The document provides a history of computers from mechanical to modern electronic computers. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Jacquard Loom. It then covers the development of programmable computers starting with Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 1800s. The document outlines the transition to electrical computers using vacuum tubes and relays, followed by transistors in the second generation. It describes the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors leading to personal computers. Finally, it briefly discusses emerging technologies like wearable computers, holographic phones, and augmented reality.

1. SUBMITTED TO:-RAJIV SIR CLASS -9TH FSUBMITTED BY:-ISHANJAIN1

2. History of computers and latest technology. (coming soon)2

3. History of ComputersMechanical ComputersAbacusJacquard LoomPlayer PianoDifference EngineAnalytical EngineHollerith and the 1890 US Census3

4. The Jacquard LoomProgram cards with punched holes to control the pattern being woven.Less talented people could make cloth as fancy as highly skilled weavers.4

5. Player Piano The typical upright player piano was operated by pumping two large foot pedals which came out from inside the lower panel of the instrument. Pumping these pedals created a vacuum, which operated a perforated paper roll located behind sliding doors in the front panel of the instrument. The perforations in the paper roll passed over a series of holes through which vacuum was pulled to activate the keys. 5

6. The Difference EnginePredecessor to the Analytical EngineCalculated value of polynomials via the addition of differencesSingle purpose - not programmable for other purposes 6

7. The Difference EngineCalculates a polynomial such as the square of a number via a sum of the differences. 7

8. The Analytical EngineAdded the concept of storing on cards the sequence of operations for a machine such as the difference engine to make it programmable.Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace was the first computer programmer. We have named a programming language (Ada) in her honor. Charles BabbageAugusta Ada8

9. Hollerith CardsHollerith used punched cards to hold data and could mechanically sort the cards and add/print data from cards in sorted order.Hollerith cards were used for utility bills and US Savings Bonds as recently as the 1980’s.9

10. Hollerith Card Processing10

11. History of ComputersEarly Electrical/Electronic ComputersAtanasoff-Berry Computer – Vacuum TubesKonrad Zuse and Helmut Schreyer - RelaysHoward Aiken (Harvard Mark I) – RelaysTypical Uses Compute Ballistic Firing Tables for ArtillerySolutions for Algebraic Equations11

12. Relays versus Vacuum TubesRelays are switches controlledby a magnetic fieldVacuum Tubes areswitches controlledby an electric field SwitchesOutput Voltage(s)And Current(s)Output Voltage(s)And Current(s)Input VoltageAnd CurrentElectromagnetInput VoltageAnd CurrentFilament Power12

13. Relays versus Vacuum TubesBoth were in mass production at the time (1940’s)Relays were used in telephone switchesVacuum tubes were used in radios.Relays used mechanical switches that could fail due to dirt, etc. and were slower than vacuum tubes Relays were more reliable than vacuum tubes which had a filament (like a light bulb) that could burn out.Both used a relatively large amount of power by comparison to today’s electronic circuits13

14. History of Computer HardwareElectronic Computers – First GenerationBritish ColossusElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)IBM 709014

15. ENIACA 30 by 50 foot room18,000 Vacuum TubesProgramming done via wires on patch panelsNot as powerful as the machine in front of youMean Time Between Failure (MTBF) shorter than many practical jobsLots of heat generated by the vacuum tubes - needed cooling15

16. History of Computer HardwareElectronic Computers – Second GenerationTransistors (invented 1957)IBM 360Honeywell 316Many large racks of equipment using a lot of power and needing an air conditioned room16

17. History of Computer HardwareElectronic Computers - Third GenerationIntegrated Circuits (invented 1963)IBM 370DEC VAXFewer smaller equipment racks, but still using a lot of power / needing an air conditioned room17

18. History of Computer HardwareElectronic Computers – Fourth GenerationLarge scale/Very Large Scale Integrated CircuitsMicroprocessors (Computer on a chip)IBM PC and Apple MacintoshIBM Mainframes and ServersApollo/HP/Sun WorkstationsSingle shelf, Desktop, and Laptop Possible18

19. The Computer as a ToolCalculators“Modern” Mechanical CalculatorsSlide RulesModern Pocket CalculatorsWindows Calculator AccessoryPrograms/Accessories/Calculator on PC ScreenEasy to use because it looks like a modern pocket calculator19

20. Latest technology (coming soon)There are a hundred of technologies which are coming nowadays are wearable computers, 3d holographic phones, paper phones, piezo electricity generators, motion gaming, nano technology cell phones, virtual reality, G-speak , 3d games e.t.c.

21. Wearable computersNow a days the latest technology that is coming is wearable computers. In this technology the mobile phones or computers are embedded in the human skin only and that converts your skin into a touch screen !!! This technology would take about 10- 15 years. Amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!21

22. 3d holographic phones 3D holographic phones are the most amazing phones of the 5TH generation. In these type of phones there is a projector in such type of phones. these projector generates 3D images in air which can be touch to see output. There is also motion gaming on such type of phones. The best example is PS3.22

23. Paper phones In these phones the internal circuit and the screen both are made from flexible displays which can be folded and even they don’t break after turning into a circle. 23

24. Augmented reality Augmented reality is a type of technology which uses Your camera ,GPS, and your internet connection and creates a separate layer where you have focused your camera. 24

25. Piezo electricity generatorsPiezo electricity generators are very small generators and are round in shape. They can generate energy whenever they are put near a vibrating resource. They are also the most amazing objects of the 5th generation. They have also been tested in Japan. 25

26. Motion GamingThis has been introduced in PS3 and kinect with Xbox. This is been the most adventures way for gaming. It’s console has 3 cameras (in kinect) one has a simple sensing and other have only two camera for sensing the player.26

27. Nano technology cell phonesNokia recently has been announced to the concept of morph phone which uses nanoscale technology. It is being researched in Cambridge university, but still it is about 15- 20 years away from materialization. Its main specialty is it can be turned as a elastic at a electronic level. 27

28. Virtual realityToshiba has been developed a new type of helmet which gave user 360 view and in VR environment. It works on the principle of Immersion where 3D images are made to appear life size from the perspective of the user along with audio and video hap tic feed back based ion the user eye movements and head movements images are correspondily adjusted and responds to every action of user.28

29. G-Speak technology G-speak is developed by John Underkoffler. It’s a system which allows users to navigate and interact with data in a unprecedented, visually rich , natural and responsive manner. 29

30. Thank you for Seeing my slidesBye Bye 30