This document provides an introduction to computers presented by Engr. Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal. It covers the history of computers from early mechanical devices like the abacus and slide rule to the first general purpose computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC. It then discusses the five generations of computers and how each generation became smaller, faster, and more efficient through innovations like the transistor, integrated circuit, and microprocessor. The document also outlines computer hardware components, input/output devices, and different types of computer memory. It concludes by discussing applications of computers in fields like medicine, physiotherapy and the ongoing competition between computers and humans.
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Intro to Computers Fall 2020
1. Introduction to Computer
Session (FALL-2020)
Course Instructor:
Engr. Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
The Superior College (University Campus) Lahore
taimoor.muzaffar@superior.edu.pk
Department of Physiotherapy
2. Contents: Week 1
Course Description
Need and Emergence of Computer
Computer vs Human Race
Computer Application in Medical Domain
Physiotherapy and Computer
Computer and its functionalities
Hardware and input / output devices
System Based Software(s) and Application Based Software(s)
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 2
3. Course Description
This is an introductory course on Information and Communication Technologies.
Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the internet
and world wide web, and ICT based applications.
Number Systems, Networking, Operating Systems (Windows / Linux), Computer
Organization, Downloading helpful material.
E-commerce and its emergence in physiotherapy
Software; Software installation, MS Word, MS Power Point, MS Excel, MS Visio,
Editing Software(s),
Online Tools; Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Whats App (Business), Instagram,
Google search,
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 3
4. Need and Emergence of Computer
What is Computer?
Computer is a programmable machine.
Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.
Three principles characteristic of computer:
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 4
5. History of Computer
Earliest Computer:
Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
expression.
The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 5
6. Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.
Pair of Tally Sticks
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 6
7. Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical calculations.
The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was
first used in China in around 500 B.C.
It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Abacus
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 7
8. Napier’s Bones
Invented by John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply,
divide and calculate square and cube
roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed
boards.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 8
9. Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
Is based on Napier's ideas about
logarithms.
Used primarily for
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithms
– Trigonometry
Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 9
10. Pascaline
Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
It was its limitation to addition and
subtraction.
It is too expensive.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 10
11. Stepped Reckoner
Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and
divide automatically.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 11
12. Jacquard Loom
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical
loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard
in 1881.
It an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 12
13. Arithmometer
A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmar in 1820.
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
The first mass-produced calculating machine.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 13
14. Difference Engine and
Analytical Engine
It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.
Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834.
It is the first mechanical computer.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 14
15. First Computer
Programmer
In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that
he use the binary system.
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
Oh! Programmer Girl Spotted.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 15
16. Scheutzian Calculation
Engine
Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
The first printing calculator.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 16
17. Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
To assist in summarizing information
and accounting.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 17
18. Havard Mark 1
Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
The first electro-mechanical computer.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 18
19. Z1
The first programmable computer.
Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany
from 1936 to 1938.
To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was also generated
through punch tape.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 19
20. Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)
It was the first electronic digital computing device.
Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University
between 1939 and 1942.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 20
21. ENIAC
ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
It was the first electronic
generalpurpose computer.
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 21
22. UNIVAC 1
The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial computer.
Designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 22
23. EDVAC
EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer.
The First Stored Program
Computer.
Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 23
24. The First Portable Computer
Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 24
25. The First
Computer
Company
The first computer company
was the Electronic Controls
Company.
Founded in 1949 by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 25
26. Computer
Generations
There are five generations of computer:
First generation – 1946 – 1958
Second generation – 1959 – 1964
Third generation – 1965 – 1970
Fourth generation – 1971 – today
Fifth generation – Today to future
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 26
27. The First Generation
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 27
28. The Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.
One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum
tubes.
Allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still
generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 28
29. The Third Generation
The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers.
It could carry out instructions in billionths of a
second.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 29
30. The Fourth Generation
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
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31. The Fifth Generation
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Still in development.
The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 31
32. Computer vs
Human Race
Rise of Machines and
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Vision
Medical Imaging etc.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 32
33. Computer
Application
in Medical
Domain
Medical Imaging
Patient
Monitoring
Computer-
Assisted Surgery
Networks and
Digital
Communication
Telemedicine
Electronic Health
Records
Medical
Databases
Medical Research
Computers and
Hospital
Administration
Uses of
Computer in
Offices
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 33
Physiotherapy and Computer
34. Computer and its functionalities
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored
in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified
rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use
Functionalities of a computer:
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
Takes data as input
Store the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
Process the data and converts it into useful information
Generates the output
Control all the above four steps.
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35. Hardware and input / output devices
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer
system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD),
system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 35
36. Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment to provide
data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance. Input device
Translate data from form that humans
understand to one that the computer can
work with. Most common are keyboard and
mouse.
Keyboard Mouse Microphone
Touch Screen Scanner Webcam
Touchpad MIDI Keyboard Pen
Graphics Table Cameras Trackballs
Video Capturing
Hardware
Joystick Gamepad
USB Electronic
Whiteboards
Sensors
Barcode Readers Many More -
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 36
37. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes.
Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer
system.
Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)
Graphics processing unit, a specialized processor originally designed to
accelerate graphics rendering. GPUs can process many pieces of data
simultaneously, making them useful for machine learning, video editing, and
gaming applications.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 37
38. RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer system
responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by
the processor as and when needed.
ROM
ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of whether power
supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 38
39. Secondary Memory
Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive,"
or "hard disk drive," that store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of
data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of
the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read
from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called
burners or writers.
Flash Disk: A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no
mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are
accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 39
40. Difference Between RAM & ROM
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 40
41. Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as
a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human
readable form.
Example of few devices are
Monitor LCD Projection Panels Printers
Computer output
microfilms
Plotters Speakers
Projects Others -
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 41
42. Software
Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions,
often broken into two major categories:
system software that provides the basic non task-specific functions of the computer.
Application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 42
43. System software
A system software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the
individual hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the
users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the
low-level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a
display. Generally, system software consists of an operating system and some
fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display managers, text
editors, user authentication (login) and management tools, and networking and device
control software.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 43
44. Application software
Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the
computer system. Application software may consist of a single program, such as an
image viewer; a small collection of programs (often called a software package) that
work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing
system; a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent
programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such
as Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet,
database, etc.; or a software system, such as a database management system, which is a
collection of fundamental programs that may provide some service to a variety of other
independent applications.
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 44
46. If you have any question feel free to visit during
consulting hours or write at
taimoor.Muzaffar@superior.edu.pk
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 46
End of Week-1