The document discusses basic blocks and flow graphs in program representation. It defines basic blocks as straight-line code segments with a single entry and exit point. To construct the representation: 1. The program is partitioned into basic blocks 2. A flow graph is created where basic blocks are nodes and edges show control flow between blocks The flow graph explicitly represents all execution paths between basic blocks. Loops in the flow graph are identified by having a single loop entry node with all paths from the start going through it, and all nodes inside the loop reaching the entry.

1. BASIC
BLOCKS AND
FLOW
GRAPHS
JGALINO

2. Construction of
the
Representation
1. Partition the intermediate code
into basic blocks
2. The basic blocks become the
nodes of a flow graph and the
edges indicate the flow (which
blocks follow which)

3. Basic Blocks
*a piece of straight line code
i.e. there are no jumps in or out
of the middle of a block
1. the flow of control can only
enter the basic block through
the first instruction
2. control will leave the block
without halting or branching,
except possibly, at the last
instruction in the block

4. Constructing
Basic Blocks
1) Determine a set of leaders,
the first instruction of blocks
2) A basic block consists of a
leader and all the following
instructions until the next
leader

5. Constructing
Basic Blocks
Determine a set of leaders
1) The first instruction is a leader
2) Instruction L is a leader if there is
an instruction a
or a
3) Instruction L is a leader if it
immediately follows an
instruction a
or a
if … goto L
goto L
if … goto B
goto B
goto B

6. Flow Graph
Once an intermediate-code
program is partitioned into basic
blocks, we represent the flow of
control between them by a flow
graph.

7. Constructing
the Flow
Graph
There is an edge from block B to
block C iff it is possible for the first
instruction in block C to
immediately follow the last
instruction in block B
1. There is a conditional or unconditional jump from the
end of B to the beginning of C

8. Constructing
the Flow
Graph
There is an edge from block B to
block C iff it is possible for the first
instruction in block C to
immediately follow the last
instruction in block B
2. C immediately follows B in the original order of the
three-address instructions, and B does not end in an
unconditional jump

9. Constructing
the Flow
Graph
Often we add two nodes, called
the entry and exit.
1. There is an edge from the entry to the first
executable node.

10. Constructing
the Flow
Graph
Often we add two nodes, called
the entry and exit.
2. There is an edge to the exit from any basic block that
contains an instruction that could bet eh last
executed instruction of the program

11. goto B

12. goto B

13. Loops
We say that a set of nodes L in a
flow graph is a loop if
1. There is a node in L called the loop entry with the
property that no other node in L has a predecessor
outside L.That is , every path from the entry of the entire
flow graph to any node in L goes through the loop entry.

14. Loops
We say that a set of nodes L in a
flow graph is a loop if
2. Every node in L has a nonempty path, completely
within L, to the entry of L.

15. Fin