Bay Of Algiers Research Paper

Bay Of Algiers Research Paper
Located in Northern Africa, Algiers serves as the capital of Algeria. It is positioned on the
Mediterranean Sea along the Bay of Algiers. It is by Libya in the east, Morocco in the west and
Niger in the south east. Algeria is currently considered to be Africa's largest country. The city, which
derives from the Arabic meaning "The Islands" currently serves as an import as well as export. It is
known for its rich textured architecture thriving businesses has become the economic and cultural
focal point of the country. Founded by the Phoenicians as a colony more than three thousand years,
Algiers was at first destroyed by the Vandals during the fifth century in the Christian era. It was later
reconstructed to serve as "the centre of commerce the Mediterranean under a series of Berber
(Amazigh) dynasties beginning in the 10th century (Encyclopedia Britannica)." Later, ... Show more
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There have been further developments such as the subway system that consists of ten subway
stations and its growing import and export businesses. Currently, those businesses deal with
industries that handle petroleum, natural gas, light, and mining. Algeria, as a country, has export
dealings with the United States, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Canada, United Kingdom, and
Brazil. The city also has their import partners which are France, China, Italy, Spain and Germany.
Just like any other city and/or country, there has been some strife along the way. Back in 2011, there
was major protests that broke out due to the fact that food prices and unemployment was on the rise.
Even though both the city and country was experiencing a great economic lift, poverty and
unemployment was rising at dangerous levels. It was later reported that there were some acts of
government corruption happening in the political offices of Algiers. The government later cut the
cost of foods and made adjustments to their
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Film Analysis: The Battle Of Algiers
The Battle of Algiers is a relevant and enticing historical war film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo (The
Battle of Algiers). The Battle of Algiers shows the Algerian War was fought between the French and
the Algerian Liberation National Front. The war took place between 1954 and 1962, but most of the
film was based in the year 1957. This film was released in 1966 by the Algerian government. The
government supported this film since they wanted to tell the story and history of the Algerian War
and the fight for independence. This film is widely praised for unbiased about the war and being
accurate. This film highlights conflict of the Algerian war, usage of guerilla warfare to gain
independence, relevant to today's terrorist tactics while still ... Show more content on
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(Rainer). It was shown as a "field guide to fighting terrorism" (Rainer). Former national–security
adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski said, "If you want to understand what's happening right now in Iraq, I
recommend The Battle of Algiers" (Rainer). This film depicts events that show the similarities
between the Algerians and the Iraqis fighting for independence. By showing this film to Americans
the goal was to help the see that short term attacks will not help them tactically win the war. As
Americans fight more so will the Iraqis. This can be seen when the French used brutal torture on the
Algerians. As a result of this the Algerians seek revenge and use guerilla warfare such as having
women plant bombs. The goal of showing this film was to let soldiers see how the French military
tactics were not successful. The American soldiers can learn a lot about the failed French tactics.
First, soldiers can learn not to let women go unnoticed. If the soldiers in the film noticed the women
were carrying bombs they could have saved many people's lives. Another lesson that can be seen is
the impact of brutal torture. This film shows how brutal torture backfires and makes the opponents
seek revenge. When the opponents seek revenge it just adds to the problem. By American soldiers
learning to avoid using brutal torture it can help them be "more

Colonialism : A New Type Of Colonialism
There is a large variation in levels of development amongst nations around the world. Some
countries like America are described as being fully developed because of their high levels of GDP's,
industrialization and other advances. On the other hand, there are other places around the world like
Ghana, Afghanistan, and Algeria that are described as developing nations meaning they have low
GDP's, are not industrialized fully yet and have many more advancements to make until they
become developed. Colonialism is the reason why most of the world's countries are still described
as developing Nations. Colonialism is when a ruling power takes control over an alien people or a
nation that is separate from their own, over an extended period of time. The legacies left by
colonialism have made it difficult for those countries to build back their economies, governments
and gain overall stability. As those countries that were colonized tried to develop, a new type of
colonialism called neo– colonialism that has infiltrated itself all throughout the world is making it
even more difficult for those nations to develop because it is drastically affecting their economies.
Neo– colonialism is the continuation or the extension of the economic model of colonialism within
the previously colonized countries after they have gained independence. This new colonialism is
more effective and less direct than the old type of colonialism because it is done through the
economy, but the neo– colonizers

The Algeria Cultural Identity
Algeria is a North African Mediterranean Country, dominantly populated by Sunni Muslims.
Multiple Arabic and Berber dialects are spoken throughout the land. The majority of North African
countries have defined cultural identifies, however Algeria lacks a firm cultural foundation and has
become somewhat of a piecemeal (Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, 2011).
Algeria was not always been independent and has been a part of several border and authority
changes. Since its independency, Algeria has struggled to define its cultural identity. Several
strategies have been employed to gain ground on its identity, such as promoting a policy of
Arabization, loosening up the economy, and opening their political sphere. "Today the Algerian
government seeks not only to sustain the recent ebb in violence and insecurity but also to promote
greater unity within the country" (Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, 2011).
Algeria is the most populous country in northwest Africa and is the largest country, in North Africa.
The northern portion of the county screeches 998 km (620 mi) along the Mediterranean Sea and
borders Morocco on the west, Tunisia on the northeast, and Libya on the east. Algeria is divided into
three main topographical regions, coastal plains, High Plateaus, and the desert. Unfortunately, the
majority of the country consists of uninhabitable desert. "Algeria has a total land area of 2,381,741
sq km (919,595 sq mi), almost three and a

Different Cultures And Groups Of People
Like many other countries in the area, Algeria is a country that has been influenced and occupied by
many different cultures and groups of people. The native population in this North African area,
however, were the Berbers. In the classical period, the Berber civilization was already involved in
agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organization. However, the Roman Empire annexed
this territory which led to increases in urbanization in the area under cultivation, causing
dislocations of Berber society, and increased opposition to the Roman presence. This was because
the prosperity of most towns relied heavily on the agricultural sector. The second century also
brought with it Christianity and by the end of the fourth century ... Show more content on
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The war claimed the lives of many civilians with the FLN using guerilla and terrorist tactics and the
French using repression. However, eventually a cease–fire was agreed upon between France and the
FLN in 1962. These Evian accords allowed for continuing economic, financial, technical, and
cultural relations for a certain period of time which allowed French settlers to remain in Algeria.
However, many still left in fear that they would not be respected. After Algeria had reached
independence, Ahmed Ben Bella was elected president. However, the war left its mark on the
country and severely affected Algeria's economy and society. The country was left deprived of most
of its managers, engineers, teachers, doctors and workers when most fled during the war. Bella's rule
did not last long as a coup took place in 1965 and he was overthrown and replaced by Houari
Boumedienne. His presidency would last until his death in 1978. The current president of Algeria is
Abdelaziz Bouteflika. He focused on restoring security and stability to the country and has also
established commissions to study reforms in the education system, judiciary, and state bureaucracy.
With respect to its topography and resources, over 80% of Algeria is covered by desert and the
country lacks fresh water, however Algeria remains oil, gas, and mineral rich. Currently, natural gas
and shale extraction has been a popular topic in the country.

Algeria 's Institutional Framework And The Country 's...
Introduction With 39.21 million inhabitants and a Gross Domestic Product of $210.2 billion in
2013, Algeria is the 8th most populous country and has the 4th largest economy within the African
Continent. Classified by the World Bank as an upper middle income country, Algeria's economy is
primarily dominated by state–entities although the country began opening up the economy to both
foreign and private domestic participation in the mid–1990s.After posting low growth during the
civil wars in the 1990s, the Algerian economy grew at an average of 2.72% over the past two
decades, mainly attributed to hydrocarbon exports on which the economy is heavily reliant upon. As
per the Economist Intelligence Unit,(EIU) country report, rising gas ... Show more content on
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Economic Overview Algeria 's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country 's
socialist post–independence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has
halted the privatization of state–owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign
involvement in its economy. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy,
accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings.
Strong revenues from hydrocarbon exports have brought Algeria relative macroeconomic stability,
with foreign currency reserves approaching $200 billion and a large budget stabilization fund
available for tapping. In addition, Algeria 's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP.
However, the government has struggled to develop non–hydrocarbon industries because of heavy
regulation and an emphasis on state–driven growth, and as a result of which , the fiscal deficit is
expected to widen to over 6 percent due to lower hydrocarbon revenue, a sharp increase in capital
expenditure, and continued high current spending. Algeria's external position remained solid in
2013, despite signs of weakening. The current account surplus shrank from 5.9% to 1.2% of GDP as
domestic oil–and–gas consumption grew, reducing exports and increasing imports. As mentioned in
the

French Imperialism In Africa
Colonialism and the methods used to sustain it are different in every country. The case is no
different when colonialism in Africa is discussed and within the continent, each countries
experience varies. Moreover, the effects, whether positive or negative, that each country endured,
were diverse as well. Even when two countries were colonized by the same colonial power, the
impact on each country was never the same and in order to understand contemporary African
countries and the problems they face, one must look at each individual country and carefully
examine the unique conditions that were bestowed on them by their colonizers. In this paper, the
theme of colonial Algeria and the legacies of colonialism will be the focus. Moreover, French
imperialism will be highlighted through exploring what distinctly defines French imperialism, such
as the colonial power's methods of control as well as the French colonial mission.
The country of Algeria is located in North Africa along the Mediterranean coast. The capital is
Algiers and the country maintains a population of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the pillaging of indigenous land, discriminatory land allocation practices, violent military
presence, and objectification of Algerian women, the Algerian colonial experience was one of
constant brutality. The result of such merciless colonial tactics was the rise in extremism, poor
literacy rates, as well as unstable leadership. Having an understanding of colonial Algeria and its
legacies is vital to comprehending contemporary Algeria due to the fact that numerous issues
present in modern day Algeria are deeply rooted in its colonial past. The role of colonialism in
Algeria should not be understated and studying the history of a former colony is key to being aware
on how the past continues to shape and have a strong hold on

The Cold War and Decolonization
After the tragic events of World War II, the Cold War represented how the two superpowers were in
a fight in order to gain more territory. The Soviet Union wanted European countries to abide by
communism while the United States were trying to prevent the spread of communism and enforce
democracy. However, the Soviets took control of the eastern half of Europe and the United States
controlled the western side. Communism is a one–party dictatorship where the government controls
economic and political decisions which is based on a five year plan. On the other hand, democracy
is where the People elect the president and are protected under the rule of law. From 1947 to 1991,
the cold war took in effect and led to decolonization, political and ... Show more content on
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However, Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader and the allies had doubts that he would establish a
democratic state in Vietnam. When the containment policy was put in place, the United States aided
France to stop the spread of communism. Though, Mao gave military support to Minh in order to
magnify communism. Vietnam defeated France in which they were forced to negotiate to form an
independence agreement. Since the Baltour Declaration was enacted in 1917, Jewish were able to
immigrate to Palestine to signify their homeland. However, the Arabs were furious that Great
Britain allowed for this to happen. In 1945, six Arab countries formed the regional
intergovernmental organization to establish an Arab homeland to support one another politically and
economically and to remove the Jews from Palestine. President Truman also supported the Jewish
homeland in Palestine and in return, the Arab league got angry at the United States. Great Britain
acknowledging that these two religions will never get along, created camps in Cyprus to holocaust
survivors. Nevertheless, this problem only increased and Britain decided to ask the United Nations
to assist. In 1947, The United Nations General Assembly created a separate Jewish state and a
separate Arab state which were called Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The partition plan, created by the
UN, gave the Arab state forty–three percent of its original territory and the Jewish will receive about

The Middle East
The different governments that have emerged in the Middle East are being destroyed one after the
other which shows how stability has not been achieved in the last century during post colonial
times. Post colonial refers to anything, which is occurring or existing after the end of the colonial
era. Colonial means a country or even a area under the full control of another country and run by
people from such country settling in the country which is under control. Algeria On the 1st July
1962 a vote was held in Algeria. Nearly six million votes favoured independence and less than
17,000 against independence. Two days later Algeria is recognised as an independent nation. After
achieving independence, FLN(front de liberate national) the party with independence consisted of
three people, ahmed ben bella as premier, houari boumedienne as minister of defense and
muhammed khidr as the head of the party. This party basically was supposed to lead Algeria into
success as a country, but after Muhammed Khidr resigned in april 1963 and leaving abroad with the
funds the party intended to fix the problems in Algeria and make Algeria a neutral country with, it
all started going down hill from here. 1965 Boumedienne and the army remove ahmed ben bella
from his position and place him under house arrest, where he stayed for thirteen years.
Boumedienne dies 1978 and the FLN nominate an army colonel to take his position, chadli
bendjedid. In 1989 Bendjedid introduces a new constitution where

History : President Abdelaziz Bouteflika 's Stroke
One of the most important events in recent Algerian history is President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's
stroke in April of 2014. Since his stroke, he has made very few public appearances and continues to
prove less and less able to effectively govern Algeria. Bouteflika has been president of Algeria since
his election in 1999. Following his election he brought the country out of a civil war with radical
insurgents stabilizing the country's economy. The Algerian president's deteriorating health has
become a source of great concern regarding the future of the country. This is due to Algeria's
uncertain future in his absence. While stabilizing the country bought him popular support, his rise to
power has been marked with fixed elections and a continuous aggregation of power. This was
demonstrated as early as Bouteflika's original election in 1999, when 6 opposing candidates dropped
out citing unfair elections (Algeria profile – Timeline, 2016). In November 2008, Bouteflika was
able to persuade parliament, against popular opinion, to amend the Algerian constitution in order to
allow himself unrestricted future reelection (Ahmed Aghrout, 2009). Due to his long term position
of power and debilitating health, a group of unelected and military "décideurs", known as "le
pouvoir" ("the power") has risen to control Algeria from behind the scenes (Still waiting for real
democracy, 2012 ). Concurrent with the country's transition from Bouteflika's authoritarian reign to
le pouvoir's shadow

Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West:...
The biography of Abd el– Kader as outlined by Chisholm and Hugh (1911)
It was on September 6, 1808 when Abd el–Kader was born in a place near Mascara in Algeria. At
the time of his birth, Algeria had been under the Turkish rule. Abd el–Kader is known as the founder
of the Algeria state and a religious and military leader who led the Algerians in their struggle against
French domination. Even before joining military, Abd el–Kader had gained fame as an educated and
religious person, capable of exciting his fellow religion followers with poems. Moreover, he was
well known for his physical handsomeness and simplicity
During his youth, in 1830, Algeria was invaded by France and the French colonial surpassed the
Ottoman Empire. Abd el–Kader ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He composed philosophical treaties and wrote a book on the Arabic horse.
While in Damascus, he saved several Christians from being killed by Druze. This was in 1860 after
a conflict arose between the Druze and Maronites of Mount Lebanon. The conflict resulted into
several Christians being killed by Druze. Abd el–Kader and his personal guards saved many
Christians, offering them safety in his house. This action earned him honor and respect and the
French increased his pension. He later died at Damascus on May 26, 1883 and was buried in
Damascus.
The biography of Gamal Abdel Nasser as outlined by Witte 2004
On 15th January 1918 in Alexandria, Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser was born, being the first son of
Abdel Nasser Hussein. During his childhood, he attended a primary school for the children of
railway employees until 1924 when he went to live with his uncle in Cairo. His mother died when
he was only eight years old. Thereafter, Gamal Abdel Nasser attended various schools in
Alexandria, Cairo and Helwan.
His political interest developed and grew when doing his secondary education. During his teenage
years, he was elected chairman of the Young Egypt Society. On 12th November, 1935, Nasser was
involved in a demonstration against the British where afterwards, he was arrested and detained for
two days. This, according to Witte (2004), was mainly developed by his attending schools in
different cities because he was able to realize the class divisions

Imperialism In Algeria Research Paper
a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is
Algiers, located in the country's far north. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq
mi), Algeria is the tenth–largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa and the Arab world.
Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the
southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the north by
the Mediterranean Sea. The country is a semi–presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and
1,541 communes. Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999.
Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians,
Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Rustamid,
Fatimids, Zirid, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Ottomans and the French colonial empire.
Berbers are generally considered to be the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. Following the Arab
conquest of North Africa, most indigenous inhabitants were Arabised; thus, although most Algerians
are Berber in origin, most identify with Arab culture. En masse, Algerians are a mix of Berbers,
Arabs, Turks and Black Africans. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to OPEC Algeria has the 17th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in
Africa, while it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the
largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence
budget on the continent; most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a
close ally. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the United Nations
and is the founding member of the Maghreb

Charles De Gaulle Research Paper
Charles De Gaulle was the president of France from 1958– 69. He helped to design the Fifth
Republic of France, and created a public ideology of Gaullism which has had a major impact on
French Politics (BBC). Some of his major contributions to history include granting Algeria
independence, withdrawing from Nato, and building his own nuclear deterrent. In 1940 Germany
invaded France and took over Paris. Petain, a Frenchman and Nazi sympathizer, supported the
Germans and helped them control France. However, while his country was occupied by Nazis, De
Gaulle appealed to his fellow countrymen to continue the fight. (Britannica) One of De Gaulle's
most influential contributions to history was fighting against Nazi Germany through the Free French
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shocked many of the other Nato members because the organization was formed to protect
against the Soviet Union. Many considered Nato to be the allies first line of defense if war did every
break out. In particular, this led to colder relations with the United States and its former ally, as
neither trusted the other as they had previously. John F. Kennedy, the United States president at the
time, condemned De Gaulle's actions (History.State). Many of France's allies believed that France
withdrew so that they could build up their nuclear arms and take an independent approach to
building their nuclear arsenal. Another reason that they withdrew was to retain control over their
navy. Previously, the United States had been pushing France to accept a proposal which would
decrease their autonomy over their navy forces (History.com). One of the main focuses of De
Gaulle's presidency was ensuring that France had and maintained a strong military, in addition to a
strong

Conflicts And Tensions Between The French And Algerian War...
The period between 1830 and 1962 was full of conflicts and tensions between the unstable French
and Algerian government. Conflicts were based on religion, equality, nationalism, politics and
terrorism. With the encouragement of European settlement, privileges and inequality appeared. As
the pressure grew, new nationalistic groups were created, and sometimes they would act as a
terrorist organization, just like the FLN group. Even though the problems were increasing in the
French colony, there was some collaboration that tried to maintain the peace in it. Some laws that
were published enhanced the political power of Algerians in their government, National Assembly
in Paris. From the very beginning of the existence of the French Algeria, it was hard to balance the
satisfaction of the Pier Noids and the Muslims. The French army, "landing in June 1830," easily
overpowered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Ferhat Abbas, a future president of an independent Algerian parliament, writes in 1931: 'Algeria is
French soil and we are French Muslims.' " In 1936 the French socialist government of Léon Blum
saw the force of this argument. The so–called Blum–Violette plan proposed that "21,000 Muslims
should immediately have the vote on the same terms as European settlers." However, this provoked
an "outcry from the settlers in Algeria." The proposal was dropped. The problems of the future,
though postponed by World War II, are prefigured in this clash. ("HISTORY OF ALGERIA."
HISTORY OF ALGERIA. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.)
The demands of Algerian nationalism became immediately after the end of the war in Europe. In
May 1945 "demonstrators carrying Algerian Nationalist flags appear at victory celebrations in the
town of Sétif." Scuffles with the police sparked

Essay on De Gaulle and the Achievement of Independence in...
De Gaulle and the Achievement of Independence in Algeria Algeria underwent a long struggle to
gain independence from France. Its people had seemed to be happy with the colonisation of its
country until France was occupied by Germany in the Second World War. This defeat along with
others in Vietnam and other colonies proved to the Algerians that France was not the superpower
they had once believed it was, and nationalist feelings began to grow. As the nationalist movement
grew it became known as the FLN. At first its support was very small, many Algerians cautious of
the extremists, they were happy with the peace that they lived with although they were exploited,
not many complained. The FLN ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was this tactic that the FLN decided to use to gain support; they knew how the French army
would react and provoked them every time. The prime minister at the time Pierre Mendes–France as
well as the French public had no idea that the Algerians were not happy with their living conditions
so the attacks came as a massive blow, they couldn't understand their problem. He was an
experienced man who was at the time negotiating the independence of Tunisia and Morocco. His
aim was to restore peace and not to give in to the Algerian people. Jacques Soustell was appointed
as governor of Algeria, he aimed to increase the number of Muslim servants, offer technical aid to
Muslims, increase the number of French troops and try to gain support from the Algerian people,
collaborators but mainly to introduce the idea of integration. The policy of increasing troops didn't
please the FLN, who took the increase as a threat, integration was also not on their agenda, they
didn't want to give up their religion and be French, they were proud of who they were and didn't
want to change, therefore they decided to step up their activities to gain more publicity and support.
The insurrection later turned into a revolution, the turning point of the independence movement. In

The End Of The Second World War
At the end of the Second World War, France had to leave its Middle Eastern and Asian colonies. The
promotion of nationalism and anti–colonialism in the empire and the loss of imperial tenacity in
France led to its withdrawal from most of its colonies. Adding to that, France was one of the Allied
Powers, and the "The Atlantic Charter" that was produced in 1941 stipulated that the Allied powers
needed to achieve certain goals if they won Second World War, and one was that all people and
nations had the right to self determination and the right to govern themselves. This resulted in
launching the decolonisation process in France.
The Second World War was affecting the allied powers, France was occupied by Nazi Germany,
resulting in debt and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowing now, and unfortunately, the lack of experience in running the newly independent countries
after the decolonisation resulted in constant changing of powers, poverty and civil wars.
Colonization was launched to promote a new vision of economic and social development; for
colonial route of trade, to search for gold, a place to live for dissidents, building a prestigious image,
or for neutralizing a pirate state like France in Algeria. Even though the colonial expansion had a lot
of opposition and was largely considered a waste of money and military efforts, but also it had
influential supporters, proclaiming it would bring liberty and civilization to the world. On the eve of
the Second World War , France controlled over a colonial empire that was second in size only to the
British empire. The French empire was over twenty times as large as its home country, and it had
one and a half times as many inhabitants.
At the end of the Second World War, opinion polls revealed that the French people who were used
to having an empire expected that it would remain French and wanted to keep it. As one observer
said while public opinion was taken; "ready to accept any transformation, even a radical one, of the
colonial system," it was "absolutely not disposed to allow the slightest attempt at secession." , and
1958, a poll confirmed that 52% of the French people wanted integration, whilst only 41% wanted

The Effect Barbary Pirates Had on the History of America
The effect Barbary Pirates had on the history of America
Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia; The current day names for the land of which the Barbary Pirates
had once inhabited. These Barbary States would extort the world of their men and their cargo
through plundering of naval ships. In the same time period there was a newly discovered land,
which was striving to mature into an independent country. This land was known as America, and
they were rigorously tearing apart from their homeland, England. "Once the United States declared
independence, British diplomats were quick to inform the Barbary States that U.S. ships were open
to attack. In 1785"(PA). The United States did not enjoy paying off the pirates, so they took it to
their own hands to stop this problem once and for all. The defeat of the Barbary States, by
Americans helped the naval security, a huge amount in the future of the "Land of the Free", and
allowed for lots of fighting experience.
"From 1786 to 1815, the United States made tribute payments to the North African Barbary states to
protect its shipping from pirate raids"(Kearney F, "Barbary pirates"). This ended when Jefferson was
elected into presidency. He had been against the tribute of the Barbary States his whole life in office,
and so when he was elected, he stopped paying tribute and refused to pay a ransom for many goods
and men that the pirates had rummaged. This angered the pirates, and so war was unofficially
declared, and Jefferson had a blockade

Has Political Islam Failed In Algeria? Essay
Has Political Islam Failed in Algeria?
The question whether Political Islam has failed or not due to the internal structure of the Islamic
political movement, in either Algeria or any other country in the Islamic World, is an important
question for the analysis of the politicized Islamic phenomena. Olivier Roy sees the movement as a
failure, not only in Algeria but also in the whole area from Casablanca to Tashkent, the movement
has resulted in failure due to many reasons that are seen as common among all the divisions of the
movement regardless of their different socio– economic and political background that are more or
less responsible of the generation of such movements. The Algerian case is the best ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The masses that took the streets of Algerian cities, in October 1988, were not only Islamists but
workers, students, secularists, leftists, feminists and Berberists, all demonstrating their
disillusionment with the FLN (National Liberation Front). " The FLN government responded by the
Army intervention and the arbitrary arresting of the protesters. They used torture against people
which ultimately created a high measure of resentment and destruction of the government
legitimacy. Moreover, the government doctrine to reform the Algerian economy was so much
supportive to those who had money already, which gave no benefit to the crushed masses that were
striving under poor standards of life, which is the case in most countries that undergo transitional
periods of economic reform where the desperate need for investment forces the government to grant
the investors more rights and less duties to assure an attractive business environment. However, the
corrupt regime seemed to do that for its own benefit since most of the rich Algerians were
practically either government officials or having strong connections with the authority. Thus, the
economic reform fired back on the FLN.
Meanwhile, there was another severe problem that affected the countries domestic politics; the
problem of identity. As a French colony under the French
authority,

The French And Of Decolonization
Tarik Mowatt
10/21/2016
EUS3000 Paper
The French empire; at its height, was one of the largest empires ever in human history, spanning
11.5 million square miles. (Taagepera) Despite its impressive standing, the empire began to shrink
and deteriorate after World War Two ended, with French colonies being allowed to become
independent states. The British empire went through the same process of decolonization, but
approached it in a different method from the French. The French approach not only affected the
foreign relations between the new states and their former colonizer, but also affected the internal
political process of France as well. Both France and Britain handled the process of decolonization
poorly, which led to several political issues inside both countries. France, in particular, underwent
social and political change during decolonization that heavily effected French society– and still does
to this day. This is mainly from Algeria, one of the largest colonies of the French empire, and a
prime example of the poor handling of decolonization. France attempted to hold onto two former
empirical possessions during decolonization, namely Indochina and Algeria. (Wall) Although the
Indochina war did have an effect on the French, it was the Algerian independence struggle that truly
changed the way France operates. Because of the Algerian war of independence, France underwent
a change in government, French society has increased in right–wing populism, and from this still

A Report On The Day I Was Born
The day I was born, January 20th, 1997, was an interesting day. In the New York Times, there were
important stories in international news, national news, news which especially interested me, and
today's news.
In the New York Times, there was an article published on 20th, of January, called Massacre and
Bomb Kill Dozens in Wave of Violence in Algeria. In the month of January, Algiers, Algeria was
experiencing weeks of violence. On the 19th, of January, "there was a car bomb explosion outside a
café, hours after thirty–six villagers were massacred by Islamic militants (Massacre and Bomb Kill
1)." On that same day, there was another explosion and many were taken to the hospital. For both of
the attack, no one was caught and arrested. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sara Rimer is the author of the New York Times article, An Effort to Honor Dr. King Moves a
Mostly White Time. This article was about an 18 year old Gautam Venkatesan, who was
mesmerized to know that New Hampshire did not have a day that honored Dr. Martin Luther King
Jr. Gautam Venkatesan, was a southern Indian who was raised in the United States, and spent all his
time reading and acknowledging Dr. King (Rimer 1). Venkatesan, to the time out of his schedule to
receive support from neighbors in Exeter residency, to allow the Board to have Martin Luther King
Day. After receiving the support of 13,600 residences, Venkatesan sought out to prepare his speech,
on why New Hampshire should have a Dr. King day. Two of Venkatesan supporters were, the police
chief, James Gilmore, and the Chamber of Commerce. Each of these individuals gave their
testimony, about why this was so important to them. And overall, they all saw how the lives of black
people were so important, and how many of those blacks, helped them be who they are today. When
I first saw this article, I didn't know that there were states that did not honor Dr. King as a holiday. I
assumed every state had this holiday, the same day New York received this holiday. But to know
that people in New Hampshire, in a town of mostly whites, were willing to allow this to become a
national holiday day, is amazing.

Islamic Reliogious Conflict
How Islamic Reliogious Conflict Has shaped Algerian Givernment and Culture.
Treligious tension runs high acroos all regions of the world, but when looking at statistics of
religious conflicts the middle east has the greatest amount of religious war and turmoil than any
other region of the world. Whether it be due to a diverse amount of rleligions spanning the close
circumfrance of the middle east or because of political power, religious conflict is very prevalent in
the middle eats. Algeria is no acceptoiin to this observation.
In the early 7th century Northern Africa was conquered by Muslims. The indigenous people of
Northern Africa were known as the "Berbers".
Algeria was conquered by the French empire in 1830. The French empire wanted

Busa 3000 Country Paper
Country Background Algeria, officially known as the Peoples' Democratic Republic of Algeria, is
located in Northern Africa. It borders the countries of Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya,
Tunisia, and the disputed land of Western Sahara. Algeria has a prominent coastline, and its capital
city of Algiers is located on a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The territorial size of the country is
2,381,740 square kilometers (919,594 square miles) which is more than three times the size of Texas
(U.S. Department of State). Algeria has a population of approximately 34.8 million people, which
has tripled since 1960 (Google Public Data). Algeria is a republic, having won independence from
France on July 5, 1962 (U.S. Department of State). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to these steps, the government of Algeria is "also considering applications from firms in
Europe, Canada and the Gulf to launch the country's first commercial maize production" according
to the head of the Algerian farmers' union (Reuters). Another reason for increasing its agricultural
sector is to end Algeria's dependence on imports. In 1962, when Algeria gained its independence
from France, the economy was primarily based on agriculture. In the last 40 years, other industries
have eclipsed the importance of farming; the main industry being crude oil (Worldmark
Encyclopedia). Algeria currently imports almost half of the food it consumes, and it is the world's
fifth largest importer of wheat (Reuters). However, steps have been recently made to reverse this
trend. In August of this year, the ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development launched a device
to support the promotion of water–saving irrigation systems (ProQuest Newsstand/Algeria Press
Service). Algeria's agricultural production growth rate also exceeded 10% in the 2010–2011 season
(Embassy of Algeria). Agriculture and Rural Development Minister Rachid Benaissa also stressed
the importance of boosting agriculture. "We should make sure agriculture techniques and skills are
applied more widely to achieve profitability and to make the sector's modernization everyone's
concern" (ProQuest Newsstand/Algeria Press Service). Changes have also been emerging in fishing.
Due to its location on

Political Structure Of The Government
Political Structure According to the Library of Congress, "[t]he Algerian government is a multi–
party republic with a constitution and a strong presidency." There are three branches of government
including a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. The president has a considerable amount of
power. He can appoint or dismiss the prime minister, act as the commander in chief of the armed
forces, and more. Currently the president is Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who has been in office since
1999. Ideally, there is a presidential election every 5 years, with a limit of 2 terms per president.
However, it seems as if President Bouteflika is not going to abide by that provision (Country
Profile, Algeria 17). Algeria's legislative branch is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every 5 years, they elect representatives for the legislature as well as for the president (Country
Profile, Algeria 18). According to Election Guide, a service provided by the International
Foundation for Election Systems, a non–profit funded by USAID, Algeria's president is "elected by
absolute majority vote through a two–round system[.]) The Council of the Nation has 96 members
who are elected through an electoral college, while 48 members are appointed by the President.
They serve 6 years regardless of if they're elected or appointed. The National People's Assembly
(APN) is filled by a closed–list proportional representation system. Members of the APN serve in 5
year terms (IFES). Political Parties For much of its inception, the FLN maintained political
dominance in Algeria. In fact, the first constitution of Algeria outlawed political competition. In
1990, the first elections with a plurality of parties took place. There was the Islamist FIS party, the
pro–Berber socialist party (FFS), and another pro–Berber party called the RCD. As mentioned
previously, the Islamist party and a civil war ensued (Laskier). In the previous 2012 elections, the
National Liberation Front (FLN) won with a majority of 17.35%. Other major contenders included
the National Democratic Rally (RND; 6.86% of the votes), the Green Algeria Alliance (AAV; 6.22%
of the votes), and the Socialist Forces Front (FFS; 2.47 of the votes) The results of the election gave
208 seats to the FLN, 68 seats

Algeria After Independence Essay
After independence (1962–1999)
The Evian Accords which were signed in 1962 giving Algeria immediate independence and French
aid to help reconstruct the country. The French Sahara with its oil resources was also handed over to
Algeria. In return the FLN guaranteed protection and civil rights for the French Algerians choosing
to remain in the country, and the option of choosing either French or Algerian nationality after three
years.
Eight years of war had shattered Algeria. There had been more than one million Algerian casualties
and nearly two million Algerians had lost their homes. For over a century the French had deprived
the Algerians of any but the most minimal opportunity to become involved in its infrastructure and
institutions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The country's oil resources were developed and an industrial sector was established. Education and
literacy became a focus of concentration and agricultural land reform continued. In the process the
Boumedienne government developed a socialist political system which was codified in a
constitution in 1976. Under the new constitution Boumedienne was elected president of Algeria and
ruled until his death. However, for all Algeria's accomplishments during this period, imposing
authoritarian one–party socialism on a traditional Islamic country was considered a mistake.
When Boumedienne's chosen successor, Colonel Chadli Benjedid, was elected president of Algeria
he began to relax the government's authoritarian practices and made a genuine attempt to solve
some of the country's problems. Benjedid also pardoned Ahmed Ben Bella in 1980 and released him
from house arrest. However, for all his liberal tendencies, Benjedid was a product of the FLN–
military elite and was re–elected in 1984 because he ran unopposed.
With the fall of oil prices and the resurgence of Islam, the government's credibility fell dramatically.
The manifest failure of world socialism and the government's failure to solve the country's
increasing social and economic problems, encouraged more and more Algerians to

Dbq Research Paper
After the Second World War, the great European Empires started to lose their colonial territories all
over the world. England was losing its colonies in India and in parts of Asia while France had lost
their South East Asian colony of Indochina. This defeat was terrible for France and to further
exasperate the problem for the nation, the new independence of Indochina persuaded other French
colonies such as Tunisia and Morocco to also revolt against their colonial oppressor and gain
independence. However the biggest loss to France was its loss of their colony in Algeria. Algeria
had been a French colony for the past 100 years and over a million French settlers, known as pied
noirs, were currently living inside the colony (Lowe). In the eyes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resistance movements from the native Algerian population caused the new civil government to
adopt a policy of settler superiority. This new government did not favor the Algerian people as the
military regime has done in the past and instead established a system that would benefit the
European minority much more than the Muslim majority. To start with, the new government sent
representatives from the Algerian colony to the French parliament, but these representatives were of
course French men and did not care for the native population. This in turn led into a total control of
the Algerian economy and political structure by the settlers. This was part of the colonization
process on the part of France which consisted of two parts, Assimilation and Association. (Lorcin)
Settlers owned almost all of the businesses, medical services, land, and access to education. The
native Algerian people were left with only basic education and massive unemployment due to the
concentration of employment in the cities and not in the rural areas in which a majority of the
population lived. This process was called Assimilation and the concept behind it was that if all of
the education, businesses, and health care were under French rule then the Algerian people would
also need to abide by French law and French culture. However, this process of Assimilation was
failed in encompassing the entirety of Algerian

Charles De Gaulle Research Paper
President of France, 1958–69
1. Charles de Gaulle was the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and
after World War II. De Gaulle was a career soldier in the French Army who had been wounded and
held prisoner during World War I. He rose to the rank of general and was serving as France's
minister for National Defense and War in June, 1940, when France capitulated to Germany early in
World War II. Charles DeGaulle escaped to Britain, where he made a famous broadcast calling on
the French people to resist (earning him the nickname of the "Man of June 18, 1940"). DeGaulle
made the free french forces. After the war he was elected head of the French government, but left
the post in 1946 and formed a new political party .

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algeria's...
The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algeria's Independence
In 1957, French Forces were able to militarily defeat and temporarily subdue FLN. However, to the
surprise of the whole world, French President Charles De Gaulle opted for a political solution and
announced independence for the Algerians in 1962. To what extent did the activities of FLN
influence De Gaulle and what other factors can be identified which led to his surprising decision to
grant independence to Algeria?
Introduction
1. The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting,
terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria
and the FLN (Front de Libération ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly one million French and other Europeans (pieds noirs, or black feet) left the country when the
French army withdrew.
Aim
5. To carryout a study of the activities of FLN and other contributing factors which led to the
decision by the French government to give independence to Algeria.
Sequence
6. The sequence of presentation will be:–
a. PART 1 (1) Geography.
(2) Historical background.
(3) Genesis of FLN.
(4) Activities of FLN / Conduct of War.
b. PART 2. Other Contributing Factors.
(1) Diplomatic Achievements of FLN.
(2) French Weaknesses.
c. Conclusion.
PART I
Geography
7. Algeria is located in northern Africa with Mediterranean Sea on its north and Tunisia in the
northeast , Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, Morocco
and Western Sahara in the west . The country is formally known as the People's Democratic

Republic of Algeria.
8. The name Algeria is derived from the name of the city of Algiers, which in Arabic al–jazā'ir,
translates as the islands, referring to the four islands which lay off the coast until becoming part of
the mainland in 1525.
9. About 90% of the Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; although there are about 1.5 million
people living in the southern desert most of them in oases.

Essay On Aban
The situation worsened with the significant decline in standard of living and increased repression. In
1962, Hassan II put in place the first constitution and initiated superficial reforms in an attempt to
democratize the country and boost his popularity. In 1963, legislative and municipal elections were
expected, making it a critical year for the building of the country's political stability. To counter
growing opposition, the King created a political party in 1963, the FDIC (Front de Défense des
Institutions Constitutionnelles) and exerted control over another, known as the MP Party
(Mouvement Populaire). Despite the relatively wide support that the FDIC gained, the UNFP and
the Istiqlal parties were still able to mobilize 56,5% of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deal was never implemented since Franco eventually rejected any negotiation on the status of
Spanish Sahara. Shortly after, in March 1963, Hassan II travelled to Algiers to initiate talks on the
common land border that the French had left undefined. The king wanted to negotiate a new frontier
that would include Morocco's territorial claims over Tindouf. The Algerian prime minister at the
time, Ahmed Ben Bella, suggested that the issue should be discussed at a later date – as soon as
Algeria's political institutions were established and its stability guaranteed. These successive foreign
policy failures heavily threatened the monarchy and put the regime under growing internal pressure.
Political unrest added to Hassan II's failed attempts to meet the opposition's demands strongly
influenced the course of events, and more precisely the launching of the Sand War. The Dire
Algerian Internal Situation : from Insurrection to Civil War. At the same time as King Hassan II was
battling popular discontent in Morocco, Algeria's new government was experiencing an equally, if
not more, dire domestic conflict. The French occupation left the country divided into multiple
military districts, or wilayas, that became almost independent and autarchic. The French colonialists
destroyed or dismantled most of

Changes in Algerian Foreign Policy Under Bouteflika's...
When Bouteflika became President in 1999, there were no indications that the Algerian foreign
policy would undergo any change. Alexis Arieff's assumption that: "The legacy of Algeria's anti–
colonial struggle contributes to Algerian leaders' desire to prevent direct foreign intervention, their
residual scepticism of French intentions, and Algeria's positions on regional affairs, including a
non–interventionist stance" (1) was an anticipation that no far reaching variations in the Algerian
foreign policy could be expected. More than that, being one of the chief architects of Algeria's
nationalist foreign policy of the 1960s and 1970s, Bouteflika's known attitude to foreign policy
suggested continuity rather than any radical break with the recent past. Similarly, the prevailing
political situation in Algeria suggested that there was almost no prospect that the tensions in
Algerian–Western relations would diminish in the foreseeable future.
However, if one considers Algeria's domestic imperatives, geostrategic considerations, the fast–
changing regional and international order, and the country's foreign policy outlook, then one
logically realises that the prevailing geopolitical context in Algeria, starting from the 1990s,
necessitated a new foreign policy paradigm; one that adapts to the changing realities without
necessarily compromising "the doctrines, principles and practices that drove the foreign policy of
the government since independence in 1962" (Boukhars).
Against all

Life In Algeria Essay
Algeria, the largest country in Africa, is home to 39 million people. The native language is Arabic
and the common currency is dinar. From 2010 to 2015 the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has
increased from $4,349.00 to $5,836.00, with a population density of 16 inhabitants per square
kilometer. Algeria's GDP is among the highest of Africa's countries, compared to Egypt whose GDP
is $3314.00 per capita. From an economics standpoint, Algeria operates almost identical to the
United States having there republic government led by President Abdelmalek Sellal.
Algeria's history of producing gas isn't extremely long, but it is very productive and beneficial for its
economy and the economy of Africa, as well as Europe. Covering an area of around 2,382 thousand
square kilometers, the Republic of Algeria is, territorially, OPEC's largest Member Country and the
largest country in Africa. It is situated in the north of the continent, and shares borders with
Morocco, the Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Tunisia. To the north is the
Mediterranean Sea. Algeria was colonized by France as far back as 1830 under the reign of Charles
X. Algeria gained political independence in 1962, just four years after it began to produce natural
gas. Their colonial struggle lasted eight years and cost the lives of one million Algerians, out of a
population of nine million Arabs and Berbers. (A berber is a group of people in Algeria that are
settled farmers or migrant workers.)
Contrary to

Algeria's National Identity
After the Second World War, the great European Empires started to lose their colonial territories all
over the world. England was losing its colonies in India and in parts of Asia while France had lost
their South East Asian colony of Indochina. This defeat was terrible for France and to further
exasperate the problem for the nation, the new independence of Indochina persuaded other French
colonies such as Tunisia and Morocco to also revolt against their colonial oppressor and gain
independence. However the biggest loss to France was its loss of their colony in Algeria. Algeria
had been a French colony for the past 100 years and over a million French settlers, known as pied
noirs, were currently living inside the colony (Lowe). In the eyes of France, the colony was not just
another overseas territory but a part of mainland France even though the Arab people living there,
who made up around 90% of the population, were not seen as equal to the white Frenchmen. This of
course caused many ethnic and racial tensions to form in the region which would eventually ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They felt that it was part of the national identity and that without it France would not truly be itself.
This strong identity of a French Algeria changed over the course of the war however, and eventually
more and more French citizens were for the independence of Algeria and only a few number of the
pied noirs and military elite held the idea that Algeria should remain part of France. It was this shift
in the mentality of the French populous that influenced the French government, led by President
Charles De Gaulle, to end the war and to grant Algeria its independence. To analyze this shift in
French identity, the history of the colony needs to be understood along with the events of the war to
be able to justify that the French people indeed has a change in their

The People 's Democratic Republic Of Algeria
4.1 Country Presentation The People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa
and on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital Algiers, is the most populous city in the country. With a
total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi) with 90% of desert, Algeria is the 10th
country in the world, and the largest in Africa. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia,
in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and
Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. 4.2 SLEPT Analysis
Political The political is quite stable compared to the other Arab countries and neighbouring regime
although there are some negative predictions on the future stability of the actual regime. In 2014,
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika won a fourth term of the presidential despite his old age and rare
public appearance due to health reasons. Although the country has not been affected by the Arab
spring, the neighboring countries were deeply touched and the situation threatened the stability of
Algeria. After this tumultuous period, in 2011, the government introduced some political reforms
such as end to state–of–emergency restrictions on civil liberties that was put in place 19 years
before. Today's low performances and lacking infrastructure were partially a result of the
government's choice of a socialist model after the country's independence from France in 1962.
Socialism and planned

Osama Bin Saudi Islam Essay
1. What do you understand to be Middle East according to the book?
The Middle East has a different outlook on Terrorism. The term Middle East does not offer the
reader to a specific area as we might think of. The book refers to many residences of the Middle
East all of them is not Muslim. It also mentions and discuss that all terrorist groups in the Middle
East are a violent terrorist organization. Furthermore, there are peaceful and organization such as the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
2. Discuss the history of Saudi Arabia.
The Saudi Arabia history dated back to the early biblical days. Saudi Arabia has the land mass that
covers two million square miles and the residents of this country of twenty six million people. The
Islam religion has started in Saudi Arabia where the two holy areas are in Mecca and Medina
mosques. Saudi Arabia has the world oil reserved that consist of seventeen percent. Ibn Saud was
the first Saudi King back in 1932 when was the Kingdom was founded.
3. Discuss the relationship between Saudi Arabia and al Qaeda.
The most infamous terrorist is al Qaeda which was founded by Osama bin Laden. Al Qaeda was
form under the ideological base that the Islamic jihad will run the pure and true rule of Islam.
Osama bin Laden has personal relations to the Saudi royal family and was a self–made ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1950, Algeria started the violent struggle for their independence that was led by National
Liberation Front. The 1990s Algeria has been in all kind of turmoil and violence with the
government, military, and Islamic fundamentalist group aka Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). Still to
this date Algeria have to deal with the Islamic extremism with regards to the al Qaeda in the Lands
of the Islamic Maghreb. The highlight of a terrorist group in Algeria is the Armed Islamic Group
(GIA) that was formed in 1992 the government disregarded the victory of the FIS and this was the
largest Islamic

The Arab Region
The Arab region has a conspicuous dilemma regarding countries' inability to develop into
democratic nations. One would expect that because of historical events and transformations in
government policies that at least a few of the Arab nations would emerge as democracies. And yet,
none have been able to do so. There are several factors that may cause this democracy deficit in the
region, but one must realize that every country has its own specific and unique case. Arab countries
of the Middle East and North Africa have undergone several changes in politics but none that have
caused them to transition into democratic states. The Arab world has become a region where
corruption and authoritarianism has become the bulking features of politics. Analysts, historians,
and political researchers have strived to find a single solution or answer to the puzzle regarding
Arab exceptionalism. Arab exceptionalism refers to the current unreachable transition to democratic
rule in Arab nations. Every Arab country has a specific reason for its democracy deficit but because
all Arab countries have very similar cultural and religious practices and beliefs, analysts tend to seek
one feature they all have in common that may be the cause of this lack of democracy. Algeria is one
of the Arab countries that to this very day have not yet been able to become democratic. Like many
of the other Arab nations in the world, it is still identified as a state that has a corrupt government
that has proven to

The Algerian Civil War
The Algerian civil war began and ended with many of the same contributing factors as almost all
other civil wars in history. Conquest, re–conquest, colonization, riots, independence, and political
instability are just some of the ingredients that all civil wars have in common. The Algerian civil
war began in 1991 at the hands of an Algerian nationalist group struggling to usurp control of the
government. As a result, over 100,000 French and Muslim citizens died in a span of about ten years.
The animosity leading to the Algerian civil war begins with the Algerians fight for independence.
Before independence, terrorist activity by different Algerian nationalist groups pushing for
decolonization begins to rise throughout the country. As a French settlement, the French settlers in
Algeria begin to fight back in hopes of keeping Algeria as a French ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Just as it seems that the ISF party will win the upcoming election, the FLN fears political defeat and
stops the elections just days before. What follows is immediate civil war between the FLN and ISF
parties, and as a result, even more groups form to support either side. The war is brutal and lasts for
almost 10 years. In the mean time, army generals are in control of the government and the one
attempt at democracy in 1995 ends with the president resigning prematurely in 1998. Finally in
1999, a leader is elected by a fluke election (6 of the 7 candidates dropped out and he was the only
remaining candidate). Abdelaziz Bouteflika takes the position as leader in 1999 and immediately
begins plans for peace. His attitude of peace and honesty to the people convinces some rebel groups
to surrender without even the slightest coercion. Further, Bouteflika restores peace to almost every
active rebel group by offering amnesty to all Muslims involved in violence against Algerian

The Accomplishments of Bouteflika's Presidency in Algeria
When he became President in April 1999, Bouteflika was in front of three enormous challenges. The
first one was the result of a decade of domestic violence and insecurity. The second was the
consequence of a catastrophic socio–economic situation attributed to the legacy of decades of statist
economics (Bouandel 25–26). The third was the harmful product of the isolation of Algeria from the
rest of the world, or what Hugh Roberts called "the virtual quarantine in which Algeria had been
confined since 1994" ("Demilitarising ..." 1). In the course of his tenure, he brought about national
reconciliation, recovered and reformed the stalled Algerian economy and restored what he described
as "Algeria's regional and international status".1 Under his leadership, Algiers has become "a much
sought after interlocutor in major world capitals" (Ghilès). His civil concord and national
reconciliation initiatives to re–establish peace and security at home, and his projects to revive the
economy of his troubled nation, and to re–integrate Algeria, one of the potentially richest and
important countries in the Arab world, in international trade and diplomacy persuaded many foreign
countries to mend relations with Algiers. Although Algeria's relations with global powers continued
to face difficulties, Bouteflika used his country's significant economic potential to give Algeria a
considerable importance in the eyes of all global actors.Wherever he went, he provided an overview
of the investment

The United States Essay
Moreover, the region of the Sahel, like anywhere else on the African continent, had territorial
borders penciled in with only the welfares of the colonizing countries in mind and not according to
the national unity of the peoples concerned. In the meantime during the early 1960s, these frontiers
have been the foundation for international recognition of sovereign states in the region. To avoid
weakening these newly formed states, the African Union (AU), and "the Organization of African
Unity (OAU) before it, established the inviolability of the borders inherited from colonization as a
founding doctrine." Reinforced by the validation of respect for the territorial integrity of states in
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter , the new doctrine has in some measure achieved the task it was
ascribed, that is, evading or at least slowing down inspirations to secede that may have resulted from
an uncertain redrawing of the map of the continent. Furthermore able to "resolve the question of the
unity of diverse communities in a manner that would, in each state, make these communities into a
nation."
Therefore in a number of countries of the Sahel, the state persists to be identified by certain
fragments of "the national community as the state of the dominant ethnic group only – whether that
group is in the majority or not." This perception has been cultivated by political practices, such as
"patronage and nepotism that have succeeded in reinforcing the feeling of exclusion among certain

Andrew Jackson And The Vice President Of The United States
The inventor that I chose for this project is Samuel Morse, born April 27, 1791, who invented the
electric telegraph in 1835 with the help and inspirations of others such as Alfred Vail. During this
time the president in the US was Andrew Jackson and the vice president was Martin Van Buren.
Some political events that happened in the world around this time was Alexis de Tocqueville's
Democracy in America being published. Another political event that occurred during this time was
William Lamb becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on April 18, 1835, after Robert Peel
resigned out of frustration. There were some important political events that happened in the US that
included were the Texas War for Independence began, as well as in the Summer, the Abolitionists
Pamphlet Campaign started. This was when Abolitionists wanted anti–slavery to spread so others
can see how wrong it was. In addition to this, Richard Lawrence attempted to assassinate Andrew
Jackson, but he misfired. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another military event that took place during this time was the Carlist Wars, which was a series of
civil wars that took place in Spain where the contenders fought to establish their claim to the throne,
although some political differences also existed. Military events that occurred in the US during this
time was the beginning Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War started between the
Seminole tribes and American Settlers which continued until 1842. Two other military events that
happened in the US at this time was the Texas Revolution and Battle of

The Pros And Cons Of Prisoners Of War
Prisoners of War are individuals, whether a soldier or civilians, who are captured as a prisoner
during an armed conflict. In the middle ages the modern law was the source relating to the treatment
of Prisoners of War. However, today the modern foundation of international law relating to the
Treatment of Prisoners is the 1949 Geneva Convention. During the Korean War conflict more than
7,500 Americans were detained by the Chinese Communists with only 3,000 returning home. It has
been stated that approximately 1,500 were tortured and 1,800 died of diseases and famine. During
the Vietnam War, the Red Cross Commission requested information regarding the Prisoners of War
being held by the North Vietnam, which they immediately dismissed the request. Therefore,
between 1963 and 1971 it has been estimated that 127 American POW died in the Vietnam Prison.
Subsequently, in 1973 the Paris Peace Agreement allowed 682 American POW to return home.
Though, the whereabouts of over 3,000 Americans soldiers missing in action and the question does
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam know the whereabouts of these missing solider has remained
contentious for years. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein repudiated the
International Red Cross Commission to examine Iraq's Prisoner of War facilities, even though both
Iraq and the United Stated had ratified the 1949 Geneva Convention Treaties. Upon inspection, it
was reported that while incarcerated 25 American POW, which included

Bay Of Algiers Research Paper

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Bay Of Algiers Research Paper