This document provides information about computer fundamentals and C programming. It discusses key figures in the development of computers like Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and John Von Neumann. It also describes the basic components of a computer including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, memory, registers, and inputs/outputs. The document then discusses early programmers like Ada Lovelace and milestones like the ENIAC. It provides an overview of hardware, software, input/output devices, and other core computer components and concepts.
Computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes it, and provides results as output. It has three main components: the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) that performs calculations, the control unit (CU) that directs operations, and the central processing unit (CPU) that comprises the ALU and CU. Computers store data temporarily in RAM and permanently in various storage devices like hard disks, tapes, optical disks, and flash drives. They have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to today's integrated circuits and microprocessors. Computers come in various sizes ranging from supercomputers to desktops, laptops, and palmtop computers. They accept input through devices like keyboards and provide output through monitors and printers.
The document discusses computers, their functions and components. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that can accept data as input, process the data, and output results. The basic functions of computers are described as input, storage, processing, and output. Various types of computers are also categorized, including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers and workstations. The document outlines the major hardware components of a computer like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It provides examples of hardware classified by their functions like processing devices, input devices and output devices. Finally, it briefly defines computer data processing.
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
The document provides an overview of computer applications, including:
- A brief history of computers from the abacus to modern PCs.
- The four main components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware includes the central processing unit and other internal/external components.
- Examples of different types of computers like desktops, laptops, and tablets. The document also discusses stand-alone vs. networked computers.
- Common computer applications like word processing, spreadsheets, graphics/presentations, and web browsers. It also introduces the Windows XP operating system and desktop interface.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
The document provides an overview of computer systems and their components. It discusses the input-process-output cycle that computers follow and describes the main hardware components - the input, processing, output and storage units. It also discusses different types of memory, CPUs and their components. The document then summarizes system and application software, different operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed, real-time and network operating systems.
TOPICS
1 Introduction, Characteristics of Computers, Block Diagram of Computer
2 Types of Computers and Features
3 Types of Programming Languages
4 Data Organization, Types of Memory (Primary and Secondary)
5 I/O Devices, Number System
Computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes it, and provides results as output. It has three main components: the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) that performs calculations, the control unit (CU) that directs operations, and the central processing unit (CPU) that comprises the ALU and CU. Computers store data temporarily in RAM and permanently in various storage devices like hard disks, tapes, optical disks, and flash drives. They have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to today's integrated circuits and microprocessors. Computers come in various sizes ranging from supercomputers to desktops, laptops, and palmtop computers. They accept input through devices like keyboards and provide output through monitors and printers.
The document discusses computers, their functions and components. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that can accept data as input, process the data, and output results. The basic functions of computers are described as input, storage, processing, and output. Various types of computers are also categorized, including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers and workstations. The document outlines the major hardware components of a computer like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It provides examples of hardware classified by their functions like processing devices, input devices and output devices. Finally, it briefly defines computer data processing.
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
The document provides an overview of computer applications, including:
- A brief history of computers from the abacus to modern PCs.
- The four main components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware includes the central processing unit and other internal/external components.
- Examples of different types of computers like desktops, laptops, and tablets. The document also discusses stand-alone vs. networked computers.
- Common computer applications like word processing, spreadsheets, graphics/presentations, and web browsers. It also introduces the Windows XP operating system and desktop interface.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
The document provides an overview of computer systems and their components. It discusses the input-process-output cycle that computers follow and describes the main hardware components - the input, processing, output and storage units. It also discusses different types of memory, CPUs and their components. The document then summarizes system and application software, different operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed, real-time and network operating systems.
TOPICS
1 Introduction, Characteristics of Computers, Block Diagram of Computer
2 Types of Computers and Features
3 Types of Programming Languages
4 Data Organization, Types of Memory (Primary and Secondary)
5 I/O Devices, Number System
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
Computer memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, like RAM, allows direct access by the CPU and is volatile. Secondary memory, like hard disks, is permanent but requires accessing through primary memory. RAM is temporary memory that stores active data and instructions, while ROM contains permanent, unalterable instructions for starting the computer. Secondary memory devices store data permanently and include hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and cloud storage. Data is represented digitally using bits and bytes as basic units, with kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes as larger units to measure larger amounts of stored data.
The document provides information about computers and their basic components and operations. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and provide output. The central processing unit (CPU) controls the computer and includes the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) for processing and the control unit (CU) for sequencing operations. Memory is used for temporary and permanent storage. Different types of computers are described from supercomputers to microcomputers. Input and output devices allow humans to interface with computers. The document also covers computer hardware, software, generations of computers, and basic concepts about the Internet.
This Course is meant for students studying for the Bachelor (Professional) in computer engineering at the National School of Applied Sciences-Safi, Morocco.
A basic handout of a computer system provides operating system overview, hardware operations and basic functions of a computer system as a comprehensive entity.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system:
(1) The input unit which includes devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow data and instructions to enter the computer.
(2) Storage units including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory (hard disks, CDs, DVDs) that temporarily and permanently store data, instructions, and results.
(3) The central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data and control the computer's operations.
(4) The output unit includes monitors, printers, and speakers to display or present the processed results in human-readable form.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems by discussing the four phases of the information processing cycle, the four categories of computer hardware, units of measure for computer memory and storage, common input and output devices, and the two main categories of computer software. It also defines key concepts like data, information, programs, and the roles of users with personal computers.
Fundamentals of Computers and Operating System(OS)TUHIN SAHA
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation is designed to provide a foundational understanding of computers, their components, and their functions. It is ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in gaining a solid grasp of the basics of computer science.
The presentation covers the following key topics:
1. What is a Computer?
- The presentation begins with a clear definition of a computer, detailing its basic functions as an electronic device that processes data. It highlights the computer's ability to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
2. What is an Operating System?
- This section introduces the operating system (OS) as the crucial software that manages hardware and software resources. A detailed block diagram illustrates the OS's components.
3. Components of a Computer:
- The presentation breaks down the primary components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices.
4. Different Generations of Computers:
- A historical perspective is provided on the evolution of computers, detailing the five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence.
5. Hardware and Software:
- An exploration of the difference between hardware (the physical components of a computer) and software (the programs and applications that run on the hardware). Examples of various hardware components.
6. Input and Output Devices:
- Detailed descriptions of common input devices (such as keyboards and mice) and output devices (such as monitors and printers). This section explains how these devices enable users to interact with the computer and receive feedback.
7. Storage and Memory Devices:
- The presentation covers different types of storage (like hard drives, SSDs, and optical discs) and memory (RAM and ROM).
This presentation serves as a foundational resource for anyone looking to gain a better understanding of computers and their operations. Whether you are a student, educator, or tech enthusiast, "Intro to Computers & OS: Key Concepts" offers valuable insights and a structured approach to learning about the integral components and functions of modern computing systems.
This PowerPoint Presentation consist the data title "Basics of Computer. This slide share will definitely helpful in all the viewers. It is framed with lot of best and attractive pictures with suitable examples and images. It will be very much useful to the beginners learners of computer. It covers the following points, viz., 1. Introduction to Computer 2. Main Parts of Computer 3. Types of Computer 4. Storage Unit vs. Memory Unit 5. Classification on Working System 6. Types of Network 7. Classification of Computer- Based on Size 8. Some Important Extensions. The above points were discussed in this powerpoint presentation.
This document provides an overview of information technology concepts. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which are to understand basic computer operations, memory, storage, information systems terminology, and more. It then introduces computers and their widespread use before defining a computer as a programmable machine that processes data. The document describes different types of computers and their uses. It also explains concepts like data representation, the four basic computer operations of input, processing, storage, and output. Finally, it discusses system units, information systems and their elements, and storage technologies like RAM, hard disks, and solid state drives.
This document provides an introduction to different types of computers. It discusses four main types: supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used for tasks like space exploration. Mainframe computers are used by large organizations, while minicomputers are for small businesses. Microcomputers include desktops, laptops, and other personal devices. The document also outlines the three main parts of a computer system: the system unit, input devices, and output devices. It provides details on the basic components inside the system unit.
The Basic Configuration of a Microcomputer Taminul Islam
A microcomputer consists of a microprocessor as the central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices. The microprocessor contains an arithmetic logic unit to perform calculations and logic operations. Memory is used to store programs and data and comes in primary forms like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage like hard disks. Common input devices include keyboards and output devices include monitors. Examples of microcomputers include desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
This document provides an overview of computer components and software. It discusses the basic definition of a computer and its ability to accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output. It then describes different types of computers based on size and application, including microcomputers, mini computers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. The rest of the document details the major internal and external hardware components of a computer, including central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices like keyboard and mouse, and output devices like monitors. It also discusses different types of computer software, distinguishing between system software like operating systems, and application software.
This document provides information about an introductory computer programming course. The course aims to explore computing and introduce students to programming principles and the art of writing good programs. Students will learn structured programming, writing programs in C, documentation and testing skills. The course covers topics such as basic computer architecture, algorithms, C programming, pointers, functions and more. It includes mid and end semester exams, assignments, quizzes and lab evaluations to assess students.
The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It identifies the five main internal components as the motherboard, CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage. The motherboard serves as the backbone connecting all other components. The CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The GPU processes graphics. RAM temporarily stores active data and programs. Storage permanently stores installed programs and user data. External input/output components like the mouse and keyboard allow users to control the computer.
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behaviour of digital computers.
Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used.
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
Computer memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, like RAM, allows direct access by the CPU and is volatile. Secondary memory, like hard disks, is permanent but requires accessing through primary memory. RAM is temporary memory that stores active data and instructions, while ROM contains permanent, unalterable instructions for starting the computer. Secondary memory devices store data permanently and include hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and cloud storage. Data is represented digitally using bits and bytes as basic units, with kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes as larger units to measure larger amounts of stored data.
The document provides information about computers and their basic components and operations. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and provide output. The central processing unit (CPU) controls the computer and includes the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) for processing and the control unit (CU) for sequencing operations. Memory is used for temporary and permanent storage. Different types of computers are described from supercomputers to microcomputers. Input and output devices allow humans to interface with computers. The document also covers computer hardware, software, generations of computers, and basic concepts about the Internet.
This Course is meant for students studying for the Bachelor (Professional) in computer engineering at the National School of Applied Sciences-Safi, Morocco.
A basic handout of a computer system provides operating system overview, hardware operations and basic functions of a computer system as a comprehensive entity.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system:
(1) The input unit which includes devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow data and instructions to enter the computer.
(2) Storage units including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory (hard disks, CDs, DVDs) that temporarily and permanently store data, instructions, and results.
(3) The central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data and control the computer's operations.
(4) The output unit includes monitors, printers, and speakers to display or present the processed results in human-readable form.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems by discussing the four phases of the information processing cycle, the four categories of computer hardware, units of measure for computer memory and storage, common input and output devices, and the two main categories of computer software. It also defines key concepts like data, information, programs, and the roles of users with personal computers.
Fundamentals of Computers and Operating System(OS)TUHIN SAHA
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation is designed to provide a foundational understanding of computers, their components, and their functions. It is ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in gaining a solid grasp of the basics of computer science.
The presentation covers the following key topics:
1. What is a Computer?
- The presentation begins with a clear definition of a computer, detailing its basic functions as an electronic device that processes data. It highlights the computer's ability to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
2. What is an Operating System?
- This section introduces the operating system (OS) as the crucial software that manages hardware and software resources. A detailed block diagram illustrates the OS's components.
3. Components of a Computer:
- The presentation breaks down the primary components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices.
4. Different Generations of Computers:
- A historical perspective is provided on the evolution of computers, detailing the five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence.
5. Hardware and Software:
- An exploration of the difference between hardware (the physical components of a computer) and software (the programs and applications that run on the hardware). Examples of various hardware components.
6. Input and Output Devices:
- Detailed descriptions of common input devices (such as keyboards and mice) and output devices (such as monitors and printers). This section explains how these devices enable users to interact with the computer and receive feedback.
7. Storage and Memory Devices:
- The presentation covers different types of storage (like hard drives, SSDs, and optical discs) and memory (RAM and ROM).
This presentation serves as a foundational resource for anyone looking to gain a better understanding of computers and their operations. Whether you are a student, educator, or tech enthusiast, "Intro to Computers & OS: Key Concepts" offers valuable insights and a structured approach to learning about the integral components and functions of modern computing systems.
This PowerPoint Presentation consist the data title "Basics of Computer. This slide share will definitely helpful in all the viewers. It is framed with lot of best and attractive pictures with suitable examples and images. It will be very much useful to the beginners learners of computer. It covers the following points, viz., 1. Introduction to Computer 2. Main Parts of Computer 3. Types of Computer 4. Storage Unit vs. Memory Unit 5. Classification on Working System 6. Types of Network 7. Classification of Computer- Based on Size 8. Some Important Extensions. The above points were discussed in this powerpoint presentation.
This document provides an overview of information technology concepts. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which are to understand basic computer operations, memory, storage, information systems terminology, and more. It then introduces computers and their widespread use before defining a computer as a programmable machine that processes data. The document describes different types of computers and their uses. It also explains concepts like data representation, the four basic computer operations of input, processing, storage, and output. Finally, it discusses system units, information systems and their elements, and storage technologies like RAM, hard disks, and solid state drives.
This document provides an introduction to different types of computers. It discusses four main types: supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used for tasks like space exploration. Mainframe computers are used by large organizations, while minicomputers are for small businesses. Microcomputers include desktops, laptops, and other personal devices. The document also outlines the three main parts of a computer system: the system unit, input devices, and output devices. It provides details on the basic components inside the system unit.
The Basic Configuration of a Microcomputer Taminul Islam
A microcomputer consists of a microprocessor as the central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices. The microprocessor contains an arithmetic logic unit to perform calculations and logic operations. Memory is used to store programs and data and comes in primary forms like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage like hard disks. Common input devices include keyboards and output devices include monitors. Examples of microcomputers include desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
This document provides an overview of computer components and software. It discusses the basic definition of a computer and its ability to accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output. It then describes different types of computers based on size and application, including microcomputers, mini computers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. The rest of the document details the major internal and external hardware components of a computer, including central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices like keyboard and mouse, and output devices like monitors. It also discusses different types of computer software, distinguishing between system software like operating systems, and application software.
This document provides information about an introductory computer programming course. The course aims to explore computing and introduce students to programming principles and the art of writing good programs. Students will learn structured programming, writing programs in C, documentation and testing skills. The course covers topics such as basic computer architecture, algorithms, C programming, pointers, functions and more. It includes mid and end semester exams, assignments, quizzes and lab evaluations to assess students.
The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It identifies the five main internal components as the motherboard, CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage. The motherboard serves as the backbone connecting all other components. The CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The GPU processes graphics. RAM temporarily stores active data and programs. Storage permanently stores installed programs and user data. External input/output components like the mouse and keyboard allow users to control the computer.
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behaviour of digital computers.
Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used.
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COUMPER FUNDAMENTAL for students by suyash
1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL
AND C PROGRAMMING
NAME – SUYASH
COURSE- B.Sc.(H) { M.S.C.}
UNIVERSITY- BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY
JHANSI ( U.P.)
1/6/2024
2. Father of the computer – Charles Babbage
Father of the modern computer – Alan Turing
Basic Architecture of Computer – John Von Neumann
His computer architecture design consists of a
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)
• Memory Unit
• Registers and Inputs / Outputs
• This design is still used in most computers produced today.
1/6/2024
3. First Programmer – Lady Ada Lovelace (1880)
Augusta Ada King , English Mathematician and
Writer.
First Electronic Computer – ENIAC (1946)- J.P. Esker
& J.W. Archly at the University of Pennsylvania.
First Computer for the home user introduced-
IBM in (1981)
1/6/2024
4. Main parts of computer:-
Hardware - Computer hardware is what you can
physically touch includes the computer case , monitor,
keyboard, and mouse . It also includes all the
computer case such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard , video card , and many other.
1/6/2024
5. Software - The computer hardware itself is not
capable of doing anything on its own. It has to be given
explicit instructions to perform the specific task.
Software is a collection of programs utilize and
enhance the capability of the hardware.
1/6/2024
6. Input Devices- In computing , an input device is a
peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment)
used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or
information application.
Example- keyboards, mouse, scanner , digital
cameras, trackballs, gamepad, and joysticks.
1/6/2024
7. Output Devices- is any piece of computer hardware
equipment which converts information into humane
readable form.
Example-monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones,
video card and printers.
1/6/2024
8. Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit(CPU) is the electronic
circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetic , logical , control and input /output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
CPU- brain of Computer.
1/6/2024
9. Features of CPU
CPU is considered as the brain of computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data , intermediate results and instructions(
program).
It controls the operation of all parts of the computer .
1/6/2024
10. CPU itself has following three components.
Memory or storage unit
Control Unit
ALU( Arithmetic Logic Unit)
1/6/2024
13. Monitors
A monitor is a TV- like display attached to the
computer on which the output can be displayed and
viewed. It can either be a monochrome display or a
color display.
There are two kind of monitor-
CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor
1/6/2024
15. RAM [ Random Access Memory]
ROM[ Read Only Memory]
1/6/2024
16. RAM- Random access
memory is a type of data
storage used in computer
that is generally located
on the motherboard . This
type of memory is volatile
all information that was
stored in RAM is lost
when the computer is
turned off.
1/6/2024
17. There are two types of Random Access Memory:-
> Dynamic RAM- Dynamic indicates that the memory
must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its content .
> Static Memory- A computer memory that contains
fixed information and retains its programmed state as
long as the power is on.
1/6/2024
18. ROM- Once data has been written on to a ROM chip,
it can’t be removed and can only be read . Unlike main
memory (RAM) , ROM retains its contents even then
the Computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as
being non- volatile.
There are three types of ROM ( Read Only
Memory ) –
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
1/6/2024
19. Type of Read Only Memory
PROM- Stands for
Programmable Read Only
Memory. This form of
ROM is initially blank .
The user or manufacturer
can write data/ program
on it by using special
devices . However , once
the program or data is
written in PROM chip , it
can’t be changed . If there
is an error in writing
instructions or data in
PROM , the error can’t be
erased . PROM chip
becomes unusable.
1/6/2024
20. EPROM- Stands for
erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory . This
form of ROM is also
initially blank. The user or
manufacturer can write
program or data on it by
using special devices.
1/6/2024
21. EEPROM- Stands for
Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only
Memory . This kind of
ROM can be written or
changed with the help of
electrical devices. So data
stored in this type of
ROM chip can be easily
modified.
1/6/2024
23. Cache- A cache is a place to score something
temporarily in a computing environment . Cache
memory also called CPU memory, is random access
memory (RAM).
Memory units- Storage capacity is expressed in terms
of Bytes. The data is represented as binary digit( 0 and
1).
Hierarchy- Bit<Nibble< Byte< KB< MB< GB< TB<
PB<XB< ZB < YB
1/6/2024
24. American Standard Code for information interchange
(ASCII) is the standard code the computer industry created
to represent characters ( more than 64 character)
4 bit Nibble
8 bit 1 byte
1024 B1 KB(210)
1024 KB1 MB (220)
1024 MB1 GB(230)
1024 GB1 TB (240)
1024TB1 PB (250)
1024PB1 XB (260)
1024 XB1 ZB ( 270)
1024 ZB1 YB (280)
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25. Secondary memory
Secondary Memory is a type of computer that is not
directly accessed by the central processing unit (CPU)
of a computer and is usually available as non- volatile
memory.
One of the most common forms of this memory is the
hard drive of a computer , which is used to store the
operating system (OS) and other programs.
Other forms of secondary memory include disc drives
for compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs
(DVDs), as well as removable flash memory
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26. Magnetic Tape-
Magnetic tape used in
recording sound, pictures
, or computer data.
Flash Memory- A kind of
memory that retains data
in the absence of a power
supply.
Optical Disk- An
electronic data storage
medium that can be
written to and read using
a low powered laser beam.
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27. CD-ROM: Storage capacity is 640 MB. “Read Only”
used for distribution of commercial software.
CD-R(or CD-WORM) : “Written Once, Read Many”
times.
CD-RW: Rewritable multiple times.
DVD: Similar to CD, but with significantly larger
storage capacity (4.7 GB)
WORM: Write Once Read Many describes a data
storage device in which information, once written,
can’t be modified.
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28. Hard Drive- A rigid non
– removable magnetic
disk with a large data
storage capacity.
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29. MOTHER BOARD
A mother board is the
main circuit board inside
a computer that connects
the different parts of a
computer together. It has
sockets for the CPU,RAM
and expansion cards (e.g.
discrete graphics cards ,
sound cards , network
cards , storage cards
etc.)… and it also hooks
up to hard drives and
front panel ports with
cables and wires. Also
known as mainboard ,
system board.
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32. Characteristics of a Computer:-
Some major characteristics of
a computer are follows:
SPEED:-The main
characteristic of a computer
is its tremendous speed. It
can perform very complex
calculation in a few seconds
for which we can take a long
time to complete. The
weather forecasting that we
see every day on TV is the
results of compilation and
analysis of huge amount of
data on temperature,
humidity, pressure, etc. of
various places on
computers. You will be
surprised to know that
computer can perform
millions of instructions or
even more per second.
Therefore, we determine the
speed of computer in terms
of microsecond(10^-6 part
of a second) or nanosecond
( 10^-9 part of a second).
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33. Characteristics of a Computer:-
ACCURACY:-Computer
never makes mistake. In
fact, many of the errors
made by computers are
due to human being and
inaccurate data. Suppose
an individual calculates
faster but commits a lot of
errors so the result is not
advantageous. The degree
of accuracy of computer is
very high and every
calculation is performed
with the same accuracy.
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34. Characteristics of a Computer:-
DILIGENCE:-A computer can work for a long time
without creating any error and is free from tiredness,
lack of concentration, etc. It can perform millions of
calculations with the same speed and accuracy and
speed. This capability makes human being powerful in
their routine work.
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35. Characteristics of a Computer:-
VERSATILITY:- The computer is capable to perform
different types of work. We may use computer in different
types of work. We may use computer in different area such
as mathematical calculation, commercial work, billing
system, inventory management, etc.
STORAGE CAPACITY:- Computer has a very vast storage
capacity to store data and information. These stored
information remain intact for many years. It depends
entirely upon how much data we want to store in a
computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.
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36. Characteristics of a Computer:-
RELIABILITY:- Computers provide very high
reliability. Reliability is the measurement of the
performance of computer, which is measured against
some predetermined standards for operation without
any failure. The measure reason behind the computer
reliability is that it does not require any human
intervention in its operations. Moreover, computers
have built in diagnostic capabilities, which help in
continuous monitoring of the system.
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37. Characteristics of a Computer:-
AUTOMATION:-
Computer is an automatic
machine that performs
the work automatically
once the user feeds data
into it. It does not need
any assistance with the
user for processing.
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38. Limitations of Computer System:-
Computer can outperform human beings in speed,
memory and accuracy but still the computer has
limitations. Some important limitations of a computer
are as follow:
Programmed by Human:-Though computer is
programmed to work efficiently, fast and accurately
but it is programmed by human beings to do so.
Without a program is a set of instructions. If the
instructions are not accurate the working of computer
will not accurate.
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39. Limitations of Computer System:-
Lack of intelligence or thinking:- The computer can
not think itself. The concept of artificial intelligence
shows that the computer can think. But still this
concept is dependent on set of instructions provide by
the human beings.
Unable in self care:- A computer can not care itself
like a human. A computer is dependent still to human
beings for this purpose.
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40. Limitations of Computer System:-
Lack of Common Sense:- Computer works just like a
foolish servant. Suppose we ask it to go and buy vegetables.
It will comply with our command. It will go to the market,
buy vegetables but will never return back. Ask why? Can
did answer is that we have certainly asked it to go and buy
vegetables but we had not asked it to come back. It shows
that computer badly lacks common sense.
Retrieval of Memory:- A computer can retrieve data very
fast but this technique is linear. A human being’s mind
does not follow this rule. A human mind can think
randomly which a computer machine can not
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41. Limitations of Computer System:-
No Feelings:- Computer is an electronic machine
which has no feelings. It detects objects on the basis of
instructions given to it. Based on our feelings, taste,
knowledge and experience; we can make certain
decisions and judgments in our daily life. On the other
hand, computer can not make such judgments on their
own. Their judgments are totally based on instructions
given to them.
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42. Generation & classification of
computer:-
Abacus:- It is known to be the first mechanical
calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily. Abacus is
made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted
across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. This
device was a first develop Ed bye the Egyptians in the
10th century B.C., but it was given it final shape in 12th
century A.D. by the Chinese educationists.
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43. Pascal Calculator:- In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a
French scientist invented an adding machine called
Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of
digit with the help of gears in it.
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44. Napier’s Bones:- As the necessity demanded, scientist
started inventing better calculating device. In thus
process John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating
device, in the year 1617 called the Napier’s Bones. In the
device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting
purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These
rods that one can do addition subtraction,
multiplication and division easily.
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45. Leibniz Calculator:- In the year 1671, a German
Mathmethians Gottfried Leibniz modified the
Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which
could performed various calculation based on
multiplication and division as well.
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46. Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine 1837:-
In the year 1833, a scientist
form England knows to be
Charles Babbage
invented such a machine.
This device was called
Analytical Engine and it
deemed the first
mechanical computer. It
included such features
which is used in today’s
computer language. For
this great invention of the
computer, sir Charles
Babbage is also known as
the father of computer.
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48. Analog Computer:- A Computer that operates with
numbers represented by directly measurable
quantities (as voltage or rotations)- compare digital
computer, hybrid computer.
Digital computer:- Digital computer is the most
commonly used type of computer and is used to
process information with quantities using digits,
usually using the binary number system.
Digital computer provide accurate results but they are
slower than analog Computer.
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49. Classification of Computer Based
on size:-
Super Computer:- The fastest type of computer.
Super computers are very expensive and are emplayed
for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of calculations.
Mainframe Computer :- A mainframe computer is a
very large computer capable of handling and
processing very large amounts of data quickly. They are
used by large institutions, such as government
agencies and large corporations.
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50. Mini Computer:- A Computer with processing and
capabilities smaller than those of
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