Memory Hierarchy
The memory unit is an essential component in any digital computer since it is needed for storing programs and data
Not all accumulated information is needed by the CPU at the same time
Therefore, it is more economical to use low-cost storage devices to serve as a backup for storing the information that is not currently used by CPU
auxiliary memory
main memory
cache memory
RAM– Random Access memory
Random Access Memory Types
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
Memory Hierarchy
The memory unit is an essential component in any digital computer since it is needed for storing programs and data
Not all accumulated information is needed by the CPU at the same time
Therefore, it is more economical to use low-cost storage devices to serve as a backup for storing the information that is not currently used by CPU
auxiliary memory
main memory
cache memory
RAM– Random Access memory
Random Access Memory Types
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
Computer Basics ppt for BMM Students.
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A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very high speed
I.T workshop for Preparing your Computer Task 1 Learn about computer & Identify the internal parts of a computer ,and its peripherals.Represent the the same in the form of diagrams including Block diagram
The Power of 5th Generation Networks: Uses, Future TrendsShreerajKhatiwada
5G, or fifth-generation wireless technology, represents a significant leap forward in mobile communication. It promises faster data speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity compared to its predecessors. With speeds potentially reaching up to 100 times faster than 4G, 5G enables innovative applications such as virtual reality, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to flourish. Its low latency allows for real-time responsiveness critical for mission-critical applications like remote surgery or autonomous driving. Additionally, 5G networks are designed to handle a massive number of connected devices simultaneously, paving the way for a more interconnected and automated future. While still in the process of global deployment, 5G is expected to revolutionize industries, redefine connectivity, and enable transformative technologies in the years to come.
Green computing initiatives aim to reduce the environmental impact of information technology by promoting energy efficiency, minimizing electronic waste, and utilizing renewable resources. Recent initiatives focus on designing energy-efficient hardware, optimizing data centers for reduced energy consumption, promoting virtualization and cloud computing, and encouraging responsible disposal and recycling of electronic equipment. Additionally, there's a growing emphasis on developing sustainable computing practices and raising awareness about the environmental impact of digital technologies.
Computer Graphics and Animation involve the creation, manipulation, and presentation of visual content using computers. Graphics focus on the generation of images, including 2D and 3D graphics, while animation involves the process of bringing static images or objects to life through movement. These fields are utilized in various applications such as entertainment, advertising, education, simulation, virtual reality, and user interfaces, enhancing communication and visualization of complex ideas and concepts.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science dedicated to creating systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, understanding natural language, and more. AI systems are designed to analyze large amounts of data, recognize patterns, and make decisions with varying degrees of autonomy. With advancements in machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning algorithms, AI has seen significant progress in recent years, revolutionizing industries such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment. The goal of AI is to create machines that can mimic human cognitive abilities, ultimately enhancing efficiency, productivity, and innovation across diverse domains.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Basic Computer Architecture
Outline:
➢
Concept and Terminology
➢
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
➢
Memory Unit
➢
Primary Storage Devices
➢
Motherboard
➢
General System Architecture
➢
High Level Language
➢
Instruction Set Architecture
➢
Pipelining
➢
Parallelism
➢
Secondary Storage Devices
➢
Partitioning and Formatting
3. Concept and Terminology
Computer:
●
An electronic device which is capable of receiving data in a particular form and of performing a
sequence of operations through a set of instructions(program) to produce a result in the form of
information or signals and stores
●
Is a machine that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided
by a software and hardware
Computer System
●
Groups of CPU, memory system and peripheral devices all interconnected by a conductor (buses)
4. Concept and Terminology
Computer Architecture:
●
Functionality, organizations and implementation of computer
systems
●
Concerned with structure and behaviour of computer system
●
design/abstract model/blueprint
●
Includes information,formats, instruction set and techniques
for addressing memory
5. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
●
Digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logical
operations
●
represents the fundamental building block of the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
●
Arithmetic Operation: addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division
●
Logic Operation: AND OR NOT
6. Memory Unit
●
Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in
the storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in
terms of Bytes.
●
It stores all the data and the instructions required for
processing.
●
Bit, Nibble, Byte, Word
7. Processor
●
Microprocessor: a small chip that resides in computers and
other electronic devices
●
Basic job is to receive input and provide appropriate output
●
Made up of millions of transistor
8. Storage Devices
●
A storage device is any computing hardware that is used
for storing data files and information.
●
It can hold and store the information both temporarily and
permanently, and can external or internal to a computer.
9. Primary Storage Devices
●
Main memory or storage,internal memory or prime memory
●
Is the only one which is directly accessible to the CPU.
●
The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required.
●
Is the area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer’s processor.
●
Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory
bus.
●
Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to
bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile storage to RAM and
start to execute it. A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM, for read-only
memory.
●
RAM, ROM, Cache Memory
10. Random Access Memory
●
Random Access Memory (or simply RAM) is the memory or information storage in a
computer that is used to store running programs and data for the programs. Data
(information) in the RAM can be read and written quickly in any order.
●
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) – The term dynamic indicates that the memory
must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its contents. DRAM is typically used for the main
memory in computing devices. If a PC or smartphone is advertised as having 4-GB RAM or
16-GB RAM, those numbers refer to the DRAM, or main memory, in the device.
●
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) – While DRAM is typically used for main memory,
today SRAM is more often used for system cache. SRAM is said to be static because it
doesn't need to be refreshed, unlike dynamic RAM, which needs to be refreshed thousands
of times per second. As a result, SRAM is faster than DRAM. However, both types of RAM
are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.
14. Secondary Storage Devices
●
also known as external memory or auxiliary storage
●
Is a Non volatile Memory that is not directly accessible by the CPU
●
The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary
storage and transfer the desired data to primary storage.
●
Use to store Permanent Data.
●
The access time per byte for HDDs or SSDs is typically measured in
milliseconds (one thousandth seconds), while the access time per byte for
primary storage is measured in nanoseconds (one billionth seconds).
●
Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CD/DVD etc.
15. Motherboard
●
Main board, main circuit board, system board, planar
board, logic board
●
Hold and allows communication between many of the
crucial electronic components of a system such as
CPU,memory, and provide connectors for other
peripherals
●
Sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drive etc.
16. General System Architecture
●
Distributed Computer System
●
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a
single system.
Examples of distributed systems / applications of distributed computing :
Intranets, Internet.
Google search system. Each request is worked upon by hundreds of computers which crawl the web and
return the relevant results.
●
Client/Server architecture
●
Wikipedia. Consider a massive server to which we send our requests and the server responds with the
article that we requested. Suppose we enter the search term ‘junk food’ in the Wikipedia search bar. This
search term is sent as a request to the Wikipedia servers (mostly located in Virginia, U.S.A) which then
responds back with the articles based on relevance. In this situation, we are the client node, wikipedia
servers are central server.
17. High Level Language
●
Like human language
●
Do not provide much facility at hardware level
●
Usually used to write application programs
●
Eg: python, java, C# etc.
18. Instruction Set Architecture
●
Also called instruction set is part of a computer that is
applicable to programming, which is basically machine
language
●
Instruction set provides commands to the processor, to tell
it what it needs to do,
19. Pipelining
●
Instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing
instruction level parallelism within a single processor
●
That is, how many instruction can be executed
simultaneously.
20. Parallelism
●
Type of computation in which many calculation or the
execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
●
Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones
which can then be solved at the same time