This document provides essential information about basic life support (BLS) for lay rescuers, highlighting the significance of recognizing sudden cardiac arrest and initiating immediate CPR. It outlines the chain of survival, early warning signs, CPR techniques, and first aid measures for various medical emergencies. Key components include the importance of chest compressions, proper procedure for rescuing breathing, and management of other conditions like fainting, wounds, and respiratory failure.

1. Brix A.Badar
Author
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
for
Lay rescuers
“ABrief Knowledge and Things to Know”

2. Contents
THINGS TO KNOW
 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (Health Burden of Cardiac Arrest)
 Basic Life Support
 Chain of Survival
LINK/s
 Early Warning Signs of Cardiac Arrest
 Early Warning Signs of Respiratory Failure
TECNIQUES IN CPR
 Compression-only CPR
BASIC FIRST AID
 Foreign Body Obstruction
 Wound
 Fainting
 Sprain and Strain
 Nosebleed
 Fever
NOTES

3. A Sudden Cardiac Arrest, approximately 50% of deaths from Cardiovascular
Diseases occuras SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST. It is the most common mode of
patient with Coronary Artery Diseases. Almost 80% of out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest occurat HOME and are witnessed by a Family member. Only 46% of
sudden cardiac arrest victims survive becausemajority of those witnessing the
arrest do not know how to perform CPR.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT,a level of emergency medical care which is used
for victims in life threatening situations until they receive full medical care at
hospital.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
1. EARLY ACCESS
- Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency
responsesystem.
2. EARLY CPR
- Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compression.
3. DEFABILLATOR/AED
- It is the key intervention to increase the chance of survival of patients. It
is giving controlled electric shockto patients.
4. ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
- If provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics, provision of
advanced care outside the hospital would be possible.
5. HOSPITAL CARE
- Post-Cardiac Arrest Care include Therapeutic Hypothermia,
Hemodynamic & Ventilation Optimization, immediate Coronary
Reperfusion with PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), Glycemic
Control, Neurological Care and other technical intervention.

4. LINK/s
 A well-informed personis the key in the early access link.
 Recognizing early signs of Heart Attack and Respiratory Failure.
EARLY SIGNS OF HEART ATTACK
1. Prolonged Compressing Pain or Unusual Pain or Discomfort in the center
of the chest. (Radiating Pain)
2. Pain may radiate to Shoulder, Arm, Neck or Jaw usually on the left side.
3. Sweating, Nausea, Vomiting and Shortness of Breath.
EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF RESPIRATORYFAILURE
1. Unable to Speak, Breath, or Cough.
2. Clutches Neck (Universal Distress Signal).
3. Bluish Color of Skin and Lips.
 Life Saving Technique for Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest.
 Combination of Chest Compressionand RescueBreathing.
TECHNIQUE IN CPR
1. Check for SCENE SAFETY
2. Check CONSCIOUSNESS
3. CALL for help, emergency hotline, get an AED
4. Check circulation/ SIGN OF LIFE within 10 seconds
5. C - Compression(Start CPR)
30:2 CPR for 5 Cycles
Heart Attack
- Sudden Loss of Blood Flow to a
part of our Heart Muscle.
Heart Failure
- Occur when your Heart Muscle
doesn’t Pump Blood.

5. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29 and 1, Breath, Breath;
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29 and 2, Breath, Breath;
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29 and 3, Breath, Breath;
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29 and 4, Breath, Breath;
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29 and 5, Breath, Breath;
6. A - Open Airway (Head Tilt – Chin Lift)
7. B - Breathing (Give 2 Breath)
L- Look for the RISE and FALL of the Chest.
L- Listen to the BREATH Sound.
F- Feel the air coming out of Nose and Mouth.
8. CHECK after 2 minutes or after 5 cycles of CPR (30:2)
9. If the Patient has POSITIVEPULSE, but negative breathing,
DO RESCUE BREATHING:
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11
Breathe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 Breathe
Note:
 Compress breastbone at least 2 inch deep.
 Compress at a rate of 100-120 per minute
or more.
 Allow the chest to return to its normal
position.

6. 10. CHECK pulse and breathing within 10 seconds after 12 cycles of Rescue
Breathing.
11. Place patient in RECOVERY POSITION.
Who May Learn About CPR?
CPR is an easy and lifesaving procedurethat can be learned by EVERYONE.
One does not need to be a doctor to learn how to do CPR.
COMPRESSIONONLY– CPR
 All victims of cardiac arrest should receive High-Quality chest compression.
 When an adult collapse, EMS should be activated and High-Quality chest
compressions should be provided, minimizing interruptions.
 If not trained in CPR, provide hands-only CPR until AED arrives or EMS
providers take over care of him.
 If trained in CPR, provide either conventional CPR using 30:2 compression-
to-ventilation ratio or hands-only CPR.

7. BASIC FIRST AID
First Aid
an immediate care given to a personwho has been injured or suddenly taken
ill. It includes self help when medical assistance is not yet available.
 To Alleviate Suffering
 To Prevent Further Injury or Danger
 To Prolong Life
ForeignBody Airway Obstruction
is a type of Obstruction in which patient can still TALK, COUGH, make
WHEEZING SOUND, and answer the question “Are Your Choking?”. It is
characterized by poorair exchange and increased breathing difficulty, inability to
speak, cough and breath.
Management:
 Back Slap
 Abdominal Thrust – Finger Sweep
 Chest Thrust – Cross Body
Epiglottis > Strong Sensitive > Mild > Severe
Wound
is any physical injury involving breakage in layers of the skin. It is generally
classified as either Close or Open wound.
1. ClosedWound
- is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact. The damage lies
below the surface.
Management:
R – REST

8. I – ICE Application > Pasa
C – COMPRESSION > Pressure
E – ELEVATION > I-taas
2. Open Wound
- is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is broken. The break in the
skin can be minor or major.
Classification:
a. Laceration > tear or rend from Dull object
b. Incision > bleeding from Knife/Blade.
c. Abrasion > scratches from any object.
d. Puncture > stab by any sharp object.
e. Avulsion > pinned down by any heavy object.
f. Amputation > separation of any bodypart.
Management:
1. Minor Wound
 Wear PPE. (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Apply Direct Pressure.
 Wash Wound.
 Apply a Povidone-Iodine (Betadine), Antiseptic Solution, or if
available a Triple Antibiotic Ointment/ Cream.
 Cover the Wound with Sterile Dressing.
 Wash your Hands immediately after giving Care.
2. MajorWound
 Immediately call HELP.
 Put the PPE on.
 Control Bleeding by Applying Direct Pressure.
 Monitor Airway and Breathing.
 Monitor for Shocks and if the Person is in shock, manage properly.
 Have the personrest comfortably and provide Reassurance.
 Wash your hands immediately after giving care.

9. Fainting
Partial or Complete loss of consciousness with the interruption of awareness
of oneself and one surroundings. It is defined as the interruption of Supply of
Oxygen inside the Brain.
Management:
 Keep that personin Flat Position.
 Elevate Feet
 Loosen Clothing Around Neck and Waist
 Keep Airway Clear.
 Check breathing Look, Listen and Feel for Breath.
 Give nothing by mouth.
Sprain
Stretch and/or Tear of a ligament caused by a suddenpull.
Strain
Simple overstretch of muscle or tendon or result of a partial or complete
tear.
Management:
R – REST
I – ICE Application
Figure 1.0 Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2
If …
 REDDISH > Figure 1.0
 PALE > Figure 1.1
 BLUISH > Figure 1.2
Immobilize the Part.
Sudden.

10. C – COMPRESSION(Hot/Cold Compress for 24hrs)
E – ELEVATION
Nose Bleeding
The nose contains many blood vessels, which are located close to the surface
in the front and back of the nose. They’re fragile and bleed easily. Nosebleeds are
common in adults and children between the ages of 3 and 10.
Management:
 Sit Upright and Lean Forward.
 Pinch your Nose (5 to 10 minutes).
 Keep your head Higher than the Level of your Heart.
Fever
Increase in Body temperature due to an illness. His/ Her bodytemperature is
higher than 37ºC or 98.6ºF.
Management:
 Monitor Body Temperature.
 Do Sponge Bathing in Warm Water.
 Give Plenty of Water.
 Remove the Excess Clothing.
 Do Not Wrap the Personin Blanket/ Warm Clothing.
 Give prescribed doses of Acetaminophen/Paracetamol.
 Refer in Case of – Convulsion, Rashes, Painful in Urination.

11. Notes: