This document discusses sentence structure and parts of speech. It defines what a sentence is and identifies the key parts - subject, verb, predicate. It describes the different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative etc.) and subjects/predicates (simple, complete, compound). Parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives are defined with examples. Exercises are provided to identify parts of a sentence and ask/answer wh-questions. Synonyms and their usage are also explained. In the end, references for further reading on grammar are listed.
Chapter 3 part 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 3 part 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Sentence combining is the process of joining two or more short sentences to make one longer sentence. A theory-based approach to sentence combining, influenced by Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar, emerged in the U.S. in the 1970s.
Chapter 3 part 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 3 part 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Sentence combining is the process of joining two or more short sentences to make one longer sentence. A theory-based approach to sentence combining, influenced by Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar, emerged in the U.S. in the 1970s.
Chapter 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of words, minimal has subject and predicate, which expresses a thought in written or spoken form.
Types of Sentences
1. Types of Sentences according to their purpose.
2. Types of Sentences according to their syntax
3. Types of Sentences according to their form
4. Types of Sentences according to completeness
5. Types of Sentences according to what kind of category occurs in the predicate position of the sentence.
Types of Sentences according to their purpose
A declarative sentence makes a statement. Since we usually make statements that declare something, most of your sentences are declarative. All declarative sentences are ended with a period.
Examples:
The dodgers won the first inning.
The tallest animal in the world is a giraffe.
This PPT contains the comprehensive presentation on the most important element of Grammar/Parts of Speech i.e. Adjectives. This video talks about the definition of Adjective, different types of Adjective like The Adjectives of Quality, The Adjectives of Quantity, The Adjectives of Number, The Demonstrative Adjectives, The Distributive Adjectives, The Interrogative Adjectives, The Emphatic Adjectives, The Exclamatory Adjectives with suitable examples.
Chapter 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of words, minimal has subject and predicate, which expresses a thought in written or spoken form.
Types of Sentences
1. Types of Sentences according to their purpose.
2. Types of Sentences according to their syntax
3. Types of Sentences according to their form
4. Types of Sentences according to completeness
5. Types of Sentences according to what kind of category occurs in the predicate position of the sentence.
Types of Sentences according to their purpose
A declarative sentence makes a statement. Since we usually make statements that declare something, most of your sentences are declarative. All declarative sentences are ended with a period.
Examples:
The dodgers won the first inning.
The tallest animal in the world is a giraffe.
This PPT contains the comprehensive presentation on the most important element of Grammar/Parts of Speech i.e. Adjectives. This video talks about the definition of Adjective, different types of Adjective like The Adjectives of Quality, The Adjectives of Quantity, The Adjectives of Number, The Demonstrative Adjectives, The Distributive Adjectives, The Interrogative Adjectives, The Emphatic Adjectives, The Exclamatory Adjectives with suitable examples.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Framing Simple Sentences
•A sentence is a group of words that is used to say something, to
ask something, or to tell somebody to do something. It gives
enough information for a person to form a complete idea in his
mind of the message that is being communicated to him.
•A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop
(.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).
•The sentence is traditionally defined as a word or group of
words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a
subject and a verb. – Definition.
3. What is a sentence composed of?
•A Sentence is composed of a
Subject, verb and a
Predicate.
•SENTENCE = SUBJECT +
VERB + PREDICATE
4. What is a sentence
composed of?
•A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb
to state (declare/say) a complete thought. Short example:
Walker walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main
verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing.
•A sentence is a set of words that contain a Subject and a
Predicate. It is important that a sentence should express a
complete thought. There are two main parts of a Sentence.
•A Subject is what the sentence is about, the topic of the
sentence.
•A Predicate is what is said about the subject. The Predicate of
a Sentence always consists of a Verb, in fact sometimes the
predicate is only a verb.
5. Definition:
•Subject of a sentence:
The subject is the
person, place, or thing
that acts, is acted on, or
is described in the
sentence.
•Predicate of a sentence:
The predicate usually
follows the subject , it is
the action or description
that occurs in the
sentence.
Examples: Ram runs very fast.
Come in.
Stand outside.
The lamp is very beautiful.
6. Kinds of subject
• There are three kinds of Subject:
1) Simple Subject – a Noun or a Pronoun
•Example: He/She/Ram/Seeta
2) Complete Subject - a noun or a pronoun plus any modifiers
• Example: The black cat, The big mouse, The hungry lion, etc.
3) Compound Subject - two or more subjects joined by a
conjunction.
•Example: She and I, Peter or Harry, A bat and a ball, etc.
7. Kinds of predicate
• A predicate may be one word or many words.
• There are three kinds of Predicate:
1) Simple Predicate– a complete verb (a verb and any helping
verbs)
•Example: stand, was singing, could have come, etc.
2) Complete Predicate - a simple predicate plus all modifiers
•Example: was singing sweetly, was reading loudly, etc.
3) Compound Predicate - two or more predicates with the same
subject.
•Example: was singing quietly and sweetly, play cards or watch
television, etc.
8. Kinds of sentences
•Sentences are used in all languages. Sentences are used in
both speech and writing. There are five kinds of sentences:
•1) Declarative Sentences: Sentences that make statements.
•Example:
•- I have two brothers and one sister.
•- My name is Mary.
9. •2) Interrogative Sentences: Sentences used to ask
questions.
•Example:
•- What are you doing?
•- Where will you go tomorrow?
•3) Imperative Sentences: Sentences that give commands
or make requests.
•Example:
•- Come here.
•- Please, come here.
10. •5) Exclamatory Sentences: Sentences that are in the form
of exclamations.
•Example:
•- Wow! How pretty it is!
- How marvelous!
•6) Optative Sentence: Optative sentences express wishes.
•Example:
•- May you live a long and happy life together.
- God bless you!
11. PARTS OF SPEECH
•There are thousands of words in any language. But not all words have the
same job. For example, some words express "action". Other words express
a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. These are the
"building blocks" of the language. Think of them like the parts of a house.
When we want to build a house, we use concrete to make the foundations
or base. We use bricks to make the walls. We use window frames to make
the windows, and door frames to make the doorways. And we use cement
to join them all together. Each part of the house has its own job. And
when we want to build a sentence, we use the different types of word.
Each type of word has its own job.
•We can categorize English words into 8 basic types or classes. These
classes are called "Parts Of Speech".
12. Eight parts of speech
PARTS OF SPEECH ROLE EXAMPLES
1) Noun Nouns are naming words. Monday, Christmas, etc.
2) Adjective An adjective describes a
noun or pronoun.
Long, some, etc.
3) Pronoun Pronoun is used instead of
a noun.
He, she, It, etc.
4) Verb Verb is a doing word or a
word which shows action.
We can say that Verb is the
motor that runs the
sentence.
Walk, keep, write, etc.
13. PARTS OF SPEECH ROLE EXAMPLES
6) Conjunction Joining words, which
join two words or
sentences.
and, or, thus, etc.
7) Preposition Relates one thing to the
other.
at, on in, etc.
8) Interjection A word showing
emotion or feeling.
Hooray, Hi!, Ouch! Oh!
Alas! etc.
9) Article Definite or Indefinite
Article – a, an, the.
A, an the.
14. Define: Parts Of speech
•A term in traditional grammar
for the eight categories into
which words are classified
according to their functions in
sentences. Example: Articles,
Nouns, Verbs, etc.
15. Exercise: A – Sentence structure
• Identify every word of the sentence:
1) Mary and her brother look smart.
2) The train will arrive at the station.
3) Look at your book.
4) I eat a small sandwich with tea.
5) Please, make green tea for me.
16. Exercise: ‘b’ – subject, verb and
predicate
• Identify the Subject, verb and Predicate in the sentence:
1) Gopal drives very roughly.
2) I have a big balloon.
3) Sit outside.
4) I helped my mother.
5) Light the lamp.
17. EXERCISE ‘C’ COMPLETE THE
FOLLOWING:
a) My brother ___________________________________.
b) Sometimes I _________________________________.
c) Our house ___________________________________.
d) The children _________________________________.
e) Many students _______________________________.
Follow the thumb rule:
Subject + Verb + Predicate
19. Which are the TYPES OF questions?
•There are two types of questions.
i) Yes-No Questions
ii) WH-Questions
•Question words are also called wh questions because they
include the letters 'W' and 'H'.
•There are eight wh-questions, which, what, who, whom,
whose, when, where and why and to this list we usually add how
as they are all used to elicit (bring about) particular kinds of
information.
20. USAGE AND MEANING OF WH-
QUESTIONSQUESTION WORDS MEANING & USAGE EXAMPLE
1) Who Person Who is that? It is Ram.
2) Where Place Where do you live?
3) Why Reason Why do you sleep early?
4) When Time When should I call you?
5) How Manner How do you go?0
6) What Object, idea or action What do you do?
7) Which Choice – used for things Which one do you
prefer?
8) Whose To show possession Whose book is this?
9) Whom Used for persons Whom did you meet?
21. FRAMING SIMPLE QUESTIONS:
1. If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the
question word at the beginning:
•Example:
•James writes good poems. — Who writes good poems?
•Exercise ‘D’ make Questions:
1) Neha is my sister.
2) The bank opens at 8 o’clock.
3) He drank juice.
4) He discovered the truth.
5) Rohit likes to play Football.
22. EXERCISE ‘E’ – CHOOSE THE CORRECT
OPTION
1. _____ are you?
2. _____ is your pen?
3. _____ are you crying?
4. _____ is the problem?
5. _____ will the train arrive?
When What
Why Who
Which
23. SYNOMYMS
•Define: synonym - Synonyms are words that have the same or
very similar meaning.
•Synonyms are different words that have the same meaning, or
about the same. Many words have multiple synonyms
depending on the part of speech. Some words are used to mean
specific things, so their synonyms cannot always replace them.
•Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the
state of being a synonym is called synonymy.
•Define: synonymy - The state of being a synonym is called
synonymy.
24. Homophones, homographs,
homonyms•Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation,
but different meanings. For example, 'witch' and 'which' are
homophones (because they are pronounced the same).
•Homographs are words that the same spelling, but have
different pronunciations. For example, ‘minute’, ‘tear’, ‘wind’,
‘wound’, etc.
•Homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation and
spelling, but have different meanings. For example, 'rose' (a
type of flower) and 'rose' (past tense of "rise") are homonyms.
25. List of synonyms
WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
1) Scream Yell Shout Shriek
2) Start Begin Commence
3) Help Aid Assist Support
4) Important Essential Vital Significant
5) Rubbish Garbage Trash Litter
26. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
6) Strange Odd Weird
7) Fake Unnatural Counterfeit Forged
8) Find Locate Seek Search
9) Wealthy Rich Well off Well-to-do
10) Submerge Sink Drown Immerse
27. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
11) Difficult Hard Challenging Tough
12) See Observe Look Watch
13) Grand Magnificent Majestic Splendid
14) Understand Comprehend Interpret Follow
15) Large Vast Huge Enormous
28. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
16) Betray Deceive Cheat Fool
17) Dangerous Risky Unsafe
18) Glad Happy Merry Joy
19) Real Genuine Authentic Actual
20) Famous Well-known Popular Renowned
30. EXERCISE ‘f’ GIVE SYNONYMS:
1) Find –
2) Fake –
3) Important
4) Grand –
5) Shout -
31. EXERCISE ‘G’ replace the underlined
word with a synonym:
1) I understand the speaker.
2) It was a grand function.
3) I met a large group of foreigners.
4) He belongs to a wealthy family.
5) My neighbor is strange.