to food for safety.
R- RECYCLE
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Resource recovery goes further than just the management of waste.
different treatment Technologies.
Examples -
• Fertilizers from organic wastes
• Energy from municipal wastes
• Purified Cu from copper scraps
• Dye extraction from tea waste
R- RECOVER
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DISPOSAL OF WASTES
1. LAND FILL
• It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
• It is generally used for domestic waste.
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1. LAND FILL
LAND REQUIRED FOR DISPOSAL
OF MSW
EMMISION OF METHANE FROM
LANDFILL
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DISPOSAL OF WASTES
2. INCINERATION
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste
at 1000 0C.
• waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
• The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to
organic waste.
• The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
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DISPOSAL OF WASTES
3. PYROLYSIS
• Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce
char, pyrolysis oil and syngas,
e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of
waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.
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MAKING BIOGAS
• Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
• Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as
• agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or
food waste.
• It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.
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LIQUID WASTES
• Liquid waste is essentially any liquid that gets discharged down drains or washed down
pipes. Liquid waste includes fats, oils, and grease (FOG), spent chemicals, liquids,
gases, solids, or sludge. On a commercial scale, wastewater comes in byproducts,
waste, or residuals of industrial projects.
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LIQUID WASTES
• Effluent treatment plants (ETPs) can effectively treat liquid waste.
• Treated wastewater can serve multiple purposes:
o Utilization for irrigation purposes under CEA guidelines.
o Recycling for cooling towers and flushing after undergoing further
treatment.
• Liquid waste management can adhere to the principles of reduce, reuse, recycle, and
recover (4R's).
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SLURRY TYPE WASTES
• Slurry-type waste can be managed by separating liquids and
solids.
• Various methods can be employed for dewatering slurry,
including:
• Screw press
• Filter press
• Belt presses
• For further moisture removal, dryers can be utilized for
drying if needed.
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WASTE AUDITS
• A waste audit is a method for analyzing an organization’s waste stream. The goal is to
discover what types and quantities of waste, such as paper, plastic or food, your
industry produce within a given timeframe.
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BENEFITS OF WASTE AUDITS
• Waste Audits Streamline Operations.
• Waste Audits Help Reduce Costs.
• Waste Audits Measure Baselines and Tell Success Stories.
• Waste Audits Drive Sustainable Solutions and Waste Compliance.
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HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
1. Assemble a Team & Set a Date - Find a volunteer from each department to form your waste auditing
team. Aim for at least five people.
2. Determine Your Waste Categories - Before “Waste Audit Week” rolls around, make a list of the most
common trash types your business produces. This list can be general for now — you can always add new categories
as needed.
Common Waste Audit Categories:
• Glass
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Food waste
• Plastic bottles
• General plastic
• Aluminum cans
• Display materials
• Materials packaging
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HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
3. Gather Your Tools - Before the main event, you’ll need to stock up on a few supplies to make sure your team
can work safely.
Supplies Needed for a Waste Audit:
• An open area for sorting the trash.
• Tongs for each volunteer (optional).
• Clipboards for recording your findings.
• A bathroom scale for weighing each category.
• Labelled boxes for sorting each waste category.
• Face masks and rubber gloves for each volunteer.
• Trash bags for re-bagging your waste after the audit.
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HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
4. Sort Your Trash - It’s time for the real work to begin.
• Gather all the trash and recycling from your building.
• Label each trash bag with the department it came from.
• Weigh all the trash to get a baseline for how much you throw out each week.
• Weigh all the recyclables to establish how much you recycle each week.
• Wearing gloves, sort all materials into the boxes for their categories. If you labeled your trash by
department, make sure each has separate boxes.
• As you work, note any recyclables mixed in with the trash.
• Once everything has been sorted, weight each category.
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HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
5. Analyze Your Results - Now that you’ve recorded all weights, you can use this data for a waste stream
analysis.
• Calculate and record your waste diversion rate using this process:
• Divide the weight of your recyclables by the combined weight of all your waste (trash +
recyclables).
• Multiply the result by 100.
• This gives you a weekly waste diversion percentage.
• Look at the weights you recorded for individual waste categories.
o Which categories are the highest?
o Did the highest categories differ between departments?
o Did you find any recyclables mixed in with the trash?
o Were there categories you didn’t realize you had?
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HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
5. Analyze Your Results - Now that you’ve recorded all weights, you can use this data for a waste stream
analysis.
• Calculate and record your waste diversion rate using this process:
• Divide the weight of your recyclables by the combined weight of all your waste (trash +
recyclables).
• Multiply the result by 100.
• This gives you a weekly waste diversion percentage.
• Look at the weights you recorded for individual waste categories.
o Which categories are the highest?
o Did the highest categories differ between departments?
o Did you find any recyclables mixed in with the trash?
o Were there categories you didn’t realize you had?
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AFTER OBTAINING WASTE AUDIT RESULTS
1. Determine whether your dumpster size and pickup frequency still match your needs. If
your trash output changed, a different size or number of pickups may be more cost-
effective.
2. Add recycling service to your plan. If you don't have recycling as part of your waste
removal plan, consider add it.
3. Set a goal for increasing your recycling rate.
4. Create recycling guidelines for meeting that goal and share them with your staff.
5. Set a goal for reducing the amount of waste in your largest categories.
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AFTER OBTAINING WASTE AUDIT RESULTS
6. Determine the steps to meet that goal and let your staff know.
For example, you might switch to online bill pay to reduce paper or buy a different coffee
maker to avoid wasteful coffee pods.
7. Identify any items you can reuse.
For example, can you repair or recycle your electronics instead of purchasing new ones?
Can you repurpose any of your packaging materials?
8. Decide on a timeline for meeting your recycling and reduction goals. One or two years
usually makes sense. Plan to conduct another waste audit at that time to see if you met
your goals.
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Supporting factories in quantifying the cost of material that is
getting wasted.
Taking actions for reduction of material/waste at the source.
Promoting use of alternative and sustainable packaging e.g.,
returnable containers.
Initiating the segregation of waste and collection. Ensure that
there are suitable and
separate storage facilities in place for different kinds of waste in
the production line. The
category of waste will depend on process - organic, inorganic,
hazardous etc.
17
3R Concepts Development In Industrial Zones
Initiating quantification of waste on a daily/weekly basis.
Initiating data collection of the materials and development of
performance indicators.
Helping factories develop internal benchmarks to keep a track
on their waste minimisation
efforts.
Guiding factories in setting up annual performance targets.
Identifying options to reuse a material considered as waste in
the factory by either putting
an item into use again or for another purpose. This is the case
when the object can be used
again or differently compared to what it is intended to do. It also
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•Environmental protection and pollution reduction. One of the primary benefits of waste management lies in its ability to
minimize the environmental impact of human activities. Proper waste disposal and recycling reduce the amount of waste
that ends up in landfills or incinerators, thereby decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By diverting waste
from landfills, we conserve valuable space and reduce the risk of harmful substances leaking into the soil and
contaminating water sources, protecting both human health and ecosystems.
•Resource conservation. Waste management fosters resource conservation through recycling and reusing materials,
reducing the total amount of material reaching final disposal. Recycling allows us to reclaim valuable resources from
discarded items and, by doing so, we minimize the need for raw material extraction, thus conserving natural resources and
mitigating the environmental impacts associated with the extraction and processing of raw materials.
•Economic benefits. There are plenty of economic benefits deriving from waste management: not only this practice
reduces the overall cost of waste disposal, but also fosters the creation of job opportunities. Last but not least, investing in
waste management processes boosts companies’ reputation, attracting customers and investors.
•Enabling a circular economy. Waste management is a key enabler of the circular economy, a model aimed at reducing
waste and optimizing resource use. In a circular economy, products and materials are designed for longevity, reuse, and
recyclability. This transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" model to a circular one is fundamental in achieving a
sustainable and greener future, and it is evident how waste management plays a big part in it.