This document provides information on the chemical composition of cells. It discusses the most common elements in cells, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. It also lists important chemical compounds like amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and water. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, with DNA found in the nucleus and RNA acting as a messenger. The document emphasizes the importance of water as the universal solvent, transport medium and in biochemical reactions.

1. What do you see?
What do the
plant need for
their growth?

2. TThheemmee ::
IInnvveessttiiggaattiinngg tthhee CCeellll aass aa
BBaassiicc UUnniitt ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggss
LLeeaarrnniinngg AArreeaa::
CChheemmiiccaall CCoommppoossiittiioonn ooff tthhee CCeellll

3. LLeeaarrnniinngg oouuttccoommeess
SSttuuddeenntt iiss aabbllee ttoo
SSttaattee tthhee eelleemmeenntt iinn tthhee cceellll
LLiisstt tthhee cchheemmiiccaall ccoommppoouunndd iinn tthhee cceellll
EExxppllaaiinn tthhee iimmppoorrttaanntt ooff oorrggaanniicc
ccoommppoouunndd iinn cceellll
EExxppllaaiinn tthhee iimmppoorrttaanntt ooff tthhee wwaatteerr iinn tthhee
cceellll

4. MMoosstt ccoommmmoonn eelleemmeenntt
11.. CCaarrbboonn
22.. OOxxyyggeenn
33.. HHyyddrrooggeenn
44.. NNiittrrooggeenn
9966%% ooff tthhee mmaassss ooff bbooddyy
CCaann nniittaa oobbsseerrvvee hhyyddrraa

5. OOtthheerr eelleemmeenntt
11.. CCaallcciiuumm
22.. PPoottaassssiiuumm
33.. PPhhoosspphhoorruuss
44.. SSuullpphhuurr
55.. SSooddiiuumm
66.. CChhlloorriinnee
77.. MMaaggnneessiiuumm
88.. FFeerruumm
SSooffii ccaarrrryy pphhoottoo mmaaggggii cchhlloorriinnee ffoorr ppoolliiccee ssuulluu

6. Chemical compounds
22 mmaajjoorr ggrroouuppss
in the Cell
•ORGANIC COMPOUND – chemical
compound that contain the element of
Organic
compounds
Inorganic
compounds
•INORGANIC COMPOUND – constitute
non-living matter carbon and & do hydrogen
not contain carbon.

7. ORGANIC COMPOUND INORGANIC COMPOUND

8. The important ooff oorrggaanniicc ccoommppoouunndd
AAmmiinnoo aacciidd-- bbuuiillddiinngg bblloocckk ooff pprrootteeiinn
CCaarrbboohhyyddrraattee-- mmaajjoorr ssoouurrccee ooff eenneerrggyy
LLiippiiddss-- nnoott ssoolluubbllee iinn wwaatteerr

9. NNuucclleeiicc AAcciidd

10. • CCoonnttaaiinnss::
Nucleic Acids
 HHyyddrrooggeenn
 CCaarrbboonn
 NNiittrrooggeenn
 OOxxyyggeenn
 PPhhoosspphhaattee
• Basic unit structure:
Nucleotide

11. Nucleic Acids
• 2 types of nucleic acid:
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)

12. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS
(DNA)
 It is double stranded polynucleotide.
 22 ssttrraannddss twisted aarroouunndd eeaacchh ootthheerr..
 IItt wwiillll ffoorrmm double helix (Watson and Crick)
 Can be found in nucleus..
 Also can be found in chloroplast and
mitochondria..
 Contain genetics information that can inherited
from parents to offspring.

13. RIBONUCLEIC AACCIIDD ((RRNNAA))
Found in cytoplasm, ribosome and and
nucleus.
Copies information carries by DNA for use
in protein synthesis (act as messenger)
It is also genetics material in virus.

14. Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
The structure of a nucleotide Structure of DNA

15. The importance of water
in the cell
Most important inorganic chemical
compound.
Makes up 70% of our body.
70 – 90% weight of cell
It is important because its chemical
properties and physical properties.
Present in cell, lymph, blood plasma and
interstitial fluid.

16. Function of water
1) Polar molecule
- Means : molecule with an equal
distribution of charge.
- Have +ve charge end & -ve charge end.
- It attract one another.
- Considered as solvent of life (universal
solvent)
- Can dissolve many ionic compound eg,
salt, sugar

17. Structure of water molecule

18. 2) Transport medium
- Transport medium in blood, lymphatic,
excretory and digestive system and in
vascular tissues of plants.
- Blood plasma made of 90% water.
- Water dissolve the sugar, amino acids,
and gases.
- All this substances will transport to all
parts of the body.
- Waste product excreted from body
trough urine.

19. 3) Medium for biochemical reactions
- Can occur if there is water
- Example; water use for breaking downs
protein, lipids and sugars in food.
4) Maintenance stable internal environment
- Concentration water & inorganic salt important
maintain osmotic balance.
- For activities & life process in cell.
- Importance in maintaining body temperature.
- Eg; excess heat through perspiration, urination
and defecation.

20. 5) Lubrications
- Assist movement ooff ffoooodd ssuubbssttaanncceess iinn
iinntteerrssttiittiiaall ttrraacctt (Mucus).
- LLuubbrriiccaatteess tthhee jjooiinnttss ttoo eeaassee tthhee
mmoovveemmeenntt aatt tthhee jjooiinnttss (Synovial fluid)
6) High cohesion
- WWaatteerr mmoolleeccuullee tteenndd ttoo ssttiicckk ttoo eeaacchh
ootthheerr..
- MMoovvee aalloonngg uunnbbrrookkeenn ccoolluummnn tthhrroouugghh
vvaassccuullaarr ttiissssuuee iinn ppllaanntt..

21. 7) Support
- Gives ssuuppppoorrtt tthhee ppllaanntt cceellllss ((non-woody plant
–– turgidity))
- LLaacckk ooff wwaatteerr ccaauusseess aa ppllaanntt ttoo wilt..
8) Buffer
- WWaatteerr iiss ccrruucciiaall iinn mmaaiinnttaaiinniinngg tthhee ppHH ooff tthhee
iinntteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt ooff tthhee cceellll..
- SSuubbssttaanncceess ccaalllleedd buffer tthhaatt ddiissssoollvveess iinn
wwaatteerr aarree aabbllee ttoo mmoopp uupp eexxcceessss aacciidd oorr
bbaasseess..
9) Cooling agent
- Evaporation of water cools down the plant cell

22. Concept Map
Organic Compound Chemical compounds
in the cell
Nucleic Acid Water
DNA RNA
Polar molecule
Transport medium
Medium
Biochemical reaction
Lubrication
Support
High Cohesion
Buffer
Cooling Agent
Maintenance stable
internal environment

23. Compare and contrast
these groups of food

24. Classes of carbohydrate
• simplest sugar
• represent aldehydes or ketones
of from 3-6 carbons in length.
• Glucose  "blood sugar"
• Fructose  "fruit sugar"
• Galactose the breakdown of
lactose.
1. monosaccharide
glucose
D-glucose
(ring structure)

25. Classes of carbohydrate
2. disaccharide
• made by connecting two simpler molecules.
•the removal of water from between the two molecules 
condensation
condensation
Glucose + glucose Maltose + water
hydrolysis
disaccharide

26. Formation ooff ssuuccrroossee (( ccaannee ssuuggaarr))
condensatio
n
hydrolysis
Glucose + fructose sucrose + water
disaccharide
condensation
Glucose + galactose lactose + water
hydrolysis
disaccharide
Formation of lactose ( milk sugar)
Remember !!!! Only maltose and lactose are reducing sugar
while sucrose is non-reducing sugar

27. ppoollyyssaacccchhaarriiddeess
 HHuunnddrreedd mmoonnoommeerr ccoommbbiinnee tthhrroouugghh tthhee ccoonnddeennssaattiioonn ttoo
ffoorrmm lloonngg cchhaaiinn ooff mmoolleeccuulleess
 IInnssoolluubbllee iinn wwaatteerr
 DDoo nnoott ttaassttee sswweeeett
 EExxaammppllee:: ssttaarrcchh,, ggllyyccooggeenn,, cceelllluulloossee aanndd cchhiittiinn

28. Glycogen
• branching is more numerous
• stored in the liver and muscle tissue of our bodies
• Found in animal

29.  Starch -- ffoouunndd iinn ppllaanntt
-- mmaaiinn ccaarrbboohhyyddrraattee rreesseerrvvee
 CCeelllluulloossee –– ffoouunndd iinn ppllaanntt
-- mmaakkee uupp cceellll wwaallll
 CChhiittiinn -- structural component same structure with
cellulose

30. Amino acids, peptides and protein
• A.a. contains :
1. amino group
2. carboxylic acid
group
3. side chain
gp/R group

31. Amino acids are linked together by
peptide bonds
Polypeptides : peptides ( up to 50 a.a)
protein (longer)

33. Fatty acids and lipids
• Contain :
1. one carboxylic acid
2. with long HC chain
•Are monocarboxylic acids
• Usually contain even number of C atoms
• water insoluble
• E storage
Alkyl gp
Contains
C & H atoms
Carboxyl
O
RCH gp 2 C
OH

34. •unsaturated f.a. = contain double bond
•Saturated f.a = only single bond (saturated with hydrogens!)
•

35. Fatty acids are combined with one glycerol to form a fat
molecule  triglycerol
Through a process :esterification/dehydration/condensation