Basic Nutrients
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The document defines and discusses various types of nutrients including their functions, sources, and importance. It covers water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and energy. Key points include water being the most important nutrient, carbohydrates providing energy, protein building tissues, and fat storing energy and absorbing vitamins. The different types and roles of essential nutrients are examined in detail.
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This document discusses nutrients and their functions. It defines nutrients as substances that must be consumed to provide energy, growth, or regulate bodily functions. The main nutrients discussed are water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the primary energy-producing nutrients. Water is the most abundant nutrient and is essential for many bodily processes. Proteins are needed for tissue building, hormones, growth and enzymes. Fats provide stored energy and help with nutrient absorption. The document outlines the essential roles of various nutrients in bodily processes.
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This document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism. It defines key terms like catabolism and anabolism and describes the metabolic roles of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Specific topics covered include carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, metabolic rates, metabolic and eating disorders, and physiological mechanisms that regulate body temperature.
1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
INORGANIC IONS
INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
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1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
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INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
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essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in
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- 3. “ a raw or processed agricultural commodity or other nutrient source” - SACN, 5 th Ed.
- 8. * Loss of 15% results in death How Water Gets Into an Animal Metabolizable Ingested Breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, fat as used for energy Free Water Routes of Water Loss Urine, Feces, Respiration, Perspiration, Milk,
- 9. Water Content Varies by Nutrient Carbohydrates 0.6 grams of water per gram of carbohydrate Protein 0.4 grams of water per gram of protein Fat 0.2 grams of water per gram of fat
- 15. GROSS ENERGY (GE) DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE) METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME)
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- 20. Metabolizable Energy METABOLIZABLE ENERGY = Gross Energy – Fecal, Urine, Gas losses Digestible Energy Image source: Dr. Geneva Acor, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. Gross Energy
- 28. Classified according to molecule size Type of CHO Example CH 2 O Monosaccharides (one molecule) Glucose, dextrose, fructose (CH 2 O) 2 Disaccharides (two molecules) Sucrose, Lactose (CH 2 O) 3 Polysaccharides (three or more molecules) Cellulose, Glycogen, Pectin
- 38. Essential Amino Acids Phenylalanine Histidine Valine Arginine Tryptophan Lysine Threonine Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Taurine* Cats only
- 65. Water Soluble Thiamin (B 1 ) Pyroxidine (B 6 ) Riboflavin (B 2 ) Biotin (B 7 ) Niacin (B 3 ) Folic Acid (B 9 ) Pantothenic acid (B 5 ) Cobalamin (B 12 )
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- 78. Mitochondria “ Powerhouse of the Cell” Damaged Mitochondria Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses X X X X