The document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller and more affordable. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence and parallel processing. [/SUMMARY]
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it.
As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, efficiency, reliabilty and memory of computers has proportionally increased.
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it.
As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, efficiency, reliabilty and memory of computers has proportionally increased.
Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
Innovation Plan: Bridging the gap to linking networks. BangladeshPROCASUR Corporation
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
It is a business development proposal, designed for establishing a new venture as an entrepreneur. A new venture needs to have a detailed business proposal plan. This business proposal plan is a prescribed expression of the entrepreneurial vision along with description regarding the operations and strategy of the proposed endeavor. The main advantages of writing a detailed business plan is the offsetting the costs. Business plan enables the top management and executives in the firm to ponder about the business comprehensively, to converse the business objectives to personnel, to include a decision making base and to smooth the progress of the planning (George and Bock, 2012).
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
it is all about the generation of computer. explained in a detailed way. helpful for those students who is seeking information about computer generation.it is available in one place
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Bangladesh university of business & technology
1. Bangladesh University of Business &
Technology
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
University of
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology
Presented By: Md. Kamrul Hasan Rijon
2. Presentation Outline
Generations of Computer
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer
is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes
both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation
has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics.
Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned
which are normally accepted.
Following are the main five generations of computers
3. Generation & Description
First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
Third Generation
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based
4. Computer - First Generation…1
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were
prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could
be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly batch
processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic
tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used
machine code as programming language.
5. Computer - First Generation…2
The main features of first generation are:
– Vacuum tube technology
– Unreliable
– Supported machine language only
– Very costly
– Generated lot of heat
– Slow input and output devices
– Huge size
– Need of A.C.
– Non-portable
– Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
– ENIAC
– EDVAC
– UNIVAC
– IBM-701
– IBM-650
6. Computer - Second Generation…1
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors
were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum
tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this
generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and
multiprogramming operating system.
7. The main features of second generation are:
– Use of transistors
– Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
– Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
– Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
– Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
– Faster than first generation computers
– Still very costly
– A.C. needed
– Supported machine and assembly languages
Some computers of this generation were:
– IBM 1620
– IBM 7094
– CDC 1604
– CDC 3600
– UNIVAC 1108
8. Computer - Third Generation..1
The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third
generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A
single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In
this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming
operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV,
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this
generation.
9. Computer - Third Generation..2
• The main features of third generation are:
– IC used
– More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
– Smaller size
– Generated less heat
– Faster
– Lesser maintenance
– Still costly
– A.C needed
– Consumed lesser electricity
– Supported high-level language
• Some computers of this generation were:
– IBM-360 series
– Honeywell-6000 series
– PDP(Personal Data Processor)
– IBM-370/168
– TDC-316
10. Computer - Fourth Generation..1
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth
generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having
about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits
on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact,
reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC)
revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed
operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE
etc., were used in this generation.
11. Computer - Fourth Generation..2
• The main features of fourth generation are:
– VLSI technology used
– Very cheap
– Portable and reliable
– Use of PC's
– Very small size
– Pipeline processing
– No A.C. needed
– Concept of internet was introduced
– Great developments in the fields of networks
– Computers became easily available
• Some computers of this generation were:
– DEC 10
– STAR 1000
– PDP 11
– CRAY-1(Super Computer)
– CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
12. Computer - Fifth Generation..1
• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on
parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch
in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like
human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.
• AI includes:
• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert -
systems to make decisions in real life situations.
• Natural language understanding and generation.
•
13. Computer - Fifth Generation..2
• The main features of fifth generation are:
– ULSI technology
– Development of true artificial intelligence
– Development of Natural language processing
– Advancement in Parallel Processing
– Advancement in Superconductor technology
– More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
– Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
• Some computer types of this generation are:
– Desktop
– Laptop
– NoteBook
– UltraBook
– ChromeBook
