food waste disposal is an important operation in food manufacturing industries for sanitation. Effluent treatment plants are used in industries for the waste water treatment.

1. SUBJECT: FOOD SANITATION AND HYGEINE
PRESENTED BY
MEGHA T P
2ND SEMESTER
MSC FOOD AND NUTRITION

2. WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Waste management is all those activities and actions required
to manage waste from its inseption to its final disposal.
 Food processing industry around the world is making serious
efforts to minimize by-products, compost organic waste,
recycle processing and packaging materials, and save energy
and water.
 The three R’s of waste management – Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle – can help food manufacturers in reducing the
amount of waste sent to landfill and reusing waste.

3. Wastes in food industry
 The food-processing industry produces large volumes of
wastes, both solids and liquids, generated from the
production, preparation, and consumption of food.
 Large amount of food is being wasted throughout the food
supply chain.
 In primary production
 During distribution and sale of final product
 The preparation and serving of food in commercial and
domestic environments.
 The waste from food-processing industry is not a waste in a
real sense but can be converted and utilized as food, feed, and
fodder.

4.  The food industry produces waste materials as a by-product of
food processing and preparation.
 Many food processors consume large quantities of water, but
food manufacturing sectors vary in their major purposes for
using water.
 Water serves several functions in food processing including
cleaning, conveying, steam generation, heat exchange, and as
an ingredient.
 Waste materials generated from food processing and
foodservice facilities can present difficulties because they
contain large amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and
mineral salts.
 Organic matter from waste materials should be treated
through biological stabilization processes before it is
discharged into a body of water.

5.  From USDA ERS data , Fruit and vegetable industrial solid waste
include items removed from fruits and vegetables during
cleaning, processing, cooking, and/or packaging. These items
may include leaves, peels, skins, cores, pulp, stems, seeds, and
spoiled fruits and vegetables.
 Solid waste from the meat processing and rendering sector is
comprised primarily of slaughterhouse waste. Wastewater from
a slaughterhouse can contain blood, manure, hair, fat, feathers
and bones.
 The quantity of waste generated and the characteristics of the
waste depend on the kind of meat being processed.

6.  The major problem with these wastes is that the organic
matter provides a food source for microbial growth. . With an
abundant food supply, microorganisms multiply rapidly,
reducing the dissolved oxygen contained in the water.
 Accumulation of wastes, even for short periods of time, can
attract insects and rodents, produce odours, and become a
public nuisance or an unsightly condition inside or outside the
plant.
 Each type of waste has a characteristic BOD that may be high,
low, intermediate and that each presents its own problems of
treatment and disposal.

7. TYPE OF WASTES
 Wastes are mainly classified into 3 groups:
i. soild wastes( garbage and refuse)
ii. liquid waste(sewage)
iii. Gaseous wastes(smoke and fumes)
 Solid waste is the major waste arises.
 Liquid waste are normally disposed through ETP.
 Gaseous wastes are expelled into atmosphere where they get
diluted by diffusion and air currents.
 It is essential to collect and dispose of all types of waste
separately as they are easier to deal with if they are kept
separate.

8. STORAGE OF WASTE
 Provide enough storage facility for storing of waste and
inedible material prior to removable from the premises
 Ensure there is no pest and rodent access to waste of inedible
material
 Ensure that stored and inedible material does not contaminate
 potable water
 equipment used for food preparation
 or building/premises
 Solid and concentrated wastes are kept separate from the
watery wastes and may be used directly for food , feed,
fertiliser, or other purpose.
 Solid waste should preferably be sorted into biodegradable and
non-biodegradable wastes and stored separately.

9.  Mark waste trolleys and bins with defining symbols or have
different colours for biodegradable and non-biodegradable
waste/refuse bins.
 Provide dustbin of adequate size and with a cover in the
premises for collection of waste. A bin should have a
mechanism for opening it without having to touch it.
 Garbage cans must have covers.
 Place the bins in a sufficient distance to prevent
contamination.
 Have the dustbin emptied and washed daily with disinfectant
and dried before next use
 Locate your garbage cans in such a manner that it does
not lead to contamination of the
 food process
 food storage area
 environment inside and outside your premises

10. DISPOSAL OF FOOD WASTE
 The food sanitarian is concerned directly or indirectly with the
adequate treatment and disposal of waste from industry.
 Solid and concentrated wastes are kept separate from the
watery wastes and may be used directly for food , feed,
fertiliser, or other purpose.
 After treatment agricultural waste can be used as feed or
fertilisers.
 Remove food waste and other waste materials from the areas
where the food is being handled cooked or manufactured in a
routine manner.
 Dispose food waste in such a way that it does not attract dogs,
cats, birds, rodents and flies.
 Follow the rules and regulations including those for plastics
and other non environment friendly materials.

11.  Organic waste at any food processing plant can be composted
in a modern in-vessel composting and the resultant fertilizer
can be used for in-house landscaping or sold as organic
fertilizer as attractive prices.
 Another plausible way of managing organic waste at the food
manufacturing plant is to biologically degrade it in an
anaerobic digester leading to the formation of energy-rich
biogas and digestate.
 Biogas can be used as a heating fuel in the plant itself or
converted into electricity by using a CHP unit while digestate
can be used as a soil conditioner.
 Biogas can also be converted into biomethane or bio-CNG for
its use as vehicle fuel. Items such as cardboard, clean plastic,
metal and paper are all commodities that can be sold to
recyclers Lots of cardboard boxes are used by food
manufacturers for supplies which can be broken down into flat
pieces and sold to recyclers.

12.  Cardboard boxes can also be reused to temporarily store chip
packages before putting them into retail distribution boxes.
Packaging can be separated in-house and recovered using “jet
shredder” waste technologies which separate film, carton and
foodstuffs, all of which can then be recycled separately.
 Wastewater from food processing facilities is often high in
strength hence it requires pre-treatment before its discharge
into the environment or for reuse.

13. EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT FOR FOOD
INDUSTRY
 It is mandatory for all the food
processing industries to set up ETP
or Effluent Treatment Plant for
effective wastewater management.
 Its main objective is to produce a
product that can be safely
discharged into a watercourse or
sewer in compliance with the
recommended limits for discharge.
 ETP greatly reduces the negative
impacts of the effluents to aquatic
ecosystems and to humans.

14.  ETP for food industry is developed and integrated with an
advanced technology without which water-borne pathogens
can spread out and results in diseases and degradation of
receiving water bodies.
DIFFERENT TREATMENT METHODS AND LEVELS OF EFFLUENT
TREATMENT PLANT (ETP):
1. Physical treatment
2. Chemical treatment
3. Biological treatment
TREATMENT LEVELS
1. Pretreatment or preliminary treatment level:
 Preliminary treatment operations typically include coarse
screening, grit removal and, in some cases, breaking of large
objects into the smaller objects.

15.  Screening is the first unit operation in a waste water treatment
plant. A screen is a device with uniform openings that serves
the purpose of removing large floating solids.
 Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that
removes suspended solids from water using gravity.
 Grit Chamber: The wastewater that flows into the grit
chamber removes the dense inorganic solids that have made
their way into the sewers, such as gravel, metal fragments, and
sand. Grit removal can help to prevent pump damage and
operational difficulties.
 Clarifiers are tanks designed with mechanical means to
continuously remove solids deposited by sedimentation prior
to biological treatment.

16. 2. primary treatment level
 It involves separation of floating material and heavy solids
from liquid waste( wastewater) via physical settling or
filtration.
 The primary clarifiers can effectively remove 50-60% of the
suspended solids.
 Flocculation: This is a physical process that does not involve
charge neutralization. It entails aggregating destabilized
particles into large aggregates so that they can be easily
separated from the water.
 gulation is a process in which coagulants are added to a liquid
in order to rapidly settle minute solid particles into a larger
mass. It allows for particle removal via sedimentation and
filtration.

17. 3: Secondary or biological treatment
 The goal of this treatment is to treat the effluent from primary
treatment further to remove suspended solids and residual
organics. Biological and chemical processes are involved in this
step.
 The activated sludge process uses air and a biological floc
made up of bacteria to treat industrial waste water.
 Aerated Lagoons: A treatment pond with artificial aeration to
promote waste water biological oxidation.
 Trickling filters, also known as sprinkling filters, are commonly
used in the biological treatment of domestic sewage and
industrial waste water.
 Rotating Biological Contactor: This method involves exposing
wastewater to a biological medium in order to remove
pollutants before discharging the treated wastewater into the
environment.

18. 4: Tertiary/advanced/disinfection treatment
 The goal of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment
stage to improve effluent quality before it is reused, recycled,
or discharged into the environment.
 Chemical coagulation and sedimentation are used to improve
solids removal from effluent after primary and secondary
treatment.
 Filtration: To ensure high quality water, the clarified
wastewater is first passed through the adjacent filtration
plant, which contains large filter blocks.Pressure is used to
force effluent through a membrane.
 UV Disinfection: It is thought to be an excellent disinfectant
for industrial waste water. By ensuring water quality, it leaves
no residual disinfectant in the water.

19. REFERENCES
 https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/waste-management-
in-food-processing-industry/
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-
58415-7_3
 https://foodsafetyhelpline.com/food-safety-guidelines-
waste-storage-disposal-food-units/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-
biological-sciences/waste-disposal
 https://neoakruthi.com/blog/etp-for-food-industry.html
 FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, WILLIAM C FRAZIER, DENNIS C
WESTHOFF, FIFTH EDITION
 FOOD HYGEINE AND SANITATION WITH CASE STUDIES,
SUNETRA RODAY, SECOND EDITION