This document provides guidance on various aspects of written expression and reading comprehension. It discusses identifying the main topic and ideas of a passage, using context clues to determine word meanings, scanning for details, and differentiating between comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs. Examples are given of each concept to illustrate proper usage.

1. Structure andStructure and
writtenwritten
expressionexpressionNargis. S.SNargis. S.S

2. Written expressionWritten expression
 In this section you must choose theIn this section you must choose the
incorrect underlined word or phrase.incorrect underlined word or phrase.
 Eliminate two correct answers, focus toEliminate two correct answers, focus to
the two incorrect answers and choosethe two incorrect answers and choose
the most incorrect answer.the most incorrect answer.
 Choose one of them.Choose one of them.

3. If you are sure ‘A’ or ‘B” is theIf you are sure ‘A’ or ‘B” is the
incorrect part, you mustn’t considerincorrect part, you mustn’t consider
the other parts.the other parts.
InIn my opinion,my opinion, the morethe more beautifulbeautiful
AA BB CC
placeplace in Indonesia is Bali Island.in Indonesia is Bali Island.
DD

4.  AfterAfter to taketo take the medication,the medication,
AA
 the patientthe patient becamebecame drowsydrowsy andand
BB CC
 more manageablemore manageable..
DD
Focus on the two choices, andFocus on the two choices, and
choose one.choose one.

5. The problems matter inThe problems matter in
Written expressionWritten expression
1.1. Pronoun ( it could be subject, object,Pronoun ( it could be subject, object,
possessive adjective or reflexive pronoun )possessive adjective or reflexive pronoun )
All ofAll of wewe student muststudent must havehave anan
AA BB
identification card in order to check booksidentification card in order to check books
outout ofof the library.the library.
C DC D

6. 2. Article (a, an,/ singular noun : the )2. Article (a, an,/ singular noun : the )
If you are tired, you may not driveIf you are tired, you may not drive a longa long
distance.distance.
You must wait for them forYou must wait for them for an houran hour..
My father isMy father is an honestan honest person and I amperson and I am
proud of him.proud of him.
We study inWe study in a greena green college. It’s one ofcollege. It’s one of thethe
most favorite collegemost favorite college in Sumedang.in Sumedang.

7.  Subject verb agreementSubject verb agreement
The singular noun will be followed byThe singular noun will be followed by
singular auxiliary.singular auxiliary.
My sister is friendly. Our lecturers are here,My sister is friendly. Our lecturers are here,
now.now.
Everyone is ready to have a test, nextEveryone is ready to have a test, next
week.week.

8. TENSESTENSES
Remember the adverb of times for all the tenses youRemember the adverb of times for all the tenses you
have learnt. Simple past show finished action---twohave learnt. Simple past show finished action---two
years ago : 1978, 2002. etc. Present Perfect : since,years ago : 1978, 2002. etc. Present Perfect : since,
for.for.
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus has sailedhas sailed fromfrom
AA
Europe in 1492 andEurope in 1492 and discovereddiscovered a new landa new land
BB CC
hehe thought tothought to be India.be India.
DD

9. Every MuslimEvery Muslim who iswho is healthy and hashealthy and has
AA
enough moneyenough money isis expected toexpected to visitvisit
BB CC
Mecca once inMecca once in his or her lifetime.his or her lifetime.
DD

10. Modal auxiliaryModal auxiliary
Modal Auxiliary ( can, must, may……. +Modal Auxiliary ( can, must, may……. +
simple verb ( verb 1).simple verb ( verb 1).
To raiseTo raise livestocklivestock successfullysuccessfully , farmers, farmers
AA BB
mustmust selectingselecting cattle forcattle for breedingbreeding andand
CC DD
applying a dietary regimen.applying a dietary regimen.

11. Parallelism in nounParallelism in noun
The same noun, adjective, verb, in oneThe same noun, adjective, verb, in one
sentences.sentences.
 TheThe six main partssix main parts ofof a business lettera business letter
 AA BB
areare the address, the inside address, thethe address, the inside address, the
CC
salutation, the body, the closing andsalutation, the body, the closing and
signing your name.signing your name.
DD

12. Parallelism in verbParallelism in verb
 SomeSome of theof the people werepeople were standingstanding in thein the
AA BB
streetstreet watchedwatched the parade, whilethe parade, while the othersthe others
CC DD
were singing a songwere singing a song


13. We can put the verb in theWe can put the verb in the
beginning of the sentence. Verb-beginning of the sentence. Verb-
ing or to infinitive when it ising or to infinitive when it is
active sentence and past pastactive sentence and past past
participle (verb 3) when it’sparticiple (verb 3) when it’s
passive.passive.
Verb in beginning of theVerb in beginning of the
sentencessentences

14. StayingStaying in hotel costs twice as much as renting ain hotel costs twice as much as renting a
room in a dormitory for a week.room in a dormitory for a week.
PracticingPracticing her swing everyday , Tricia hopes toher swing everyday , Tricia hopes to
get a job as a golf instructor.get a job as a golf instructor.
InsistedInsisted on accepting expensive gifts by theiron accepting expensive gifts by their
friends , It makes most Americansfriends , It makes most Americans
uncomfortable.uncomfortable.
RenovatedRenovated by our government, The Dutchby our government, The Dutch
building look more magnificient.building look more magnificient.

15. Comparative & SuperlativeComparative & Superlative
ComparativeComparative
 Comperatives are used when describing the differences between onlyComperatives are used when describing the differences between only
two items.two items.
 Adjectives to describe a noun or a person.Adjectives to describe a noun or a person.
There are two ways to make or form a comparativeThere are two ways to make or form a comparative
adjective :adjective :
 Short Adjective : Add “ -er “Short Adjective : Add “ -er “
 Long Adjective : Use “ more “Long Adjective : Use “ more “

16. The man is richer than the woman.The man is richer than the woman.
My bag is more expensive than yours.My bag is more expensive than yours.
My bag is the most expensive in this class.My bag is the most expensive in this class.
Bakri is the richest person In Indonesia.Bakri is the richest person In Indonesia.
GoodGood better The bestbetter The best
BadBad worseworse The worstThe worst
The best student in our class is Andi.The best student in our class is Andi.

17. SuperlativeSuperlative
• Definition:Definition: The superlative is the form of anThe superlative is the form of an
adjective or adverbadjective or adverb thatthat showsshows which thing haswhich thing has
that qualitythat quality above or belowabove or below the levelthe level of theof the
others.others.
• superlativessuperlatives are usually precededare usually preceded by 'by ' thethe '.'.
• As with compAs with comparative adjectivesarative adjectives, there are two, there are two
ways to formways to form aa superlativesuperlative adjectiveadjective ::
shortshort adjectives: addadjectives: add "-est“"-est“ AndAnd longlong
adjectives: useadjectives: use "most""most"

18. READINGREADING
COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION
1.1. The main topicThe main topic
2.2. The main ideasThe main ideas
3.3. Using contexts for vocabularyUsing contexts for vocabulary
4.4. Scanning for detailsScanning for details
5.5. Indentifying exceptionIndentifying exception
6.6. Locating referencesLocating references

19. The main topicThe main topic
It’s easier for you to understand what youIt’s easier for you to understand what you
are reading if you begin with a generalare reading if you begin with a general
idea of what the passage about.idea of what the passage about.
Previewing help you form the generalPreviewing help you form the general
idea of the topic in your mind. Toidea of the topic in your mind. To
preview, read the first sentence of eachpreview, read the first sentence of each
paragraph and the last sentence of theparagraph and the last sentence of the
passage. You should do this as quicklypassage. You should do this as quickly
as possible.as possible.

20. Remember you are not reading for specificRemember you are not reading for specific
information, but for an impression of theinformation, but for an impression of the
topic. By previewing, you can form ideastopic. By previewing, you can form ideas
of what a passage is about ; that is youof what a passage is about ; that is you
indentify the topic.indentify the topic.
The questions :The questions :
 What is the topic of the passage ?What is the topic of the passage ?

21. The Main ideasThe Main ideas
 By reading for main ideas, you identifyBy reading for main ideas, you identify
the point of view of the author_that isthe point of view of the author_that is
what the writer’s thesis is. Specially,what the writer’s thesis is. Specially,
what does the author propose to writewhat does the author propose to write
about the topic. The main ideas usuallyabout the topic. The main ideas usually
occurs at the beginning of a readingoccurs at the beginning of a reading
passagepassage

22. These are the questions asking about mainThese are the questions asking about main
ideas :ideas :
 What is the main idea ?What is the main idea ?
 What is the subject ?What is the subject ?
 What would be a good title ?What would be a good title ?

23. Using contexts for vocabularyUsing contexts for vocabulary
 A contexts is the combination ofA contexts is the combination of
vocabulary and grammar thatvocabulary and grammar that
surrounds a word. Contexts can be asurrounds a word. Contexts can be a
sentence or paragraph or asentence or paragraph or a
passage. Context help you make apassage. Context help you make a
general prediction about meaning.general prediction about meaning.
If you know general meaning of aIf you know general meaning of a
sentence, you also know the generalsentence, you also know the general
meaning of the words in themeaning of the words in the
sentence.sentence.

24. Scanning for detailsScanning for details
First read a question and find theFirst read a question and find the
important content words. Content wordsimportant content words. Content words
are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives.are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives.
They are called content words becauseThey are called content words because
they contain or the meaning of sentence.they contain or the meaning of sentence.
Next, let your eyes travel quickly over theNext, let your eyes travel quickly over the
passage for the same content words orpassage for the same content words or
synonyms of the words. This is calledsynonyms of the words. This is called
scanning.scanning.

25. By scanning, you can find a place inBy scanning, you can find a place in
the reading passage where thethe reading passage where the
answer to a question is found.answer to a question is found.
Finally read those specific sentencesFinally read those specific sentences
carefully and choose the answer thatcarefully and choose the answer that
corresponds to the meaning of thecorresponds to the meaning of the
sentences you have read.sentences you have read.

26. Indentifying exceptionIndentifying exception
After reading a passage on theAfter reading a passage on the
TOEFL, you will be asked to selectTOEFL, you will be asked to select
from four possible answers the onefrom four possible answers the one
that is NOT in the reading. Usethat is NOT in the reading. Use
scanning skills to locate relatedscanning skills to locate related
words and phrases in the passagewords and phrases in the passage
and the answer choices.and the answer choices.

27. Locating referencesLocating references
 After reading a passage on theAfter reading a passage on the
TOEFL, you will be asked to find theTOEFL, you will be asked to find the
antecedent of a pronoun. Anantecedent of a pronoun. An
antecedent is a word or phase toantecedent is a word or phase to
which a pronoun refers. Usually, youwhich a pronoun refers. Usually, you
will be given a pronoun such as “it”,will be given a pronoun such as “it”,
“ them”, “their”, and you will be“ them”, “their”, and you will be
asked to locate the reference wordasked to locate the reference word
or phrase in the passage.or phrase in the passage.

28. First find the pronoun in the passage.First find the pronoun in the passage.
Then read the sentence using fourThen read the sentence using four
answer choices in place of theanswer choices in place of the
pronoun. The meaning of thepronoun. The meaning of the
sentence in the context of thesentence in the context of the
passage will not change when youpassage will not change when you
substitute the correct antecedent.substitute the correct antecedent.