The document discusses the 'quantitative revolution' in geography during the 1950s and 1960s, emphasizing the application of statistical methods to develop a scientific approach to the discipline. It highlights the objectives, merits, and demerits of quantitative techniques, including their capacity to simplify complex geographical data, yet critiquing their association with capitalism and potential for unemployment. Additionally, it introduces phenomenology, outlining its focus on lived experiences and subjective data in research.

1. ASRAFUL MANDAL
asrafulmandal30@gmail.
com

2. QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION
The application of statistical and mathematical techniques, theorems and proofs in
understanding geographical system is known as the quantitative.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a revolutionary change described as "quantitative revolution"
occurred in the discipline of geography.
Quantitative revolution gave geography a scientific vision through the application of
methodology rooted in statistical methods. Some of the elements of positivism, which had
previously been not accepted at some point in time, were now accepted open-handedly.

3. OBJECTIVES OF QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION
To make it a scientific discipline.
To explain and interprete spatial pattern.
Use of mathematical language.
Precise statements about locational orders.
Hypotheses testing and formulation of model, theories and laws for estimation
and prediction.
Locational analysis models were identified.
Different theories and models were identified.

4. MERITS OF QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION
They also help in describing, analyzing and simplifying a geographical system.
The statistical techniques help in reducing a multitude of observations, data and facts to a
manageable number of factors.
The statistical techniques also help in the stimulation, interpolation, simulation of data
which are necessary for forecasting.
Locational theories of industries, agriculture land use intensity, and stages of
development of landforms can be easily understood and predicted with the help of
quantitative.

5. DEMERITS OF QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION
The advocates of quantitative techniques in geography focused on the location analysis. The main
weakness of the locational analysis is that it promotes capitalism. In capitalistic society, there is
exploitation of human and environmental resources which makes the rich richer and the poor
poorer.
With the development of sophisticated machinery and automation, there is less scope of
employment. Thus, it leads to unemployment and it is a system of wasteful production.
The model of developed with the help of statistical techniques gives more prominence to some
features and distort some others.

6. PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or things as they appear
in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our
experience.
The historical movement of phenomenology is the philosophical tradition launched in the
first half of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, et al.
Phenomenology studies the structure of various types of experience ranging from perception,
thought, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, and volition to bodily awareness, embodied
action, and social activity, including linguistic activity.

7. OBJECTIVE OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenological study is to trace out precisely the lived experience of people and
generate theories or models of phenomena being studied.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Use of subjective data to describe an objective truth
Researcher's own experience integrated into the study
Focus on finding the common formula in phenomena

9. Steps of Phenomenological
research study
IntuitionBracketing
Analysis Description