Aleksandra Dolnikova, "Bank-to-Business Interaction in Russia"
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1) Rates of crediting for small and medium businesses in Russia have significantly decreased in recent years due to a slowdown in bank deposit growth, decreased foreign borrowing by Russian banks, and increased credit risks. 2) A major problem for banks is the growth in "bad debts", or unpaid loans, which is often due to insufficient collateral from borrowers to cover the debt, interest, penalties, and legal costs in the event of default. 3) Improving the crediting situation will require changes in the credit risk evaluation process used by banks, including considering both the financial situation and value of collateral together rather than in isolation.
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The document discusses various interaction diagrams used in modeling systems, including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state charts. It provides examples and definitions for each type of diagram. For use case diagrams, it explains actors, scenarios, and different notations. Sequence diagrams show the sequence and timing of messages between objects to illustrate object interactions. Activity diagrams model business processes and workflows showing the flow of activities. State chart diagrams use states and transitions to model an object's behavior in response to events. The document also includes exercises to create interaction diagrams for various example systems and processes.
Verka employees satisfaction at verka
Verka Milk Plant is located in Sangrur, Punjab. It processes 1 lakh liters of milk per day obtained from 300 milk producing societies in Sangrur district. The plant operates 24 hours a day across 3 shifts with 200 workers. It produces pasteurized milk along with dairy products like ghee, curd, cheese, milk cake and flavored milk. The vision is to be the most admired dairy brand while the mission is to ensure prosperity for milk producers through remunerative prices and quality services, and provide quality processed milk and products to consumers.
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The document discusses various financial ratios used to analyze the financial performance and position of a company. It provides definitions and formulas for key liquidity, activity, solvency, profitability and overall performance ratios. Examples are given calculating ratios such as current ratio, inventory turnover, debt-equity ratio, net profit ratio, return on equity and earnings per share for two years for the company. The ratios help evaluate the company's liquidity, efficiency, financial leverage, profitability and returns.
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This document is a project report submitted by a student named Amritdeep Singh to study consumer buying patterns towards Verka beverages in India. The introduction provides background on milk products and consumer behavior. It discusses the meaning of milk products and traces the history from early Mayan and Aztec civilizations that cultivated and consumed cocoa beans. It defines key concepts related to consumer behavior like brands, services, and local brands. The report aims to understand factors influencing consumer preferences and loyalty towards Verka and other milk brands in India.
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The document provides an overview of advanced state modeling and interaction modeling techniques in UML. It discusses nested state diagrams and concurrent state diagrams for controlling complexity in state diagrams. It also covers activity models, use case models, and sequence models for interaction modeling. The relationships between class models, state models, and interaction models are also briefly described.
Offering-Portfolio Management V1_0
This document summarizes a comprehensive wealth management platform that provides portfolio management and analysis, portfolio risk analysis, investment limits monitoring, historical and what-if scenario simulation, periodic performance evaluation, and portfolio reporting capabilities. Key features include position keeping, bond and equity analysis, value at risk calculation, compliance checking against limits, historical scenario and what-if analysis, money and time weighted return calculation, and customizable report generation.
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The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
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The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
Cooperative bank
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Co operative banking in india
Co-operative banks were established to encourage thrift and provide credit to small farmers and businesses. They have a three-tier structure with primary co-operative societies at the local level that are owned by their members. These societies are federated into central co-operative banks at the district level and ultimately state co-operative banks at the state level. While co-operative banks perform basic banking functions, they differ from commercial banks in having a cooperative structure and partial regulation by the RBI. The document provides an overview of the origins and structure of co-operative banking in India.
Cooperative and commercial banks in india
Commercial banks provide services like deposits, loans, and investments to large businesses while cooperative banks are owned by their members who are both customers and owners. Recent trends in cooperative banks show that many are facing issues with minimum capital requirements and license cancellations, while commercial banks are adopting new technologies and pursuing financial inclusion. Both bank types play important roles in India's economic development through capital formation, banking services to various sectors, and expanding access to more customers.
Verka milk plant ppt
The Ludhiana District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd. was established in 1970 in Ludhiana, Punjab, with an initial milk handling capacity of 100,000 liters per day which has since increased to 6,00,000 liters. It manufactures dairy products under the brand name Verka. The union procures milk from over 800 member societies and chilling centers, and pays higher prices to milk producers than other plants in the state. It produces milk, butter, ghee, paneer, lassi, kheer and other products. The plant follows quality standards and certifications to ensure product safety.
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The document summarizes quality control processes at Verka Milk Plant in Mohali, India. Raw milk is received and graded before processing. Quality is ensured through various lab tests checking fat, SNF, acidity, and adulterants. Milk is pasteurized, standardized, homogenized, and packaged. Other products like curd, paneer, kheer, and lassi are also produced. Strict quality control ensures products meet standards for composition, shelf life, and safety.
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The document provides an evaluation of Ms. Bharati's summer training project report at Jhalawar Central Cooperative Bank. Both the internal and external examiners have signed, indicating that the project work and report are satisfactory.
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This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts like substates, concurrent state diagrams, and ways for orthogonal components to communicate in concurrent state models.
Buying behaviour ppt
There are four main types of buying behavior: extensive decision making which involves high-risk, expensive purchases like homes or cars where consumers extensively research options; dissonance reducing behavior where consumers have high involvement due to price but see little difference between brands; habitual buying of inexpensive, frequently purchased items like milk or bread based on established attitudes; and variety seeking behavior where consumers have low involvement but switch between brands for variety rather than dissatisfaction with items like snacks.
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Unit 3(advanced state modeling & interaction meodelling)
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co oparative bank training project report bharati nama
co oparative bank training project report bharati nama
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Credit risk management lecture
This document discusses various types of risks faced by banks, including credit risk, market risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, and reputation risk. It provides definitions of different risk types such as credit risk, concentration risk, and interest rate risk. The document also covers topics like the importance of credit risk management, factors to consider in credit risk analysis, and modern approaches to assessing and managing credit risk in the banking industry.
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Week-9 Bank Regulation
Money and Banking Econ 311
Tuesdays 7 - 9:45
Instructor: Thomas L. Thomas
Capital Adequacy Management
Bank capital helps prevent bank failure
The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank
Regulatory requirement – Regulatory Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2 Basle Rules
Economic Capital - What is this
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Capital Adequacy Management:
Returns to Equity Holders
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Traditional Economic Capital Value-At-Risk (VaR) View
Frequency of Occurrence / Probability
Mean/Average Expected Losses (m)
Unexpected Losses @ 99.9% confidence Level (s)
Economic Capital
Reserves
Value-at-Risk
VAR
Before we can develop adequate credit stress testing we need to understand the differences between traditional credit loss measures and what stress tests incorporate.
Aside form standard concentration and coverage analysis, a standard portfolio credit risk analysis typically employs a Value-at-Risk view.
Credit risk in this view generally follows a positive skewed distribution (by definition one cannot have negative defaults and thus a normal distribution is not applicable).
Reserves ALLL generally cover average expected losses over a horizon. In reality these are usually allocated to general reserves since most ALLL have two components: general reserves and specific reserves for known credits that are detraining.
Economic capital functions as a cushion against unexpected loss up to some confidence level. In this case 99.9% or a single “A” rating is the regulatory standard (once every 10,000 years)
In addition to a loss cushion economic capital represents the amount of the firm’s equity that is at risk which requires a return sufficient to cover the associated risk.
The shape of the curve or tail will then reflect the underlying credit risk of the portfolio or product.
However this view has some assumptions that can miss important risk elements.
The distribution is generally based on one variable PD in this case and does necessarily fully account for other correlated factors that when combined either change the tail or increase the likelihood of default.
Second, while the event may be rare, this methodology does not tell how severe or the magnitude of the event when it occurs beyond the confidence level prescribed for economic capital.
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Old Measure: New Ones
RAROC - Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
EVA - Economic Value Added.
Hurdle Rate – What is it. How is it measured?
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Time Line of the Early History of Commercial Banking in the United States
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Historical Development of the Banking System
Bank of North America chartered in 1782
Controversy over the chartering of banks.
National Bank Act of 1863 creates a new banking system of federally chartered banks
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Dual banking system
Federal Reserve System is created in 1913.
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Asymmetric Information and Financial.
RETAIL SME PRESENTATION-BASEL
The document discusses the regulatory capital requirements for banks' retail and SME portfolios under the Basel Accords. It provides background on the CBN's 2013 framework implementing Basel II/III in Nigeria. The three pillars of Basel II & III are then explained: Pillar 1 sets minimum capital requirements; Pillar 2 involves supervisory review; and Pillar 3 promotes market discipline through disclosure. The document goes on to discuss how the Basel Accords affect retail/SME loans, including risk sensitivity, standardized vs. IRB approaches, firm size adjustments, and challenges in impact assessment due to data and definition issues. It concludes with recommendations to recalibrate Basel III to better support SMEs while containing systemic risk.
Financial problem and recent scam in Bd
The document discusses several problems facing Bangladesh's financial sector, including its money market, capital market, and insurance sector. Specifically:
1) The money market faces issues like high non-performing loans, lack of transparency and governance in banks, and inadequate risk management. Microcredit institutions struggle with over-lending and high interest rates.
2) Capital markets have problems like lack of effective regulation and surveillance, price manipulation, and delays in settlements.
3) The insurance sector faces centralization, political instability, lack of supervision, legal complexity, and lack of product diversification.
4) Recent scams include the 2016 Bangladesh Bank heist where hackers attempted to steal $1 billion but succeeded in
Factors Influencing Non Performing Assets in Commercial Banks: An Empirical S...
Abstract: In the present scenario, NPAs have been the most vexing problem faced by commercial banks. The Govt. of India and Reserve Bank of India have initiated various measures to control NPAs in the post reform years. But banks are yet to solve the dilemma. This needs to be remedied. Thus, it is pertinent to examine the asset quality and NPAs of commercial banks in the present global competitive scenario. An investigation in respect of asset quality and NPAs of banks is therefore likely to be highly related academic issue particularly in a backward region. With this backdrop, an attempt has been made in this paper to examine the list of factors influencing Nonperforming Assets from banker’s perspective and borrower’s perspective in selected banks analyzed by using mean, standard deviation and t test in SPSS 20 for this objective a hypothesis framed as there is no significant difference between banker’s perception and borrower’s perception of the factors influencing Nonperforming Assets in the selected Commercial Banks in Andhra Pradesh.
Credit risk management presentation
This presentation provides complete study ofcredit risk management,how it was performed in yester years ,how it is taken care nowadays and what is the road ahead in future
Npa
Non-performing assets (NPAs) refer to loans that are in default or close to being in default. NPAs have become a major issue for Indian banks and financial institutions, totaling over Rs. 1.1 trillion. The origin of rising NPAs lies in poor credit risk management practices in banks. To resolve NPAs, the government established asset reconstruction companies (ARCs) to purchase NPAs from banks and resolve them to enable banks to focus on core operations and lending. ARCs operate under the legal framework of the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act of 2002.
Various Issues Related to Finance
This presentation is about the various issues and challenges related to finance that are faced by MSMEs in India.
Study on credit risk management of SBI Cochi
1. The document discusses credit risk management practices at SBI Kochi from 2013-2014. It provides background on credit risk and outlines key aspects of effective credit risk management like establishing appropriate risk environment, credit risk assessment, and portfolio management.
2. The theoretical background section defines terms like credit, risk, market risk, operational risk, and credit risk. It also discusses contributors to credit risk and key elements of credit risk management.
3. The document discusses credit rating and its use in credit decision making. It provides details on the rating tool used by SBI for assessing creditworthiness of borrowers, especially Small and Medium Enterprises.
Term Paper on Evaluation of Credit Assessment & Risk Grading Management Of ...
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Paper_Islamic_Banking_Harvard
1. The problem of a liquidity trap is caused by credit crisis due to the excess of liabilities of companies over their assets, and the solution is participation in assets to allow companies to overcome balance sheet crises. This would boost credit demand and growth.
2. Debt deflation occurs when total expenditure falls due to public and corporate debt being too large, forcing caution in spending and borrowing and a preference for debt reduction. This reduces aggregate demand and causes deflation. Participation in assets avoids this by linking obligations to asset performance.
3. Information asymmetry and adverse selection are reduced when interest is paid from profits rather than as an obligation. This increases long-term investment by addressing firms' insolvency fears
Credit Risk Management in Commercial Banks
The study examined credit risk and management in Nigeria Commercial Banks. From the findings it
is concluded that banks profitability is inversely influenced by the levels of loans and advances, non-performing
loans and deposits thereby exposing them to great risk of illiquidity and distress. Therefore, management need
to be cautious in setting up a credit policy that will not negatively affects profitability and also they need to
know how credit policy affects the operation of their banks to ensure judicious utilization of deposits and
maximization of profit. Improper credit risk management reduce the bank profitability, affects the quality of its
assets and increase loan losses and non-performing loan which may eventually lead to financial distress. CBN
for policy purposes should regularly assess the lending attitudes of commercial banks. One direct way is to
assess the degree of credit crunch by isolating the impact of supply side of loan from the demand side taking
into account the opinion of the firms about banks’ lending attitude.
Basel iii Norms
Basel III is a global regulatory framework that aims to strengthen bank capital requirements and introduces new regulatory requirements on bank liquidity and leverage. The document outlines the key elements of Basel III including the three pillars of capital adequacy, supervisory review, and market discipline. It discusses the challenges Indian banks may face in implementing the new capital, leverage, and liquidity requirements and how this may impact their profitability. The higher capital requirements under Basel III will be difficult for Indian banks, especially public sector banks, to meet and may require raising over 1.5 trillion rupees in additional capital.
Weaker Corporate Balance sheet and its implication
This presentation will give information about weak and twin balance sheet of company. What twin balance sheet is and any balance sheet is called weak balance sheet.
Liquidity Analysis of UAE Banks
The aim of this paper is to analyze the liquidity levels of various banks in the UAE for the period 2005-2009. To understand the behavior of liquidity indicators especially during the financial crisis, the researcher will analyze the four liquidity indicators over the years 2005 to 2009. The findings highlight how the banks in question have been impacted by the 2007-2008 crisis. This can most obviously be seen in the notable decline of each of the banks liquidity level in 2009. The effect of loans to total assets, loans to customers’ deposit, and investment to total assets ratios for the five banks was most notable in 2009. Two liquidity ratios were analyzed in order to determine the banks’ ability to honor its debt obligations, these being loans to total assets and loans to customers respectively. The third ratio was the total equity to total assets to assess the liquidity level in the capital structure, while the fourth ratio was the investment to total assets to measure the managing of liquidity. While Bank liquidity was affected by the crisis, bank performance remained relatively stable, as measured by coefficient of variation, since these banks were able to yield more control over cash flows in comparison to revenues and costs.
Issues with banking sector in india
The banking sector in India faces significant challenges including high levels of non-performing assets (NPAs) totaling around Rs. 9.64 lakh crore as of December 2016. Public sector banks have an NPA ratio of 14.5% while overall stressed assets account for 11.5% of total assets. Reasons for rising NPAs include risky lending during periods of strong growth, increased corporate leverage, and deferred provisioning. The government and RBI have introduced policies like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 and Asset Quality Review to address NPAs, but challenges around capital adequacy, technology integration, and HR issues remain. Remedies proposed include credit rating agencies, efficient policy implementation, improving operational efficiency
Classmate 1When a bank is unable to fulfill its obligations to .docx
Classmate 1:
When a bank is unable to fulfill its obligations to its depositors and creditors, it is considered to be insolvent. Additionally, it can occur when the belongings' market value decreases significantly in comparison to the accountability's market value. If the collapsed bank is unable to arrange funds from the solvent bank, the depositors of the collapsed bank will become incensed and attempt to withdraw their funds as soon as possible. Additionally, the collapsed bank will sell their belongings at a significantly lower price than their market value in order to obtain liquid funds for the urgently deposited individuals. (McLeay, Michael; 2016) As a result, the bank won't be able to meet the requirements of depositors.
-- One way to assign the fund in a way that reduces its exposure to particular assets or risks is through bank diversification. Diversifying by investing in a variety of assets to reduce risk is the most common strategy. And if the cost of the belongings hasn't changed perfectly, a larger portfolio will often have lower volatility than its least volatile component and a lower difference than the calculated average difference of its belongings. Furthermore, diversification is unquestionably one strategy for mitigating investment risk.
-- Everyone is trying to save more money and has stopped buying cash from their homes and cars. The bank has faced a significant challenge as a result, as they have lost a significant portion of their loan profits. In addition, the bank has experienced a severe economic downturn over the past seven years as a result of a large number of customers who are not appropriately repaying either the loan amount or the loan interest, resulting in substantial losses for the bank.
-- Additionally, during the recession, the bank will make a favorable offer to reduce their current interest rate by a small amount, attracting a greater number of borrowers ready to take out new loans. Because the government is attempting to encourage economic growth through policy divergence, taxes and government payouts will also differ significantly.
Classmate 2:
Diversification, on the other hand, ensures that a bank's risk is not concentrated in any one industry, so that the negative impact of downturns in a sector is reduced on the bank, thereby lowering the likelihood of the bank collapsing into bankruptcy. Diversification, therefore, is about the risk-financing of risk-taking activities to boost the return of the institution. An important issue in credit risk management is deciding whether the risks are related to the activity or the organization. Banks tend to be concentrated in a few large industries. They invest heavily in short-term borrowing and in emerging market bonds and equity securities. To diversify their risk, they have developed sophisticated analytical models to model financial risk (Manthoulis et al., 2020).
For the period from 1900 to 2000, the bank assets of the U.S. economy.
Banking ôn
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Driving Business Value Through Stress Testing - Final
This document discusses how banks can leverage stress testing to improve business planning and forecasting. Currently, business planning is done separately by each business unit without considering interactions between units or external economic factors. The document argues that enhanced stress testing can help estimate the impacts of macroeconomic shifts on business metrics and guide strategic decisions. It outlines how stress testing has evolved from a siloed risk management tool pre-financial crisis to a more rigorous supervisory process post-crisis. Still, banks are not fully utilizing stress testing's potential to inform strategic planning, funding strategies, and contingency planning. The document advocates using stress testing for these strategic purposes going forward.
RM_Basel_II_Javed_Hussain_Saddique.ppt
This document provides an overview of risk management and Basel II. It discusses key concepts such as types of capital, economic capital, regulatory capital, expected and unexpected loss. It also summarizes the three pillars of Basel II including minimum capital requirements, supervisory review process, and market discipline. Approaches for credit risk, operational risk and market risk management under Basel II are outlined. The document also covers topics like value at risk, credit risk mitigation, and best practices in credit risk management.
Similar to Aleksandra Dolnikova, "Bank-to-Business Interaction in Russia" (20)
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Factors Influencing Non Performing Assets in Commercial Banks: An Empirical S...
Factors Influencing Non Performing Assets in Commercial Banks: An Empirical S...
Term Paper on Evaluation of Credit Assessment & Risk Grading Management Of ...
Term Paper on Evaluation of Credit Assessment & Risk Grading Management Of ...
Weaker Corporate Balance sheet and its implication
Weaker Corporate Balance sheet and its implication
Classmate 1When a bank is unable to fulfill its obligations to .docx
Classmate 1When a bank is unable to fulfill its obligations to .docx
Driving Business Value Through Stress Testing - Final
Driving Business Value Through Stress Testing - Final
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Verification based on open data arrays [RUS]
Speech about Hypothesis Verifier project given in St.Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI on 10.04.2010 as a part of S.N.Pozdnyakov special course for computer science students (magister program)
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- 1. Bank-to-Business Interaction in Russia Aleksandra Alekseevna Dolnikova , 6603 The faculty of Economics and Management, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”
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