This document provides an overview of topics covered in an English language course, including vocabulary, reading comprehension, grammar structures, and parts of speech. It discusses reasons for substandard language skills like lack of practice and confidence. It explains that the admission test will focus on conceptual understanding rather than rote definitions. Key parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and subjects are defined in terms of their functions rather than traditional definitions to help identify them in contexts. Etymology and word roots are discussed as a technique for understanding unfamiliar vocabulary.

1. Introduction
(Syllabus)
1. VOCABULARY
2. READING COMPREHENSION
3. ENGLISH STRUCTURE
4. PREPOSITION
5. WRITTEN EXPRESSION
6. SENTENCE CORRECTION
7. DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH
8. ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE
9. PUNCTUATION

2. Common Reasons for Sub
Standard Lingual Expressions
 We don’t practise
 Lack of confidence
 Bad at Vocabulary
 Grammar may be a reason
 Miscellaneous Reasons

3. Criteria for Admission Test
 Here you are going to be tested on the basis of
your concepts. You are not going to be asked
definitions or traditional things but your
capability of understanding Intermediate level
English.
 For the subject of English, You have a limited
Syllabus but unlimited domain.
 You need to review basics in English Grammar
and gradually increase your capacity to fulfill the
criteria.

4. Parts of Speech
 Noun- Person, place, thing or an animal.
e.g., Ali, karachi, dog etc
Again…we are not going to be tested on the
basis of traditional definitions but
identification of a component and concept
behind it.

5. Identify Noun
Soul, Pain, Suggestion, God,
Shadow, Skill, Way, Idea,
Truth, Method

6. Why is it necessary to learn from
basics?
• We usually cram words with their meanings
without knowing their nature
• For example: Cliché is a word that means
‘Repetition or Overuse of an opinion or
phrase so many times that it lose its
meaning’.
• Now if we simply learn its meaning and when
we encounter a situation like that we may
transform this word as ‘Cliched’ as per our
comfort.

7. • This happened because you didn’t ask
the nature of the word ‘Cliché’
• If you know that the precedent word is
a ‘Noun’, You won’t ever convert o
transform into any other form as you
are aware of the fact that Noun doesn’t
have Past (2nd) or Past Participle(3rd)
forms.
• Same is the case you won’t convert
‘Method’ into ‘Methoded’ because you
are aware that it’s a Noun.

8. Examples in Sentences
 Swimming is good for health.
 Partings are always painful.
 The lightning struck the building.
 His paintings are very beautiful.
 Pakistan is a developing country.

9. Verb
‘A verb is a word that shows an Action or State’
Action Verb State Verb
-Movement, Motion - Existence of a
Activity, Process Noun
-It has forms - It varies with
time
e.g., drink, drank, drunk e.g.,
is,am,are,was,were

10. • You will be required to correct a particular
sentence or identify an error in a statement. So,
without realizing the particular nature of a word,
you will not be able to identify it correctly.
For example:
- I have some broken chairs in my room. (Identify
Verb)
- He diagnosed some infected patients hastily.
(Identify Verb)
- He likes Singing during lectures. (Identify Verb)
- He has an amazing personality. (Identify Verb)
- Pakistan is a developing state. (Identify Verb)

11. Etymology
Etymology is the study of ‘ROOT WORDS’
We can not cram a great deal of
vocabulary in a limited time. So, it’s a
trick to guess the meaning of difficult
words. It’s not always applicable for
every word but usually it works
effectively.

12. • For example:
Anthropology
This word is comprised of 2 words i.e.
Anthrop means ‘Human’
Logos means ‘to study’
Therefore, the word Anthropology means
‘Study of Man/Human’
You may find out other related meanings
with the same trick.

13. • Anthropologist
(One who studies mankind/human)
• Philanthropist
Now we know the meaning of ‘anthrop’
There is another word prior to this i.e. Phile
So the combination of Phile+Anthrop results in
Philanthrop
You might have heard the word ‘phile’. Like
Electrophile, Nucleophile etc
‘Phile’ means ‘Lover’ so it becomes
Philanthropist- Lover of mankind/humanity

14.  There are some other Prefixes like
(Mis, De), results in negative meanings
For example: Decrease, Decline, Defame,
Misfortune, Misunderstood etc.
Now incorporate it into the precedent word.
Anthrop
Misanthrope
As we know it results in Negative meaning so
‘Misanthrope’ means ‘Hater of Mankind’

15. -Ambi/Amphi- Dual/both
Ambidextrous- a person who can use both hands
while working/ Skillful man
Ambiguous- Unclear/Dual meanings
Amphibian- Dual features of survival
-Arbo-Tree
Arborist- a person who is doing research on trees
Arbor- a place where you have so many trees

16. • Anglo- English
Anglophile- Lover of English
Anglophone- English Speaking
• Orient- East
Oriental Culture- Eastern Culture
Orientation- Beginning of something
Anglo Oriental
You might have studied about Mohammadan
Anglo Oriental College established by Sir Syed.

17. -Mono- Single
Monotheism- Belief in a Single God
Monotonous- lacking in variety and interest
Monopoly- exclusive possession
Monogamy- Marrying a single woman
-Poly- Multiple
Polytheism- Belief in Multiple gods
Polygamy- Marrying more than one woman at
the same time

18. • Bel- war/discord
Rebel- agitator
Belligerent- hostile/aggressive
Bellicose- threatning
• Acr/Acri- sharp, bitter
Acrimonious- bitter in taste
Acerbity- Bitterness in temper
• Aer/Aero
Aerate- to fill air into something
Aerial- existing in the air

19. Noun
• As we have discussed in our
earlier class that we are supposed
to identify ‘Noun’ rather than
following traditional definition.
• Therefore, “Everything is Noun”

20. Pronoun
S
Subject
Pronoun
Object
Pronoun
Possessive
Determiner
Possessive
Pronoun
Reflexive/
Emphatic
Pronoun
I me my mine myself
We us our ours ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself/es
He Him His His himself
She her Her Hers herself
It it Its Its itself
They Them their theirs themselves

21. VERB
“Function of Noun”
ACTION STATE
-We are studying English. -We are students.
- He speaks very well. - He is an orator.
- They are singing. - Singing is her attribute.

22. ADJECTIVE
• Adjective is the “Detail of
Noun”
• It can be any major or minor
detail.
• It should not be confined to
quality or quantity.

23. Examples
• I have some broken chairs in my room.
• He was limping with a fractured bone.
• Hey! I was talking about the blue
Mercedes.
• I was not expecting such a decent idea
from you.

24. ADVERB
• Adverb shows “Detail of Verb”
• It modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
• At school, you may have been told that
adverbs end -ly
• That is all true, but adverbs do far more
than that description suggests.

25. Examples
• She is slow.
• She walks slow.
• Today, our class started very late.
• The dinner guests arrived early.

26. Subject
• It is the first most important component of a
sentence.
• You need to identify subject correctly.
• The subject of a sentence is whether a Noun
or a Pronoun.
• The traditional approach of subject
identification may mislead you.

27. SUBJECT
• The subject of a sentence is
whether a Noun or a Pronoun.
• If you face difficulty in finding
out Subject, ask the statement:
Who? or What?
The answer will be the subject.

28. Examples
•John loves to play piano.
Who loves to play piano?
The answer will be the
Subject.

29. Identify ‘Subject’ in the following:
 The capital of Australia is
Vienna.
 The name of my favourite
Hollywood star is Leonardo.
 He was called twice yesterday.

30. OBJECT
• An object is a noun, a noun phrase,
or a pronoun that is affected by the
action of a verb.
For Example
I requested him to bring some
relevant material for ECAT
preparation.

31. THANK YOU